1
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Asano D, Takakusa H, Nakai D. Oral Absorption of Middle-to-Large Molecules and Its Improvement, with a Focus on New Modality Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:47. [PMID: 38258058 PMCID: PMC10820198 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
To meet unmet medical needs, middle-to-large molecules, including peptides and oligonucleotides, have emerged as new therapeutic modalities. Owing to their middle-to-large molecular sizes, middle-to-large molecules are not suitable for oral absorption, but there are high expectations around orally bioavailable macromolecular drugs, since oral administration is the most convenient dosing route. Therefore, extensive efforts have been made to create bioavailable middle-to-large molecules or develop absorption enhancement technology, from which some successes have recently been reported. For example, Rybelsus® tablets and Mycapssa® capsules, both of which contain absorption enhancers, were approved as oral medications for type 2 diabetes and acromegaly, respectively. The oral administration of Rybelsus and Mycapssa exposes their pharmacologically active peptides with molecular weights greater than 1000, namely, semaglutide and octreotide, respectively, into systemic circulation. Although these two medications represent major achievements in the development of orally absorbable peptide formulations, the oral bioavailability of peptides after taking Rybelsus and Mycapssa is still only around 1%. In this article, we review the approaches and recent advances of orally bioavailable middle-to-large molecules and discuss challenges for improving their oral absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Asano
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan; (H.T.); (D.N.)
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2
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Rüdisser SH, Matabaro E, Sonderegger L, Güntert P, Künzler M, Gossert AD. Conformations of Macrocyclic Peptides Sampled by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: Models for Cell-Permeability. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27601-27615. [PMID: 38062770 PMCID: PMC10739998 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The biological activities and pharmacological properties of peptides and peptide mimetics are determined by their conformational states. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the conformational landscape is crucial for rational drug design. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is the only method for structure determination in solution. However, it remains challenging to determine the structures of peptides using NMR because of very weak nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs), the semiquantitative nature of the rotating frame Overhauser effect (ROE), and the low number of NOEs/ROEs in N-methylated peptides. In this study, we introduce a new approach to investigating the structures of modified macrocyclic peptides. We utilize exact NOEs (eNOEs) in viscous solvent mixtures to replicate various cellular environments. eNOEs provide detailed structural information for highly dynamic modified peptides. Structures of high precision were obtained for cyclosporin A, with a backbone atom rmsd of 0.10 Å. Distinct conformational states in different environments were identified for omphalotin A (OmphA), a fungal nematotoxic and multiple backbone N-methylated macrocyclic peptides. A model for cell-permeation is presented for OmphA, based on its structures in polar, apolar, and mixed polarity solvents. During the transition from a polar to an apolar environment, OmphA undergoes a rearrangement of its H-bonding network, accompanied by a cis to trans isomerization of the ω torsion angle within a type VIa β-turn. We hypothesize that the kinetics of these conformational transitions play a crucial role in determining the membrane-permeation capabilities of OmphA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Güntert
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Institute
of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Markus Künzler
- Department
of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
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3
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L'Exact M, Comeau C, Bourhis A, Boisvert O, Fröhlich U, Létourneau D, Marsault É, Lavigne P, Grandbois M, Boudreault PL. Beyond Rule-of-five: Permeability Assessment of Semipeptidic Macrocycles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184196. [PMID: 37400050 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Compounds beyond the rule-of-five are generating interest as they expand the molecular toolbox for modulating targets previously considered "undruggable". Macrocyclic peptides are an efficient class of molecules for modulating protein-protein interactions. However, predicting their permeability is difficult as they differ from small molecules. Although constrained by macrocyclization, they generally retain some conformational flexibility associated with an enhanced ability to cross biological membranes. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the structure of semi-peptidic macrocycles and their membrane permeability through structural modifications. Based on a scaffold of four amino acids and a linker, we synthesized 56 macrocycles incorporating modifications in either stereochemistry, N-methylation, or lipophilicity and assessed their passive permeability using the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA). Our results show that some semi-peptidic macrocycles have adequate passive permeability even with properties outside the Lipinski rule of five. We found that N-methylation in position 2 and the addition of lipophilic groups to the side chain of tyrosine led to an improvement in permeability with a decrease in tPSA and 3D-PSA. This enhancement could be attributed to the shielding effect of the lipophilic group on some regions of the macrocycle, which in turn, facilitates a favorable macrocycle conformation for permeability, suggesting some degree of chameleonic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion L'Exact
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Comeau
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Alix Bourhis
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Boisvert
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Département de Biochimie Et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Ulrike Fröhlich
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Danny Létourneau
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Département de Biochimie Et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Éric Marsault
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Lavigne
