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Lease N, Spielvogel KD, Davis JV, Tisdale JT, Klamborowski LM, Cawkwell MJ, Manner VW. Halogenated PETN derivatives: interplay between physical and chemical factors in explosive sensitivity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7044-7056. [PMID: 37389270 PMCID: PMC10306076 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01627g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the factors that influence and can help predict energetic material sensitivity has long been a challenge in the explosives community. Decades of literature reports identify a multitude of factors both chemical and physical that influence explosive sensitivity; however no unifying theory has been observed. Recent work by our team has demonstrated that the kinetics of "trigger linkages" (i.e., the weakest bonds in the energetic material) showed strong correlations with experimental drop hammer impact sensitivity. These correlations suggest that the simple kinetics of the first bonds to break are good indicators for the reactivity observed in simple handling sensitivity tests. Herein we report the synthesis of derivatives of the explosive pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) in which one, two or three of the nitrate ester functional groups are substituted with an inert group. Experimental and computational studies show that explosive sensitivity correlates well with Q (heat of explosion), due to the change in the number of trigger linkages removed from the starting material. In addition, this correlation appears more significant than other observed chemical or physical effects imparted on the material by different inert functional groups, such as heat of formation, heat of explosion, heat capacity, oxygen balance, and the crystal structure of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Lease
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Kyle D Spielvogel
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Jack V Davis
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Jeremy T Tisdale
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Lisa M Klamborowski
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - M J Cawkwell
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Virginia W Manner
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
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2
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Marrs FW, Davis JV, Burch AC, Brown GW, Lease N, Huestis PL, Cawkwell MJ, Manner VW. Chemical Descriptors for a Large-Scale Study on Drop-Weight Impact Sensitivity of High Explosives. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:753-769. [PMID: 36695777 PMCID: PMC9930127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The drop-weight impact test is an experiment that has been used for nearly 80 years to evaluate handling sensitivity of high explosives. Although the results of this test are known to have large statistical uncertainties, it is one of the most common tests due to its accessibility and modest material requirements. In this paper, we compile a large data set of drop-weight impact sensitivity test results (mainly performed at Los Alamos National Laboratory), along with a compendium of molecular and chemical descriptors for the explosives under test. These data consist of over 500 unique explosives, over 1000 repeat tests, and over 100 descriptors, for a total of about 1500 observations. We use random forest methods to estimate a model of explosive handling sensitivity as a function of chemical and molecular properties of the explosives under test. Our model predicts well across a wide range of explosive types, spanning a broad range of explosive performance and sensitivity. We find that properties related to explosive performance, such as heat of explosion, oxygen balance, and functional group, are highly predictive of explosive handling sensitivity. Yet, models that omit many of these properties still perform well. Our results suggest that there is not one or even several factors that explain explosive handling sensitivity, but that there are many complex, interrelated effects at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W. Marrs
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Jack V. Davis
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Alexandra C. Burch
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Brown
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Nicholas Lease
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | | | - Marc J. Cawkwell
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Virginia W. Manner
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
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3
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Xiong J, Chang J, Cai J, Yin P, Pang S. N-Functionalization of 5-Aminotetrazoles: Balancing Energetic Performance and Molecular Stability by Introducing ADNP. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15841. [PMID: 36555483 PMCID: PMC9779898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
5-aminotetrazole is one of the most marked high-nitrogen tetrazole compounds. However, the structural modification of 5-aminotetrazole with nitro groups often leads to dramatically decreased molecular stability, while the N-bridging functionalization does not efficiently improve the density and performance. In this paper, we report on a straightforward approach for improving the density of 5-aminotetrazole by introducing 4-amino-3,5-dinitropyrazole. The following experimental and calculated properties show that nitropyrazole functionalization competes well with energetic performance and mechanic sensitivity. All compounds were thoroughly characterized using IR and NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Two energetic compounds (DMPT-1 and DMPT-2) were further confirmed by implementing single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Compound DMPT-1 featured a high crystal density of 1.806 g cm-3, excellent detonation velocity (vD = 8610 m s-1), detonation pressure (P = 30.2 GPa), and impact sensitivity of 30 J.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xiong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinjie Chang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinxiong Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ping Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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4
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Zyuzin IN, Gudkova IY, Lempert DB. Energy Abilities of Some Azido- and Nitro-Derivatives of N,N'-Azoazoles as Components of Composite Energy Systems. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793122060240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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5
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Singh J, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. Balancing Energy and Stability of Nitroamino-1,2,4-Oxadiazoles through a Planar Bridge. Org Lett 2022; 24:8832-8836. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Richard J. Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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6
