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Yue Y, Gong JP. Structure and Unique Functions of Anisotropic Hydrogels Comprising Uniaxially Aligned Lamellar Bilayers. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Youfeng Yue
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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2
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Wang Y, Desroches GJ, Macfarlane RJ. Ordered polymer composite materials: challenges and opportunities. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:426-443. [PMID: 33367442 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07547g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanocomposites containing nanoscale fillers are an important class of materials due to their ability to access a wide variety of properties as a function of their composition. In order to take full advantage of these properties, it is critical to control the distribution of nanofillers within the parent polymer matrix, as this structural organization affects how the two constituent components interact with one another. In particular, new methods for generating ordered arrays of nanofillers represent a key underexplored research area, as emergent properties arising from nanoscale ordering can be used to introduce novel functionality currently inaccessible in random composites. The knowledge gained from developing such methods will provide important insight into the thermodynamics and kinetics associated with nanomaterial and polymer assembly. These insights will not only benefit researchers working on new composite materials, but will also deepen our understanding of soft matter systems in general. In this review, we summarize contemporary research efforts in manipulating nanofiller organization in polymer nanocomposites and highlight future challenges and opportunities for constructing ordered nanocomposite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
| | - Griffen J Desroches
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
| | - Robert J Macfarlane
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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3
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Pineux F, Federico S, Klotz KN, Kachler S, Michiels C, Sturlese M, Prato M, Spalluto G, Moro S, Bonifazi D. Targeting G Protein-Coupled Receptors with Magnetic Carbon Nanotubes: The Case of the A 3 Adenosine Receptor. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1909-1920. [PMID: 32706529 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The A3 adenosine receptor (AR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) overexpressed in the membrane of specific cancer cells. Thus, the development of nanosystems targeting this receptor could be a strategy to both treat and diagnose cancer. Iron-filled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are an optimal platform for theranostic purposes, and the use of a magnetic field can be exploited for cancer magnetic cell sorting and thermal therapy. In this work, we have conjugated an A3 AR ligand on the surface of iron-filled CNTs with the aim of targeting cells overexpressing A3 ARs. In particular, two conjugates bearing PEG linkers of different length were designed. A docking analysis of A3 AR showed that neither CNT nor linker interferes with ligand binding to the receptor; this was confirmed by in vitro preliminary radioligand competition assays on A3 AR. Encouraged by this result, magnetic cell sorting was applied to a mixture of cells overexpressing or not the A3 AR in which our compound displayed indiscriminate binding to all cells. Despite this, it is the first time that a GPCR ligand has been anchored to a magnetic nanosystem, thus it opens the door to new applications for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Pineux
- Department of Chemistry and Namur Research College (NARC), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Federico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via L.Giorgeri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Karl-Norbert Klotz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Kachler
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carine Michiels
- Namur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), Unité de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire (URBC), University of Namur, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - Mattia Sturlese
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Università degli Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via L.Giorgeri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.,Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via L.Giorgeri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Università degli Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Wien, Währinger Str. 38, 1090, Wien, Austria
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4
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Đorđević L, Marangoni T, Liu M, De Zorzi R, Geremia S, Minoia A, Lazzaroni R, Ishida Y, Bonifazi D. Templating Porphyrin Anisotropy via Magnetically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes. Chempluschem 2019; 84:1270-1278. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luka Đorđević
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Tomas Marangoni
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Mingjie Liu
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Rita De Zorzi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Silvano Geremia
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Andrea Minoia
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, CIRMAPUniversité de Mons-UMONS Place du Parc 20 B-7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, CIRMAPUniversité de Mons-UMONS Place du Parc 20 B-7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Yasuhiro Ishida
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Park Place Main Building CF10 3AT United Kingdom
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Savilov SV, Chernyak SA, Paslova MS, Ivanov AS, Egorova TB, Maslakov KI, Chernavskii PA, Lu L, Lunin VV. 3D Frameworks with Variable Magnetic and Electrical Features from Sintered Cobalt-Modified Carbon Nanotubes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:20983-20994. [PMID: 29847909 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