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Département de Biochimie Et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Grandbois
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre-Luc Boudreault
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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4
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Lee D, Choi J, Yang MJ, Park CJ, Seo J. Controlling the Chameleonic Behavior and Membrane Permeability of Cyclosporine Derivatives via Backbone and Side Chain Modifications. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13189-13204. [PMID: 37718494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Some macrocycles exhibit enhanced membrane permeability through conformational switching in different environmental polarities, a trait known as chameleonic behavior. In this study, we demonstrate specific backbone and side chain modifications that can control chameleonic behavior and passive membrane permeability using a cyclosporin O (CsO) scaffold. To quantify chameleonic behavior, we used a ratio of the population of the closed conformation obtained in polar solvent and nonpolar solvent for each CsO derivative. We found that β-hydroxylation at position 1 (1 and 3) can encode chameleonicity and improve permeability. However, the conformational stabilization induced by adding an additional transannular H-bond (2 and 5) leads to a much slower rate of membrane permeation. Our CsO scaffold provides a platform for the systematic study of the relationship among conformation, membrane permeability, solubility, and protein binding. This knowledge contributes to the discovery of potent beyond the rule of five (bRo5) macrocycles capable of targeting undruggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Min June Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Chin-Ju Park
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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5
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Williams-Noonan BJ, Speer MN, Le TC, Sadek MM, Thompson PE, Norton RS, Yuriev E, Barlow N, Chalmers DK, Yarovsky I. Membrane Permeating Macrocycles: Design Guidelines from Machine Learning. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:4605-4619. [PMID: 36178379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability to predict cell-permeable candidate molecules has great potential to assist drug discovery projects. Large molecules that lie beyond the Rule of Five (bRo5) are increasingly important as drug candidates and tool molecules for chemical biology. However, such large molecules usually do not cross cell membranes and cannot access intracellular targets or be developed as orally bioavailable drugs. Here, we describe a random forest (RF) machine learning model for the prediction of passive membrane permeation rates developed using a set of over 1000 bRo5 macrocyclic compounds. The model is based on easily calculated chemical features/descriptors as independent variables. Our random forest (RF) model substantially outperforms a multiple linear regression model based on the same features and achieves better performance metrics than previously reported models using the same underlying data. These features include: (1) polar surface area in water, (2) the octanol-water partitioning coefficient, (3) the number of hydrogen-bond donors, (4) the sum of the topological distances between nitrogen atoms, (5) the sum of the topological distances between nitrogen and oxygen atoms, and (6) the multiple molecular path count of order 2. The last three features represent molecular flexibility, the ability of the molecule to adopt different conformations in the aqueous and membrane interior phases, and the molecular "chameleonicity." Guided by the model, we propose design guidelines for membrane-permeating macrocycles. It is anticipated that this model will be useful in guiding the design of large, bioactive molecules for medicinal chemistry and chemical biology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy J Williams-Noonan
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne3001, Australia.,Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville3052, Australia
| | - Melissa N Speer
- University of Melbourne, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Carlton3053, Australia
| | - Tu C Le
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne3001, Australia
| | - Maiada M Sadek
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville3052, Australia
| | - Philip E Thompson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville3052, Australia
| | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Fragment-Based Design, Monash University, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Yuriev
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas Barlow
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville3052, Australia
| | - David K Chalmers
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville3052, Australia
| | - Irene Yarovsky
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne3001, Australia
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6
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Bajraktari-Sylejmani G, von Linde T, Burhenne J, Haefeli WE, Sauter M, Weiss J. Evaluation of PepT1 (SLC15A1) Substrate Characteristics of Therapeutic Cyclic Peptides. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081610. [PMID: 36015235 PMCID: PMC9415731 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The human peptide transporter hPepT1 (SLC15A1), physiologically transporting dipeptides and tripeptides generated during food digestion, also plays a role in the uptake of small bioactive peptides and peptide-like drugs. Moreover, it might be addressed in prodrug strategies of poorly absorbed drugs. We hypothesised that the cyclic drug peptides octreotide and pasireotide could be substrates of this transporter because their diameter can resemble the size of dipeptides or tripeptides due to their strong structural curvature and because they reach the systemic circulation in Beagle dogs. For investigating possible hPepT1 substrate characteristics, we generated and characterised a CHO-K1 cell line overexpressing SLC15A1 by transfection and selection via magnetic beads. Possible inhibition of the uptake of the prototypical substrate Gly-Sar by octreotide and pasireotide was screened, followed by quantifying the uptake of the cyclic peptides in cells overexpressing SLC15A1 compared with the parental cell line. Although inhibition of Gly-Sar uptake was observed, uptake of octreotide and pasireotide was not increased in SLC15A1 overexpressing cells, indicating a lack of transport by hPepT1. Our data clearly indicate that octreotide and pasireotide are nonsubstrate inhibitors of hPepT1 and that their oral bioavailability cannot be explained by absorption via hPepT1.