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Păușescu I, Todea A, Dreavă DM, Boboescu T, Pațcan B, Pațcan L, Albulescu D, Badea V, Peter F, Tőtős R, Ursu D, Szolga L, Medeleanu M. Experimental and Computational Studies on Bio-Inspired Flavylium Salts as Sensitizers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6985. [PMID: 36234326 PMCID: PMC9572272 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Six new bio-inspired flavylium salts were synthesized and investigated by a combined computational and experimental study for dye-sensitized solar cell applications. The compounds were characterized by FT-IR, UV-Vis, NMR spectroscopy, and LC-MS spectrometry techniques. The pH-dependent photochromic properties of the flavylium dyes were investigated through a UV-Vis spectroscopy study and revealed that they follow the same network of chemical reactions as anthocyanins upon pH changes. The structural and electronic properties of the dyes were investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). Geometry optimization calculation revealed that all dyes, regardless of the specie, flavylium cations or quinoidal bases, present a planar geometry. The photovoltaic performances of the dyes, in both flavylium and quinoidal base forms, were evaluated by the HOMO and LUMO energies and by calculating the light-harvesting efficiencies, the free energy change of electron injection, and the free energy change regeneration. The MO analysis showed that all dyes can inject electrons into the conduction band of the TiO2 upon excitation and that the redox couple can regenerate the oxidized dyes. The results obtained for the free energy change of electron injection suggest that the quinoidal bases should inject electrons into the semiconductor more efficiently than the flavylium cations. The values for the free energy change regeneration showed that the redox electrolyte can easily regenerate all dyes. Dipole moment analysis was also performed. DSSCs based on the dyes, in both flavylium and quinoidal base forms, were assembled, and their photovoltaic performances were evaluated by measuring the open-circuit voltage, the short circuit current density, the fill factor, and the energy conversion efficiency. Results obtained by both experimental and computational studies showed that the overall performances of the DSSCs with the quinoidal forms were better than those obtained with the flavylium cations dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Păușescu
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timişoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Anamaria Todea
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timişoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Diana-Maria Dreavă
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timişoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Tania Boboescu
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timişoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Bianca Pațcan
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timişoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Larisa Pațcan
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timişoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Daiana Albulescu
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timişoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timisoara, Romania
- National Institute of Research and Development for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Dr A. Păunescu Podeanu 144, 300569 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Valentin Badea
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timişoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Francisc Peter
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timişoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Róbert Tőtős
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes Bolyai University, Arany Janos 11, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniel Ursu
- National Institute of Research and Development for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Dr A. Păunescu Podeanu 144, 300569 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Lorant Szolga
- Optoelectronics Group, Base of Electronics Department, ETTI, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Str., 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihai Medeleanu
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timişoara, Carol Telbisz 6, 300001 Timisoara, Romania
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7
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Xiong J, Cai J, Lai Q, Yin P, Pang S. Asymmetric assembly of pyrazole and 1,2,3-triazole with a methylene bridge: regioisomerism and energetic properties. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10647-10650. [PMID: 36052761 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02412h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An asymmetric N-bridged strategy was employed to link two different energetic building blocks. The resulting compounds not only exhibit good crystal density and low sensitivity, but also demonstrate the key features of physiochemical properties and regioisomeric structures that enrich the horizon of regiochemistry of energetic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xiong
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jinxiong Cai
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Qi Lai
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Ping Yin
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China. .,Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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8
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A new coordination compound based on 3, 3′-bis(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4, 4′-azofurazan (H2BTZAF): Preparation, crystal structure, and thermal properties. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Quantum chemical studies on structural, spectroscopic, nonlinear optical, and thermodynamic properties of the 1,2,4-triazole compound. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2020-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, the structure of 4-[4-(diethylamino)-benzylideneamino]-5-benzyl-2H-1,2,4-triazol-3(4H)-one (DBT) was examined through spectroscopic and theoretical analyses. In this respect, the geometrical, vibrational frequency, 1H and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts, thermodynamic, hyperpolarizability, and electronic properties including the highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO–LUMO) energies of DBT as a potential non-linear optical (NLO) material were investigated using density functional theory at the B3LYP level with the 6-311G basis set. 1H and 13C-NMR chemical shifts of DBT with the gauge-invariant atomic orbital and continuous set of gauge transformation methods (in the solvents) were estimated, and the computed chemical shift values displayed excellent alignment with observed ones. Time-dependent density-functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations with the integral equation formalism polarizable continuum model within various solvents and gas phases in the ground state were used to evaluate UV-vis absorption and fluorescence emission wavelengths. Thermodynamic parameters including enthalpy, heat capacity, and entropy for DBT were also calculated at various temperatures. Moreover, calculations of the NLO were carried out to obtain the title compound’s electric dipole moment and polarizability properties. To illustrate the effect of the theoretical method on the spectroscopic and structural properties of DBT, experimental data of structural and spectroscopic parameters were used. The correlational analysis results were observed to indicate a strong relationship between the experimental and theoretical results.