3D frameworks of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) uniformly decorated by cobalt oxide or carbon-encapsulated cobalt nanoparticles were obtained by spark plasma sintering for the first time. The influence of the sintering temperature ( TS) and Co content on the morphology, structure, and electrical and magnetic properties of the obtained materials was investigated by Raman spectroscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and in situ magnetometry. It was shown that application of the SPS technique allowed simultaneous compaction of the material, formation of CNT framework, and Co oxide reduction. The appearance of the carbon shell around 4-10 nm Co particles was observed at TS > 600 °C. At higher TS, the Co particle size increased (up to 300 nm at 1400 °C), whereas the carbon shell ordered and thickened. The formation of large-size few-layers graphene sheets was observed at TS = 1400 °C. Electrical conductivity of the composites was found to be higher than that of sintered pristine CNTs and varied in the range of 500-12 500 Sm/m. Magnetic experiments demonstrated soft magnetization of the samples and the coercivity of 200-300 Oe. Thus, the obtained CNT-based material is simultaneously compact, formable, electroconductive, and ferromagnetic. Its properties can be tuned by variation of the sintering parameters. Synthesized cobalt-modified carbon 3D structures are promising for the application in magnetic separation, catalysis, fuel cells, and electromagnetic shielding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serguei V Savilov
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-3 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis , Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Prospect 29 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Sergei A Chernyak
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-3 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Maria S Paslova
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-3 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Anton S Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-3 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Tolganay B Egorova
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-3 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Konstantin I Maslakov
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-3 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis , Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Prospect 29 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Petr A Chernavskii
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-3 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Li Lu
- National University of Singapore , 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road , 119077 , Singapore
| | - Valery V Lunin
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-3 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
- A. V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis , Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Prospect 29 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
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6
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Zhang S, Pelligra CI, Feng X, Osuji CO. Directed Assembly of Hybrid Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1705794. [PMID: 29520839 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid nanomaterials are molecular or colloidal-level combinations of organic and inorganic materials, or otherwise strongly dissimilar materials. They are often, though not exclusively, anisotropic in shape. A canonical example is an inorganic nanorod or nanosheet sheathed in, or decorated by, a polymeric or other organic material, where both the inorganic and organic components are important for the properties of the system. Hybrid nanomaterials and nanocomposites have generated strong interest for a broad range of applications due to their functional properties. Generating macroscopic assemblies of hybrid nanomaterials and nanomaterials in nanocomposites with controlled orientation and placement by directed assembly is important for realizing such applications. Here, a survey of critical issues and themes in directed assembly of hybrid nanomaterials and nanocomposites is provided, highlighting recent efforts in this field with particular emphasis on scalable methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanju Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Candice I Pelligra
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Xunda Feng
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Chinedum O Osuji
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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7
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Zhao Z, Fang R, Rong Q, Liu M. Bioinspired Nanocomposite Hydrogels with Highly Ordered Structures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1703045. [PMID: 29059482 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the human body, many soft tissues with hierarchically ordered composite structures, such as cartilage, skeletal muscle, the corneas, and blood vessels, exhibit highly anisotropic mechanical strength and functionality to adapt to complex environments. In artificial soft materials, hydrogels are analogous to these biological soft tissues due to their "soft and wet" properties, their biocompatibility, and their elastic performance. However, conventional hydrogel materials with unordered homogeneous structures inevitably lack high mechanical properties and anisotropic functional performances; thus, their further application is limited. Inspired by biological soft tissues with well-ordered structures, researchers have increasingly investigated highly ordered nanocomposite hydrogels as functional biological engineering soft materials with unique mechanical, optical, and biological properties. These hydrogels incorporate long-range ordered nanocomposite structures within hydrogel network matrixes. Here, the critical design criteria and the state-of-the-art fabrication strategies of nanocomposite hydrogels with highly ordered structures are systemically reviewed. Then, recent progress in applications in the fields of soft actuators, tissue engineering, and sensors is highlighted. The future development and prospective application of highly ordered nanocomposite hydrogels are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziguang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Ruochen Fang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Qinfeng Rong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- International Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
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8