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7
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Gruber KA, Ji RL, Gallazzi F, Jiang S, Van Doren SR, Tao YX, Newton Northup J. Development of a Therapeutic Peptide for Cachexia Suggests a Platform Approach for Drug-like Peptides. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:344-361. [PMID: 35592439 PMCID: PMC9112415 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During the development of a melanocortin (MC) peptide drug to treat the condition of cachexia (a hypermetabolic state producing lean body mass wasting), we were confronted with the need for peptide transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB): the MC-4 receptors (MC4Rs) for metabolic rate control are located in the hypothalamus, i.e., behind the BBB. Using the term "peptides with BBB transport", we screened the medical literature like a peptide library. This revealed numerous "hits"-peptides with BBB transport and/or oral activity. We noted several features common to most peptides in this class, including a dipeptide sequence of nonpolar residues, primary structure cyclization (whole or partial), and a Pro-aromatic motif usually within the cyclized region. Based on this, we designed an MC4R antagonist peptide, TCMCB07, that successfully treated many forms of cachexia. As part of our pharmacokinetic characterization of TCMCB07, we discovered that hepatobiliary extraction from blood accounted for a majority of the circulating peptide's excretion. Further screening of the literature revealed that TCMCB07 is a member of a long-forgotten peptide class, showing active transport by a multi-specific bile salt carrier. Bile salt transport peptides have predictable pharmacokinetics, including BBB transport, but rapid hepatic clearance inhibited their development as drugs. TCMCB07 shares the general characteristics of the bile salt peptide class but with a much longer half-life of hours, not minutes. A change in its C-terminal amino acid sequence slows hepatic clearance. This modification is transferable to other peptides in this class, suggesting a platform approach for producing drug-like peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Gruber
- John M. Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, and Department of Medical Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States.,Tensive Controls, Inc., Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Ren-Lai Ji
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Fabio Gallazzi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Interaction Core, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Shaokai Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and NMR Core, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Steven R Van Doren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States`
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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8
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Amiss AS, Henriques ST, Lawrence N. Antimicrobial peptides provide wider coverage for targeting drug‐resistant bacterial pathogens. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Amiss
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Sónia Troeira Henriques
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Nicole Lawrence
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
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9
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Lee D, Lee S, Choi J, Song YK, Kim MJ, Shin DS, Bae MA, Kim YC, Park CJ, Lee KR, Choi JH, Seo J. Interplay among Conformation, Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds, and Chameleonicity in the Membrane Permeability and Cyclophilin A Binding of Macrocyclic Peptide Cyclosporin O Derivatives. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8272-8286. [PMID: 34096287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A macrocyclic peptide scaffold with well-established structure-property relationship is desirable for tackling undruggable targets. Here, we adopted a natural macrocycle, cyclosporin O (CsO) and its derivatives (CP1-3), and evaluated the impact of conformation on membrane permeability, cyclophilin A (CypA) binding, and the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile. In nonpolar media, CsO showed a similar conformation to cyclosporin A (CsA), a well-known chameleonic macrocycle, but less chameleonic behavior in a polar environment. The weak chameleonicity of CsO resulted in decreased membrane permeability; however, the more rigid conformation of CsO was not detrimental to its PK profile. CsO exhibited a higher plasma concentration than CsA, which resulted from minimal CypA binding and lower accumulation in red blood cells and moderate oral bioavailability (F = 12%). Our study aids understanding of CsO, a macrocyclic peptide that is less explored than CsA but with greater potential for diversity generation and rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Kyung Song
- Laboratory of Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Kim
- Laboratory of Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Seop Shin
- Bio Platform Technology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ae Bae
- Bio Platform Technology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Chin-Ju Park
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Ryoon Lee
- Laboratory of Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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10
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Improvement on Permeability of Cyclic Peptide/Peptidomimetic: Backbone N-Methylation as A Useful Tool. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19060311. [PMID: 34072121 PMCID: PMC8229464 DOI: 10.3390/md19060311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides have a three-dimensional configuration that can adopt particular conformations for binding to proteins, which are well suited to interact with larger contact surface areas on target proteins. However, low cell permeability is a major challenge in the development of peptide-related drugs. In recent years, backbone N-methylation has been a useful tool for manipulating the permeability of cyclic peptides/peptidomimetics. Backbone N-methylation permits the adjustment of molecule’s conformational space. Several pathways are involved in the drug absorption pathway; the relative importance of each N-methylation to total permeation is likely to differ with intrinsic properties of cyclic peptide/peptidomimetic. Recent studies on the permeability of cyclic peptides/peptidomimetics using the backbone N-methylation strategy and synthetic methodologies will be presented in this review.