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10
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Chang J, Zhao G, Zhao X, He C, Pang S, Shreeve JM. New Promises from an Old Friend: Iodine-Rich Compounds as Prospective Energetic Biocidal Agents. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:332-343. [PMID: 33300791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For a very long time, frequent occurrences of biocrises have wreaked havoc on human beings, animals, and the environment. As a result, it is necessary to develop biocidal agents to destroy or neutralize active agents by releasing large amounts of strong biocides which are obtained upon detonation. Iodine is an efficient biocidal agent for bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses, spores, and protozoan parasites, and it is the sole element in the periodic table that can destroy microbes without contaminating the environment. Based on chemical biology, the mechanism of iodine as a bactericide may arise from oxidation and iodination reactions of cellular proteins and nucleic acids. However, because of the high vapor pressure causing elemental iodine to sublime readily at room temperature, it is inconvenient to use this material in its normal solid state directly as a biocidal agent under ambient conditions. Iodine-rich compounds where iodine is firmly bonded in molecules as a C-I or I-O moiety have been observed to be among the most promising energetic biocidal compounds. Gaseous products comprised of large amounts of iodine or iodine-containing components as strong biocides are released in the decomposition or explosion of iodine-rich compounds. Because of the detonation pressure, the iodine species are distributed over a large area greatly improving the efficacy of the system and requiring considerably less effort compared to traditional biocidal methods. The commercially available tetraiodomethane and tetraiodoethene, which possess superb iodine content also have the disadvantages of volatility, light sensitivity, and chemically reactivity, and therefore, are not suitable for use directly as biocidal agents. It is absolutely critical to synthesize new iodine-rich compounds with good thermal and chemical stabilities.In this Account, we describe our strategies for the syntheses of energetic iodine-rich compounds while maintaining the maximum iodine content with concomitant stability and routes for the synthesis of oxygen-containing iodine-rich compounds to improve the oxygen balance and achieve both high-energy and high-iodine content. In the other work, which involves cocrystals, iodine-containing polymers were also summarized. It is hoped that this Account will provide guidelines for the design and syntheses of new iodine-rich compounds and a route for the development of inexpensive, more efficient, and safer iodine-rich antibiological warfare agents of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie Chang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunlin He
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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11
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Wei SH, Ma X, Ding ZM, Xu KZ, Gao HX, Huang J, Zhao FQ. Synthesis, crystal structure, and thermal properties of Ni(NH3)4(AFT)2. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1747519820939475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ni(NH3)4(AFT)2 [NiC6H16N18O2, AFT = 4-amino-3-(5-tetrazolate)furazan] is synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for the first time. X-ray diffraction measurements are used to determine the crystal structure of compound 1. The results demonstrate that compound 1 crystallized in the orthorhombic crystal system. The nickel(II) ion is six-coordinated by N atoms from two AFT-ligands and four NH3 molecules. Its thermal properties are investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry-derivative thermogravimetry methods, with the results demonstrating that the differential scanning calorimetry curve exhibits two endothermic and one exothermic processes. The endothermic processes are in the range of 130–510 °C with a peak temperature of 188 °C. The temperature from 230 to 400 °C is the exothermic process in which the peak temperature is 314.58 °C. In addition, Kissinger’s and Ozawa-Doyle’s methods are used for calculating the non-isothermal kinetics parameters. Moreover, the apparent activation energy ( E), safety, and thermal stability parameters ( TSADT, TTIT, Tb) for Ni(NH3)4(AFT)2 are calculated. In addition, the calculated thermodynamic functions ( ∆S≠, ∆H≠, and ∆G≠) for the exothermic decomposition process of Ni(NH3)4(AFT)2 are 55.07 J mol−1 K−1, 196.18 kJ mol−1, and 164.90 kJ mol−1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-han Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, P.R. of China