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De Leo F, Marega R, Corvaglia V, Tondo R, Lo Cicero M, Silvestrini S, Bonifazi D. Unfolding IGDQ Peptides for Engineering Motogenic Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7512-7528. [PMID: 28683199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking surfaces are pivotal tools in understanding adherent cell physiopathology. In this sense, we have recently reported on a discrete set of ECM-mimicking SAMs, among which only those exposing IGDQ peptide-alkanethiols sustain the adhesion of MDA-MB-231 cells by triggering FAK phosphorylation and peculiarly induce the migration of individual cancer cells on the subcentimeter scale. Starting from the experimentally observed relationship among the SAM composition, organization, and biological response, a systematic computational characterization aided in pinpointing the atomistic details through which specific composition and organization achieve the desired biological responsiveness. Specifically, the solvent, number and type of peptides, and presence or absence of surface fillers were accurately considered, creating representative model SAMs simulated by means of classical molecular dynamics (MD) with a view toward unravelling the experimental evidence, revealing how the conformational and structural features of these substrates dictate the specific motogenic responses. Through complementary experimental and computational investigations, it clearly emerges that there exists a distinct and precise mutual interaction among IGDQ-peptides, the surface fillers, and Au, which controls the structural properties of the ECM-mimicking SAMs and thus their motogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica De Leo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Namur (UNamur) , Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Riccardo Marega
- Department of Chemistry, University of Namur (UNamur) , Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Valentina Corvaglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Namur (UNamur) , Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Rodolfo Tondo
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , Park Place, Main Building, CF10 3AT Cardiff, U.K
| | - Matteo Lo Cicero
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , Park Place, Main Building, CF10 3AT Cardiff, U.K
| | - Simone Silvestrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova , V. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Namur (UNamur) , Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , Park Place, Main Building, CF10 3AT Cardiff, U.K
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9
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Fennell JF, Hamaguchi H, Yoon B, Swager TM. Chemiresistor Devices for Chemical Warfare Agent Detection Based on Polymer Wrapped Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17050982. [PMID: 28452929 PMCID: PMC5469335 DOI: 10.3390/s17050982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical warfare agents (CWA) continue to present a threat to civilian populations and military personnel in operational areas all over the world. Reliable measurements of CWAs are critical to contamination detection, avoidance, and remediation. The current deployed systems in United States and foreign militaries, as well as those in the private sector offer accurate detection of CWAs, but are still limited by size, portability and fabrication cost. Herein, we report a chemiresistive CWA sensor using single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) wrapped with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) derivatives. We demonstrate that a pendant hexafluoroisopropanol group on the polymer that enhances sensitivity to a nerve agent mimic, dimethyl methylphosphonate, in both nitrogen and air environments to concentrations as low as 5 ppm and 11 ppm, respectively. Additionally, these PEDOT/SWCNT derivative sensor systems experience negligible device performance over the course of two weeks under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Fennell
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | | | - Bora Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Timothy M Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Alegret N, Criado A, Prato M. Recent Advances of Graphene-based Hybrids with Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications. Curr Med Chem 2017; 24:529-536. [PMID: 27993110 PMCID: PMC5543568 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666161216144218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of graphene-based nanomaterials combined with magnetic nanoparticles offers key benefits in the modern biomedicine. In this minireview, we focus on the most recent advances in hybrids of magnetic graphene derivatives for biomedical applications. We initially analyze the several methodologies employed for the preparation of graphene-based composites with magnetic nanoparticles, more specifically the kind of linkage between the two components. In the last section, we focus on the biomedical applications where these magnetic-graphene hybrids are essential and pay special attention on how the addition of graphene improves the resulting devices in magnetic resonance imaging, controlled drug delivery, magnetic photothermal therapy and cellular separation and isolation. Finally, we highlight the use of these magnetic hybrids as multifunctional material that will lead to a next generation of theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Alegret
- Carbon Nanobiotechnology Group, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Alejandro Criado
- Carbon Nanobiotechnology Group, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Carbon Nanobiotechnology Group, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque, Bilbao48013, Spain
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Lu C, Sandoval S, Puig T, Obradors X, Tobias G, Ros J, Ricart S. Novel Fe3O4@GNF@SiO2 nanocapsules fabricated through the combination of an in situ formation method and SiO2 coating process for magnetic resonance imaging. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04080f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An in situ approach for the synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles combined with a SiO2 coating process was employed to prepare Fe3O4@GNF@SiO2 nanocapsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyong Lu
- Departament de Quimica
- Edifici C Facultat de Ciències
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)
- Barcelona 08193
- Spain
| | - Stefania Sandoval
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Barcelona 08193
- Spain
| | - Teresa Puig
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Barcelona 08193
- Spain
| | - Xavier Obradors
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Barcelona 08193
- Spain
| | - Gerard Tobias
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Barcelona 08193
- Spain
| | - Josep Ros
- Departament de Quimica
- Edifici C Facultat de Ciències
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)
- Barcelona 08193
- Spain
| | - Susagna Ricart
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC)
- Barcelona 08193
- Spain
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