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11
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Cipcigan F, Smith P, Crain J, Hogner A, De Maria L, Llinas A, Ratkova E. Membrane Permeability in Cyclic Peptides is Modulated by Core Conformations. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 61:263-269. [PMID: 33350828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides have the potential to bind to challenging targets, which are undruggable with small molecules, but their application is limited by low membrane permeability. Here, using a series of cyclic pentapeptides, we showed that established physicochemical criteria of permeable peptides are heavily violated. We revealed that a dominant core conformation, stabilized by amides' shielding pattern, could guide the design of novel compounds. As a result, counter-intuitive strategies, such as incorporation of polar residues, can be beneficial for permeability. We further find that core globularity is a promising descriptor, which can extend the capability of standard predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaviu Cipcigan
- IBM Research Europe, The Hartree Centre STFC Laboratory, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K
| | - Paul Smith
- IBM Research Europe, The Hartree Centre STFC Laboratory, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K.,King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, U.K
| | - Jason Crain
- IBM Research Europe, The Hartree Centre STFC Laboratory, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Anders Hogner
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43150, Sweden
| | - Leonardo De Maria
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (RI), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43150, Sweden
| | - Antonio Llinas
- Inhalation Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43150, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina Ratkova
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43150, Sweden
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12
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Buckton LK, Rahimi MN, McAlpine SR. Cyclic Peptides as Drugs for Intracellular Targets: The Next Frontier in Peptide Therapeutic Development. Chemistry 2020; 27:1487-1513. [PMID: 32875673 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Developing macrocyclic peptides that can reach intracellular targets is a significant challenge. This review discusses the most recent strategies used to develop cell permeable cyclic peptides that maintain binding to their biological target inside the cell. Macrocyclic peptides are unique from small molecules because traditional calculated physical properties are unsuccessful for predicting cell membrane permeability. Peptide synthesis and experimental membrane permeability is the only strategy that effectively differentiates between cell permeable and cell impermeable molecules. Discussed are chemical strategies, including backbone N-methylation and stereochemical changes, which have produced molecular scaffolds with improved cell permeability. However, these improvements often come at the expense of biological activity as chemical modifications alter the peptide conformation, frequently impacting the compound's ability to bind to the target. Highlighted is the most promising approach, which involves side-chain alterations that improve cell permeability without impact binding events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Buckton
- Department of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Gate 2 High Street, SEB 701, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Marwa N Rahimi
- Department of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Gate 2 High Street, SEB 701, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shelli R McAlpine
- Department of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Gate 2 High Street, SEB 701, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
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13
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Jwad R, Weissberger D, Hunter L. Strategies for Fine-Tuning the Conformations of Cyclic Peptides. Chem Rev 2020; 120:9743-9789. [PMID: 32786420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides are promising scaffolds for drug development, attributable in part to their increased conformational order compared to linear peptides. However, when optimizing the target-binding or pharmacokinetic properties of cyclic peptides, it is frequently necessary to "fine-tune" their conformations, e.g., by imposing greater rigidity, by subtly altering certain side chain vectors, or by adjusting the global shape of the macrocycle. This review systematically examines the various types of structural modifications that can be made to cyclic peptides in order to achieve such conformational control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Jwad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Daniel Weissberger
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Luke Hunter
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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14
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Le Roux A, Blaise É, Boudreault PL, Comeau C, Doucet A, Giarrusso M, Collin MP, Neubauer T, Kölling F, Göller AH, Seep L, Tshitenge DT, Wittwer M, Kullmann M, Hillisch A, Mittendorf J, Marsault E. Structure-Permeability Relationship of Semipeptidic Macrocycles-Understanding and Optimizing Passive Permeability and Efflux Ratio. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6774-6783. [PMID: 32453569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We herein report the first thorough analysis of the structure-permeability relationship of semipeptidic macrocycles. In total, 47 macrocycles were synthesized using a hybrid solid-phase/solution strategy, and then their passive and cellular permeability was assessed using the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) and Caco-2 assay, respectively. The results indicate that semipeptidic macrocycles generally possess high passive permeability based on the PAMPA, yet their cellular permeability is governed by efflux, as reported in the Caco-2 assay. Structural variations led to tractable structure-permeability and structure-efflux relationships, wherein the linker length, stereoinversion, N-methylation, and peptoids site-specifically impact the permeability and efflux. Extensive nuclear magnetic resonance, molecular dynamics, and ensemble-based three-dimensional polar surface area (3D-PSA) studies showed that ensemble-based 3D-PSA is a good predictor of passive permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Le Roux
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e av nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Émilie Blaise
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e av nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Pierre-Luc Boudreault
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e av nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Christian Comeau
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e av nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Annie Doucet
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e av nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Marilena Giarrusso
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e av nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | | | - Thomas Neubauer
- Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Wuppertal D-42096, Germany
| | - Florian Kölling
- Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Wuppertal D-42096, Germany
| | - Andreas H Göller
- Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Wuppertal D-42096, Germany
| | - Lea Seep
- Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Wuppertal D-42096, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Wittwer
- Drug Discovery, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Wuppertal D-42096, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Eric Marsault
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e av nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
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15
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Henriques ST, Peacock H, Benfield AH, Wang CK, Craik DJ. Is the Mirror Image a True Reflection? Intrinsic Membrane Chirality Modulates Peptide Binding. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:20460-20469. [PMID: 31765148 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peptides with pharmaceutical activities are attractive drug leads, and knowledge of their mode-of-action is essential for translation into the clinic. Comparison of native and enantiomeric peptides has long been used as a powerful approach to discriminate membrane- or receptor-mediated modes-of-action on the basis of the assumption that interactions with cell membranes are independent of peptide chirality. Here, we revisit this paradigm with the cyclotide kalata B1, a drug scaffold with intrinsic membrane-binding activity whose enantiomer is less potent than native peptide. To investigate this chirality dependence, we compared peptide-lipid binding using mirror image model membranes. We synthesized phospholipids with non-natural chirality and demonstrate that native kalata B1 binds with higher affinity to phospholipids with chirality found in eukaryotic membranes. This study shows for the first time that the chiral environment of lipid bilayers can modulate the function of membrane-active peptides and challenges the view that peptide-lipid interactions are achiral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Troeira Henriques
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , Translational Research Institute , Brisbane , Queensland 4102 , Australia
| | - Hayden Peacock
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Aurélie H Benfield
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , Translational Research Institute , Brisbane , Queensland 4102 , Australia
| | - Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
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16
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Abstract
Approximately 75% of all disease-relevant human proteins, including those involved in intracellular protein-protein interactions (PPIs), are undruggable with the current drug modalities (i.e., small molecules and biologics). Macrocyclic peptides provide a potential solution to these undruggable targets because their larger sizes (relative to conventional small molecules) endow them the capability of binding to flat PPI interfaces with antibody-like affinity and specificity. Powerful combinatorial library technologies have been developed to routinely identify cyclic peptides as potent, specific inhibitors against proteins including PPI targets. However, with the exception of a very small set of sequences, the vast majority of cyclic peptides are impermeable to the cell membrane, preventing their application against intracellular targets. This Review examines common structural features that render most cyclic peptides membrane impermeable, as well as the unique features that allow the minority of sequences to enter the cell interior by passive diffusion, endocytosis/endosomal escape, or other mechanisms. We also present the current state of knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of cell penetration, the various strategies for designing cell-permeable, biologically active cyclic peptides against intracellular targets, and the assay methods available to quantify their cell-permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G. Dougherty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Ashweta Sahni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dehua Pei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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17
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Lohman RJ, Nielsen DS, Kok WM, Hoang HN, Hill TA, Fairlie DP. Mirror image pairs of cyclic hexapeptides have different oral bioavailabilities and metabolic stabilities. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13362-13365. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06234c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rule-of-five parameters and membrane permeabilities are not the only determinants of oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rink-Jan Lohman
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Daniel S. Nielsen
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - W. Mei Kok
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Huy N. Hoang
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Timothy A. Hill
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
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18
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Abstract
One of the most exciting facets of cyclic peptides is that they have the potential to be orally bioavailable, despite having physical properties well beyond the traditional "Rule-of-5" chemistry space (Lipinski et al., Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 23(1): 3-25, 1997). An important component of meeting this challenge is to design cyclic peptides with good intestinal permeability. Here we discuss the design principles for intestinal permeability that have been developed in recent year. These principles can be subdivided into three regimes: physical property guidelines, design strategies for the macrocyclic ring, and design strategies for side chains. The most important overall aims are to minimize solvent-exposed polarity while keeping size, flexibility, and lipophilicity within favorable ranges, thereby allowing peptide chemists to achieve intestinal permeability in addition to other important properties for their compounds, such as solubility and binding affinity. Here we describe a variety of design strategies that have been developed to help peptide chemists in this endeavor.
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19
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Chen Y. Recent Advances in Methylation: A Guide for Selecting Methylation Reagents. Chemistry 2018; 25:3405-3439. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Chen
- Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech UnitAstraZeneca Gothenburg Sweden
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20
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Räder AFB, Weinmüller M, Reichart F, Schumacher-Klinger A, Merzbach S, Gilon C, Hoffman A, Kessler H. Orally Active Peptides: Is There a Magic Bullet? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14414-14438. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F. B. Räder
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Michael Weinmüller
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Florian Reichart
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | | | - Shira Merzbach
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research; Israel
| | - Chaim Gilon
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research; Israel
| | - Amnon Hoffman
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research; Israel
| | - Horst Kessler
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstrasse 4 85748 Garching Germany
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21
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Räder AFB, Weinmüller M, Reichart F, Schumacher-Klinger A, Merzbach S, Gilon C, Hoffman A, Kessler H. Oral aktive Peptide: Gibt es ein Patentrezept? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F. B. Räder