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, P.R. of China
| | - Xiao Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, P.R. of China
| | - Zi-mei Ding
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, P.R. of China
| | - Kang-zhen Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, P.R. of China
| | - Hong-xu Gao
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, P.R. of China
| | - Jie Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an, P.R. of China
| | - Feng-qi Zhao
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, P.R. of China
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12
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O'Sullivan OT, Zdilla MJ. Properties and Promise of Catenated Nitrogen Systems As High-Energy-Density Materials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5682-5744. [PMID: 32543838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The properties of catenated nitrogen molecules, molecules containing internal chains of bonded nitrogen atoms, is of fundamental scientific interest in chemical structure and bonding, as nitrogen is uniquely situated in the periodic table to form kinetically stable compounds often with chemically stable N-N bonds but which are thermodynamically unstable in that the formation of stable multiply bonded N2 is usually thermodynamically preferable. This unique placement in the periodic table makes catenated nitrogen compounds of interest for development of high-energy-density materials, including explosives for defense and construction purposes, as well as propellants for missile propulsion and for space exploration. This review, designed for a chemical audience, describes foundational subjects, methods, and metrics relevant to the energetic materials community and provides an overview of important classes of catenated nitrogen compounds ranging from theoretical investigation of hypothetical molecules to the practical application of real-world energetic materials. The review is intended to provide detailed chemical insight into the synthesis and decomposition of such materials as well as foundational knowledge of energetic science new to most chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen T O'Sullivan
- ASEE Fellow, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head Division (NSWC IHD), 4005 Indian Head Hwy, Indian Head, Maryland 20640, United States
| | - Michael J Zdilla
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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13
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Chinnam AK, Yu Q, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Azo- and methylene-bridged mixed azoles for stable and insensitive energetic applications. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:11498-11503. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02223c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple synthetic strategy for the preparation of high nitrogen content azo- and methylene bridged mixed energetic azoles was used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiong Yu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Idaho
- Moscow
- USA
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14
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A Review on the Reactivity of 1-Amino-2-Nitroguanidine (ANQ). Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193616. [PMID: 31597251 PMCID: PMC6804259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Amino-2-nitroguanidine (ANQ) is a high-energy nitrogen-rich compound with good detonation properties and low sensitivities. ANQ has only a central carbon atom with three small groups around it, including an amino, a hydrazine and a nitroxyl group. Though the molecular structure of ANQ is very simple, its reactivity is surprisingly abundant. ANQ can undergo various reactions, including reduction reaction, acylation reaction, salification reaction, coordination reaction, aldimine condensation reaction, cyclization reaction and azide reaction. Many new energetic compounds were purposely obtained through these reactions. These reactions were systematically summarized in this review, and detonation properties of some energetic compounds were compared. In the field of energetic materials, ANQ and some derivatives exhibit good application prospects.