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Michael Weinmüller
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Florian Reichart
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | | | - Shira Merzbach
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research; Israel
| | - Chaim Gilon
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research; Israel
| | - Amnon Hoffman
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research; Israel
| | - Horst Kessler
- Technische Universität München; Department Chemie; Institute for Advanced Study; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
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22
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Improving oral bioavailability of cyclic peptides by N-methylation. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2766-2773. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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23
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Lee LLH, Buckton LK, McAlpine SR. Converting polar cyclic peptides into membrane permeable molecules using N
-methylation. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo L. H. Lee
- Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Laura K. Buckton
- Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Shelli R. McAlpine
- Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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24
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Das D, Khan HPA, Shivahare R, Gupta S, Sarkar J, Siddiqui MI, Ampapathi RS, Chakraborty TK. Synthesis, SAR and biological studies of sugar amino acid-based almiramide analogues: N-methylation leads the way. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:3337-3352. [PMID: 28368065 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02610a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, caused by the protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, is one of the most neglected diseases endemic in many continents posing enormous global health threats and therefore the discovery of new antileishmanial compounds is of utmost urgency. The antileishmanial activities of a library of sugar amino acid-based linear lipopeptide analogues were examined with the aim to identify potential drug candidates to treat visceral leishmaniasis. It was found that among the synthesized analogues, most of the permethylated compounds exhibited more activity in in vitro studies against intra-macrophagic amastigotes than the non-methylated analogues. SAR and NMR studies revealed that introduction of the N-methyl groups inhibited the formation of any turn structure in these molecules, which led to their improved activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipendu Das
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
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25
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Buckton LK, McAlpine SR. Improving the Cell Permeability of Polar Cyclic Peptides by Replacing Residues with Alkylated Amino Acids, Asparagines, and d-Amino Acids. Org Lett 2018; 20:506-509. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Buckton
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2051, Australia
| | - Shelli R. McAlpine
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2051, Australia
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26
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Weinmüller M, Rechenmacher F, Kiran Marelli U, Reichart F, Kapp TG, Räder AFB, Di Leva FS, Marinelli L, Novellino E, Muñoz-Félix JM, Hodivala-Dilke K, Schumacher A, Fanous J, Gilon C, Hoffman A, Kessler H. Overcoming the Lack of Oral Availability of Cyclic Hexapeptides: Design of a Selective and Orally Available Ligand for the Integrin αvβ3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:16405-16409. [PMID: 29072809 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A highly systematic approach for the development of both orally bioavailable and bioactive cyclic N-methylated hexapeptides as high affinity ligands for the integrin αvβ3 is based on two concepts: a) screening of systematically designed libraries with spatial diversity and b) masking of the peptide charge with a lipophilic protecting group. The key steps of the method are 1) initial design of a combinatorial library of N-methylated analogues of the stem peptide cyclo(d-Ala-Ala5 ); 2) selection of cyclic peptides with the highest intestinal permeability; 3) design of sublibraries with the bioactive RGD sequence in all possible positions; 4) selection of the best ligands for RGD-recognizing integrin subtypes; 5) fine-tuning of the affinity and selectivity by additional Ala to Xaa substitutions; 6) protection of the charged functional groups according to the prodrug concept to regain intestinal and oral permeability; 7) proof of biological effects in mice after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weinmüller
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Florian Rechenmacher
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Udaya Kiran Marelli
- Central NMR Facility and Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Florian Reichart
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias G Kapp
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas F B Räder
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | | | - Luciana Marinelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - José M Muñoz-Félix
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, -, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Londonn, UK
| | - Kairbaan Hodivala-Dilke
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, -, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Londonn, UK
| | - Adi Schumacher
- Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joseph Fanous
- Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chaim Gilon
- Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amnon Hoffman
- Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Horst Kessler
- Institute for Advanced Study and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
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27
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Weinmüller M, Rechenmacher F, Kiran Marelli U, Reichart F, Kapp TG, Räder AFB, Di Leva FS, Marinelli L, Novellino E, Muñoz-Félix JM, Hodivala-Dilke K, Schumacher A, Fanous J, Gilon C, Hoffman A, Kessler H. Lösung des Problems mangelnder oraler Verfügbarkeit cyclischer Hexapeptide: Entwicklung eines selektiven, oral verfügbaren Liganden für das Integrin αvβ3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weinmüller
- Institute for Advanced Study und Center of Integrated Protein, Science; Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Florian Rechenmacher
- Institute for Advanced Study und Center of Integrated Protein, Science; Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Udaya Kiran Marelli
- Central NMR Facility and Division of Organic Chemistry; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Pune Indien
| | - Florian Reichart
- Institute for Advanced Study und Center of Integrated Protein, Science; Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Tobias G. Kapp
- Institute for Advanced Study und Center of Integrated Protein, Science; Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Andreas F. B. Räder
- Institute for Advanced Study und Center of Integrated Protein, Science; Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | | | | | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia; Università di Napoli Federico II; Italien
| | - José M. Muñoz-Félix
- Centre for Tumour Biology; Barts Cancer Institute, -; Queen Mary University of London; John Vane Science Centre; Großbritannien
| | - Kairbaan Hodivala-Dilke
- Centre for Tumour Biology; Barts Cancer Institute, -; Queen Mary University of London; John Vane Science Centre; Großbritannien
| | - Adi Schumacher
- Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - Joseph Fanous
- Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - Chaim Gilon
- Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - Amnon Hoffman
- Institutes of Chemistry and Drug Research; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - Horst Kessler
- Institute for Advanced Study und Center of Integrated Protein, Science; Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
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28
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Mizuno A, Matsui K, Shuto S. From Peptides to Peptidomimetics: A Strategy Based on the Structural Features of Cyclopropane. Chemistry 2017. [PMID: 28632330 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Peptidomimetics, non-natural mimicries of bioactive peptides, comprise an important class of drug molecules. The essence of the peptidomimetic design is to mimic the key conformation assumed by the bioactive peptides upon binding to their targets. Regulation of the conformation of peptidomimetics is important not only to enhance target binding affinity and selectivity, but also to confer cell-membrane permeability for targeting protein-protein interactions in cells. The rational design of peptidomimetics with suitable three-dimensional structures is challenging, however, due to the inherent flexibility of peptides and their dynamic conformational changes upon binding to the target biomolecules. In this Minireview, a three-dimensional structural diversity-oriented strategy based on the characteristic structural features of cyclopropane to address this challenging issue in peptidomimetic chemistry is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Mizuno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kouhei Matsui
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shuto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.,Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan
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29
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Vorherr T, Lewis I, Berghausen J, Desrayaud S, Schaefer M. Modulation of Oral Bioavailability and Metabolism for Closely Related Cyclic Hexapeptides. Int J Pept Res Ther 2017. [PMID: 29527142 PMCID: PMC5838147 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-017-9590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Recently, a variety of studies concerned with the permeability and oral bioavailability of cyclic peptides have been reported. In particular, strategies aiming at modifying peptides to maintain or to enhance solubility while enabling permeability constitute a significant challenge, but are of high interest to ensure a smooth drug discovery process. Current methodologies include N-methylation, matching of hydrogen bonding acceptors and donors across the macrocycle, and additional masking of polarity. In this study, we investigate further the pivotal effects of shielding on permeability and studied the metabolism of the corresponding peptides in more detail by comparing peptide concentrations in the portal versus the jugular vein in rats. Interestingly, minor changes in one particular side chain impacts both permeability and liver metabolism. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10989-017-9590-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vorherr
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ian Lewis
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Berghausen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Schaefer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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30
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Matsui K, Kido Y, Watari R, Kashima Y, Yoshida Y, Shuto S. Highly Conformationally Restricted Cyclopropane Tethers with Three-Dimensional Structural Diversity Drastically Enhance the Cell Permeability of Cyclic Peptides. Chemistry 2016; 23:3034-3041. [PMID: 27878880 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The conformation of cyclic peptides is closely related to their physicochemical and biological properties, but their rational design to obtain a conformation with the desired properties is difficult. Herein, we present a new strategy by using conformationally restricted cyclopropane tethers (CPTs) to control the conformation and improve the cell permeability of cyclic peptides regardless of the amino acid sequence. Newly designed cis- or trans-CPTs with three-dimensional structural diversity were introduced into a model cyclic peptide, and the relationship between the conformation of the cyclic peptides and their cell permeability was analyzed. Peptides containing a CPT exhibited conformational diversity due to the characteristic steric feature of cyclopropane, among which peptides containing a CPT, cis-NfCf had remarkably higher cell permeability than peptides containing other CPTs-even superior to that of cyclosporine A, a known permeable cyclic peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Matsui
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yasuto Kido
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Watari
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yousuke Kashima
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yoshida
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., 3-1-1, Futaba-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shuto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
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31
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Wang CK, Craik DJ. Cyclic peptide oral bioavailability: Lessons from the past. Biopolymers 2016; 106:901-909. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
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32
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Matsson P, Doak BC, Over B, Kihlberg J. Cell permeability beyond the rule of 5. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 101:42-61. [PMID: 27067608 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery for difficult targets that have large and flat binding sites is often better suited to compounds beyond the "rule of 5" (bRo5). However, such compounds carry higher pharmacokinetic risks, such as low solubility and permeability, and increased efflux and metabolism. Interestingly, recent drug approvals and studies suggest that cell permeable and orally bioavailable drugs can be discovered far into bRo5 space. Tactics such as reduction or shielding of polarity by N-methylation, bulky side chains and intramolecular hydrogen bonds may be used to increase cell permeability in this space, but often results in decreased solubility. Conformationally flexible compounds can, however, combine high permeability and solubility, properties that are keys for cell permeability and intestinal absorption. Recent developments in computational conformational analysis will aid design of such compounds and hence prediction of cell permeability. Transporter mediated efflux occurs for most investigated drugs in bRo5 space, however it is commonly overcome by high local intestinal concentrations on oral administration. In contrast, there is little data to support significant impact of transporter-mediated intestinal absorption in bRo5 space. Current knowledge of compound properties that govern transporter effects of bRo5 drugs is limited and requires further fundamental and comprehensive studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pär Matsson
- Department of Pharmacy, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bradley C Doak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, MIPS, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Björn Over