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15
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Xu M, Cheng G, Xiong H, Wang B, Ju X, Yang H. Synthesis of high-performance insensitive energetic materials based on nitropyrazole and 1,2,4-triazole. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01445d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new family of symmetric nitropyrazole and 1,2,4-triazole derivatives and its energetic salts were obtained. The positive effect of ternary hydrogen bonds improve the performances of target compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxian Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Hualin Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Bohan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Xuehai Ju
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- P. R. China
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16
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Zhu C, Song P, Qiu L, Liu Y, Xu Z, Meng Z. Synthesis and Characterization of the Guanidine Salt Based on 1,1,2,2‐Tetranitraminoethane (TNAE). PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201800147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhu
- School of chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical EngineeringYunnan Open University Kunming 650223 the People's Republic of China
| | - Panqi Song
- School of chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Qiu
- School of chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibin Xu
- School of chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Zihui Meng
- School of chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
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17
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Zhang J, Hou T, Zhang L, Luo J. 2,4,4,6,8,8-Hexanitro-2,6-diazaadamantane: A High-Energy Density Compound with High Stability. Org Lett 2018; 20:7172-7176. [PMID: 30394097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel high-performance energetic compound of the polynitroazaadamantane family, 2,4,4,6,8,8-hexanitro-2,6-diazaadamantane, was designed and synthesized from 1,5-cyclooctadiene by two routes. Based on the experimental and calculated results, it exhibits a surprisingly high density (1.959 g cm-3), high thermal stability (onset decomposition temperature of 235 °C), high positive heat of formation, and excellent detonation properties. These fascinating properties, which are comparable to those of CL-20, show great promise for potential applications as a high-energy density material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , China
| | - Tianjiao Hou
- School of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , China
| | - Jun Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , China
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18
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Deng Q, Du J, Lei Q, He R, Liang J, Li C, Zhang L, Jiang J. Synthesis and Properties of High Nitrogen-Oxygen Compounds Based on 5,5′-Azotetrazolate by Using Microreactors. Chem Eng Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201700694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiulin Deng
- Southwest University of Science and Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering; State Key Laboratory for Environment-Friendly Energy Materials; 59 Qinglong Road 621010 Mianyang China
- Huaiyin Institute of Technology; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology; 1 Meicheng Road 223003 Huaian China
| | - Jinyan Du
- Southwest University of Science and Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering; State Key Laboratory for Environment-Friendly Energy Materials; 59 Qinglong Road 621010 Mianyang China
| | - Qin Lei
- Southwest University of Science and Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering; State Key Laboratory for Environment-Friendly Energy Materials; 59 Qinglong Road 621010 Mianyang China
| | - Renxiong He
- Southwest University of Science and Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering; State Key Laboratory for Environment-Friendly Energy Materials; 59 Qinglong Road 621010 Mianyang China
| | - Jianhao Liang
- Southwest University of Science and Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering; State Key Laboratory for Environment-Friendly Energy Materials; 59 Qinglong Road 621010 Mianyang China
| | - Changlin Li
- Southwest University of Science and Technology; School of Materials Science and Engineering; State Key Laboratory for Environment-Friendly Energy Materials; 59 Qinglong Road 621010 Mianyang China
| | - Lixiong Zhang
- Nanjing Tech University; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; 210009 Nanjing China
| | - Jinlong Jiang
- Huaiyin Institute of Technology; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology; 1 Meicheng Road 223003 Huaian China
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19
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Wang B, Xiong H, Cheng G, Yang H. Incorporating Energetic Moieties into Four Oxadiazole Ring Systems for the Generation of High-Performance Energetic Materials. Chempluschem 2018; 83:439-447. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Xiaolingwei 200 Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Hualin Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Xiaolingwei 200 Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Xiaolingwei 200 Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Xiaolingwei 200 Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
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20
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Huang H, Shi Y, Yu Y, Yang J. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Energetic Compounds Based on a CH2
-Bridged Dinitromethyl Explosophore. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ling Ling Road 345 200032 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yameng Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ling Ling Road 345 200032 Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yao Yu
- Hubei Sanjiang Space Rivers Chemical Technology Co., LTD; 444200 Yuanan, Hubei P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ling Ling Road 345 200032 Shanghai P. R. China
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21