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jan Kihlberg
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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33
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Hickey JL, Zaretsky S, St. Denis MA, Kumar Chakka S, Morshed MM, Scully CCG, Roughton AL, Yudin AK. Passive Membrane Permeability of Macrocycles Can Be Controlled by Exocyclic Amide Bonds. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5368-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Hickey
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Encycle Therapeutics Inc., 101
College Street, Suite 314, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Serge Zaretsky
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Megan A. St. Denis
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Encycle Therapeutics Inc., 101
College Street, Suite 314, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Sai Kumar Chakka
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Encycle Therapeutics Inc., 101
College Street, Suite 314, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - M. Monzur Morshed
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Encycle Therapeutics Inc., 101
College Street, Suite 314, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Conor C. G. Scully
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Andrew L. Roughton
- Encycle Therapeutics Inc., 101
College Street, Suite 314, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Andrei K. Yudin
- Davenport
Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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34
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Qian Z, Martyna A, Hard RL, Wang J, Appiah-Kubi G, Coss C, Phelps MA, Rossman JS, Pei D. Discovery and Mechanism of Highly Efficient Cyclic Cell-Penetrating Peptides. Biochemistry 2016; 55:2601-12. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Qian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484
West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Agnieszka Martyna
- School
of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan L. Hard
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484
West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jiang Wang
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - George Appiah-Kubi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484
West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christopher Coss
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Mitch A. Phelps
- Division
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jeremy S. Rossman
- School
of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Dehua Pei
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 484
West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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35
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Wang CK, King GJ, Conibear AC, Ramos MC, Chaousis S, Henriques ST, Craik DJ. Mirror Images of Antimicrobial Peptides Provide Reflections on Their Functions and Amyloidogenic Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:5706-13. [PMID: 27064294 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomeric forms of BTD-2, PG-1, and PM-1 were synthesized to delineate the structure and function of these β-sheet antimicrobial peptides. Activity and lipid-binding assays confirm that these peptides act via a receptor-independent mechanism involving membrane interaction. The racemic crystal structure of BTD-2 solved at 1.45 Å revealed a novel oligomeric form of β-sheet antimicrobial peptides within the unit cell: an antiparallel trimer, which we suggest might be related to its membrane-active form. The BTD-2 oligomer extends into a larger supramolecular state that spans the crystal lattice, featuring a steric-zipper motif that is common in structures of amyloid-forming peptides. The supramolecular structure of BTD-2 thus represents a new mode of fibril-like assembly not previously observed for antimicrobial peptides, providing structural evidence linking antimicrobial and amyloid peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Gordon J King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Anne C Conibear
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mariana C Ramos
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stephanie Chaousis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Sónia Troeira Henriques
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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36
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Fouché M, Schäfer M, Blatter M, Berghausen J, Desrayaud S, Roth HJ. Pharmacokinetic Studies around the Mono- and Difunctionalization of a Bioavailable Cyclic Decapeptide Scaffold. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1060-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Fouché
- Global Discovery Chemistry/Macrocycles; Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research; Basel 4002 Switzerland
| | - Michael Schäfer
- Global Discovery Chemistry/CADD; Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research; Basel 4002 Switzerland
| | - Markus Blatter
- Global Discovery Chemistry/Analytics (NMR); Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research; Basel 4002 Switzerland
| | - Jörg Berghausen
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research; Basel 4002 Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Desrayaud
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research; Basel 4002 Switzerland
| | - Hans-Jörg Roth
- Global Discovery Chemistry/Macrocycles; Novartis Institute for BioMedical Research; Basel 4002 Switzerland
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37
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Wang CK, Stalmans S, De Spiegeleer B, Craik DJ. Biodistribution of the cyclotide MCoTI-II, a cyclic disulfide-rich peptide drug scaffold. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:305-10. [PMID: 26929247 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide-rich macrocyclic peptides are promising templates for drug design because of their unique topology and remarkable stability. However, little is known about their pharmacokinetics. In this study, we characterize the biodistribution in mice of Momordica cochinchinensis trypsin inhibitor-II (MCoTI-II), a cyclic three-disulfide-containing peptide that has been used in a number of studies as a drug scaffold. The distribution of MCoTI-II was compared with that of chlorotoxin, which is a four-disulfide-containing peptide that has been used to develop brain tumor imaging agents; dermorphin, which is a disulfide-less peptide; and bovine serum albumin, a large protein. Both MCoTI-II and chlorotoxin distributed predominantly to the serum and kidneys, confirming that they are stable in serum and suggesting that they are eliminated from the blood through renal clearance. Although cell-penetrating peptides have been reported to be able to transport across the blood-brain barrier, MCoTI-II, which is a cell-penetrating peptide, showed no uptake into the brain. The uptake of chlorotoxin was higher than that of MCoTI-II but lower than that of dermorphin, which is considered to have low uptake into the brain. This study provides insight into the behavior of disulfide-rich peptides in vivo. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Sofie Stalmans
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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38
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Marelli UK, Ovadia O, Frank AO, Chatterjee J, Gilon C, Hoffman A, Kessler H. cis-Peptide Bonds: A Key for Intestinal Permeability of Peptides? Chemistry 2015; 21:15148-52. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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