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Tao J, Jin B, Chu S, Peng R, Shang Y, Tan B. Novel insensitive energetic-cocrystal-based BTO with good comprehensive properties. RSC Adv 2018; 8:1784-1790. [PMID: 35542582 PMCID: PMC9077048 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11428a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining a layer construction strategy with cocrystallization techniques, we designed and prepared a structurally unusual 1H,1′H-5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (BTO) based energetic cocrystal, which we also confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and powder-crystal X-ray diffraction. The obtained cocrystal crystallizes in a triclinic system, P-1 space group, with a density of 1.72 g cm−3. The properties including the thermal stability, sensitivity and detonation performance of the cocrystal were analyzed in detail. In addition, the thermal decomposition behavior of the cocrystal was studied by differential calorimetry and thermogravimetry tandem infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated that the cocrystal exhibits strong resistance to thermal decomposition up to 535.6 K. The cocrystal also demonstrates a sensitivity of >50 J. Moreover, its formation enthalpy was estimated to be 2312.0 kJ mol−1, whereas its detonation velocity and detonation pressure were predicted to be 8.213 km s−1 and 29.1 GPa, respectively, by applying K–J equations. Therefore, as expected, the obtained cocrystal shows a good comprehensive performance, which proves that a high degree of layer-by-layer stacking is essential for the structural density, thermal stability and sensitivity. Combining a layer construction strategy with cocrystallization techniques, we designed and prepared an unusual energetic cocrystal, which confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Tao
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Bo Jin
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Shijin Chu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Rufang Peng
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Yu Shang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Bisheng Tan
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621010
- China
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22
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Wang W, Cheng G, Xiong H, Yang H. Functionalization of fluorodinitroethylamino derivatives based on azole: a new family of insensitive energetic materials. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj05009g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report the synthesis of a new family of fluorodinitroethyl-substituted aminoazole derivatives, which might be of interest for applications as insensitive energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Hualin Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
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23
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Tang Y, He C, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Dinitromethyl‐3(5)‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole Derivatives from Controllable Cyclization Strategies. Chemistry 2017; 23:16401-16407. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Tang
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho Moscow Idaho 83844-2343 USA
| | - Chunlin He
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho Moscow Idaho 83844-2343 USA
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Avenue Washington D.C. 20375 USA
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Avenue Washington D.C. 20375 USA
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24
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Tang Y, Dharavath S, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Nitramino‐ and Dinitromethyl‐Substituted 1,2,4‐Triazole Derivatives as High‐Performance Energetic Materials. Chemistry 2017; 23:9185-9191. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Tang
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho Moscow Idaho 83844-2343 USA
| | | | - Gregory H. Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Avenue Washington, D.C. 20375 USA
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Avenue Washington, D.C. 20375 USA
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25
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Muravyev NV, Monogarov KA, Asachenko AF, Nechaev MS, Ananyev IV, Fomenkov IV, Kiselev VG, Pivkina AN. Pursuing reliable thermal analysis techniques for energetic materials: decomposition kinetics and thermal stability of dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:436-449. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06498a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reliable kinetics of thermolysis for a novel explosive dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50) was obtained using a variety of thermoanalytical and kinetic methods and verified by modeling of adiabatic self-heating.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrey F. Asachenko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS
- 119991 Moscow
- Russia
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS
- 119991 Moscow
| | - Mikhail S. Nechaev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS
- 119991 Moscow
- Russia
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS
- 119991 Moscow
| | - Ivan V. Ananyev
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS
- 119991 Moscow
- Russia
| | | | - Vitaly G. Kiselev
- Novosibirsk State University
- 630090 Novosibirsk
- Russia
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS
- 630090 Novosibirsk
| | - Alla N. Pivkina
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics RAS
- 119991 Moscow
- Russia
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26
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Wu BD, Liang J, Wang JY, An CW. Preparation, crystal structure and thermal decomposition of nitrogen-rich compound Cu(Trz)4Cl2 (Trz = 1,2,4-Triazole, N% = 40.92%). MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-160222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Dong Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Special Functional Materials, Yangzte Normal University, Chongqing, China
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, North University of China, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Ultrafine Powder, North University of China, Shanxi, China
| | - Jie Liang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, North University of China, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Ultrafine Powder, North University of China, Shanxi, China
| | - Jing-Yu Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, North University of China, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Ultrafine Powder, North University of China, Shanxi, China
| | - Chong-Wei An
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, North University of China, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Engineering Technology Research Center for Ultrafine Powder, North University of China, Shanxi, China
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27
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The synthesis, property and reduction of high-nitrogen compound 3,3′,5,5′-tetraazido-4,4′-bis(1,2,4-triazole). Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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28
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Tang Y, He C, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Energetic 4,4′‐Oxybis[3,3′‐(1‐hydroxytetrazolyl)]furazan and Its Salts. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:3113-3117. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Tang
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
| | - Chunlin He
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Avenue Washington, D.C. 20375 USA
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Avenue Washington, D.C. 20375 USA
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29
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He FF, Gao SM, Petris GD, Rosi M, Ding YH. Isomerization Pathways of ONCNO: Unstable or Metastable? J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:4812-7. [PMID: 26866389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fulminates containing the CNO(-) ion have been widely utilized as high-energy density materials (HEDMs) for more than 120 years. Yet no purely covalently bound CNO molecule, i.e., nitrile oxide, is known to behave as an HEDM. In this study, we performed a thorough investigation of the potential energy surface of nitrile oxide ONCNO and related isomers, applying various sophisticated methods including G4, CBS-QB3, W1BD, CCSD(T)/CBS, and CASPT2/CBS. The Gibbs free energy calculations showed that the decomposition of ONCNO to the considerably endothermic products CNO + NO is favored compared to that into the highly exothermic products CO2 + N2. Thus, ONCNO fails to be the long expected nitrile oxide HEDM. However, with the rate-determining barrier of 23.3 kcal mol(-1) at the W1BD level, ONCNO should be experimentally accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei He
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130023, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Meng Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University , Daqing 163318, PR China
| | - Giulia de Petris
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, "Sapienza" University of Rome , P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Marzio Rosi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale, University of Perugia and ISTM-CNR , Via Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | - Yi-Hong Ding
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130023, People's Republic of China
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30
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ZHAO GUOZHENG, JIA JIANFENG, WU HAISHUN. Design and selection of triazole-based compounds with high energetic properties and stabilities. J CHEM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-016-1117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Zhu J, Jin S, Wan L, Zhang C, Li L, Chen S, Shu Q. Nitrogen-rich 4,4′-azo bis(1,2,4-triazolone) salts—the synthesis and promising properties of a new family of high-density insensitive materials. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:3590-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04731e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
4,4′-Azo-bis(1,2,4-triazolone) (ZTO) based salts from alkaline (Li+, K+, Na+, and Cs+), alkaline earth metal salts (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+) and hydrazinium salt were synthesized in a simple, straightforward manner and were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Zhu
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Shaohua Jin
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Li Wan
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Chunyuan Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Lijie Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Shusen Chen
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Qinghai Shu
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
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32
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Guo W, Zhang T, Zhang B, Feng Y, Chen S, Mi Z. Studies on sodium polymers based on di(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)methanone oxime. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15591j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
[Na(Hbto)(H2O)2·2H2O]n (1), [(NH3OH)2Na2(bto)2(H2O)4·H2O]n (2) and [(NH3OH)Na(bto)(H2O)2]n (3), eco-friendly coordination polymers, have been synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Tonglai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Yongan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Sitong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Zhenhao Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
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33
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Shang Y, Jin B, Peng R, Guo Z, Liu Q, Zhao J, Zhang Q. Nitrogen-rich energetic salts of 1H,1′H-5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate: synthesis, characterization, and thermal behaviors. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra10108a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of nitrogen-rich heterocyclic 1H,1′H-5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate salts with excellent thermal stabilities, impact sensitivities and promising detonation performances was synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Bo Jin
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Rufang Peng
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Zhicheng Guo
- School of Nation Defence Science and Technology
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Qiangqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Jun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Qingchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
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34
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Chand D, He C, Mitchell LA, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Electrophilic iodination: a gateway to high iodine compounds and energetic materials. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:13827-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02438f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Preparation of polyiodopyrazoles and subsequent highly oxygenated nitro compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Chand
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Idaho
- Moscow
- USA
| | - Chunlin He
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Idaho
- Moscow
- USA
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35
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He FF, Gao SM, de Petris G, Rosi M, Ding YH. Monocyclic and bicyclic CO 4: how stable are they? RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19895j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time the barriers for the CO2-elimination from 11 and 12 energy-rich CO4 were located, they amount to 28.7 and 14.7 kcal mol−1 at the CASPT2(18e,12o)/CBS level of theory, and 23.5 and 21.1 kcal mol−1 at the UCCSD(T)/CBS level of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-fei He
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- People's Republic of China
| | - Si-meng Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Northeast Petroleum University
- Daqing 163318
- PR China
| | - Giulia de Petris
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- “Sapienza” University of Rome
- 00185 Roma
- Italy
| | - Marzio Rosi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale
- University of Perugia and ISTM-CNR
- 06125 Perugia
- Italy
| | - Yi-hong Ding
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- People's Republic of China
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