1
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Kulinich AV, Ishchenko AA. Design and Photonics of Merocyanine Dyes. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300262. [PMID: 37850545 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Merocyanines, thanks to their easily adjustable electronic structure, appear to be the most versatile and promising functional dyes. Their D-π-A framework offers ample opportunities for custom design through variations in both donor/acceptor end-groups and the π-conjugated polymethine chain, and leads to a broad range of practical properties, including noticeable solvatochromism, high polarizability/hyperpolarizabilities, and the ability to sensitize various physicochemical processes. Accordingly, merocyanines are applied and extensively studied in various fields, such as light-converting materials for optoelectronics, nonlinear optics, optical storage, solar cells, fluorescent probes, and antitumor agents in photodynamic therapy. This review encompasses both classical and novel more important publications on the structure-property relationships in merocyanines, with particular emphasis on the results by A. I. Kiprianov and his followers in Institute of Organic Chemistry in Kyiv, Ukraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii V Kulinich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Akademika Kukharya St., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alexander A Ishchenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 5 Akademika Kukharya St., 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
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2
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Lee H, Lee D. Assembling Molecular Clips To Build π-Stacks. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302523. [PMID: 37658276 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Nature utilizes an intimate stacking of aromatic motifs to construct functional structures, as demonstrated in protein folding and polynucleotide assembly. However, organized π-stacks of artificial molecules are difficult to build, primarily due to the weak, non-directional, and context-sensitive nature of van der Waals forces. To overcome these challenges, chemists have invented ingenious architectural designs to construct π-stacked supramolecular assemblies using clip-like molecules. This Concept article focuses on molecular clips that enable precise spatial control over assembly patterns, beyond the scope of simple host-guest chemistry. Different design strategies are analyzed and compared that leverage non-covalent interactions to create multi-layer π-stacks. Particular emphasis is placed on the choice of spine units as they play a crucial role in controlling the (i) spacing, (ii) orientation, and (iii) conformational pre-organization of linked aromatics to achieve long-range spatial ordering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
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3
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Wang J, Wicher B, Maurizot V, Huc I. Directing the Self-Assembly of Aromatic Foldamer Helices using Acridine Appendages and Metal Coordination. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201345. [PMID: 35965255 PMCID: PMC9826129 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Folded molecules provide complex interaction interfaces amenable to sophisticated self-assembly motifs. Because of their high conformational stability, aromatic foldamers constitute suitable candidates for the rational elaboration of self-assembled architectures. Several multiturn helical aromatic oligoamides have been synthesized that possess arrays of acridine appendages pointing in one or two directions. The acridine units were shown to direct self-assembly in the solid state via aromatic stacking leading to recurrent helix-helix association patterns under the form of discrete dimers or extended arrays. In the presence of Pd(II), metal coordination of the acridine units overwhelms other forces and generates new metal-mediated multihelical self-assemblies, including macrocycles. These observations demonstrate simple access to different types of foldamer-containing architectures, ranging from discrete objects to 1D and, by extension, 2D and 3D arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wang
- CBMN (UMR5248)Univ. Bordeaux – CNRS – IPBInstitut Européen de Chimie et Biologie2 rue Escarpit33600PessacFrance
| | - Barbara Wicher
- Department of Chemical Technology of DrugsPoznan University of Medical SciencesGrunwaldzka 660-780PoznanPoland
| | - Victor Maurizot
- CBMN (UMR5248)Univ. Bordeaux – CNRS – IPBInstitut Européen de Chimie et Biologie2 rue Escarpit33600PessacFrance
| | - Ivan Huc
- CBMN (UMR5248)Univ. Bordeaux – CNRS – IPBInstitut Européen de Chimie et Biologie2 rue Escarpit33600PessacFrance,Department of PharmacyLudwig-Maximilians-UniversitätButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany,Cluster of Excellence e-conversion85748GarchingGermany
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4
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One Fluorophore‐Two Sensing Films: Hydrogen‐Bond Directed Formation of a Quadruple Perylene Bisimide Stack. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201974. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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5
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Liu B, Vonhausen Y, Schulz A, Höbartner C, Würthner F. Peptide Backbone Directed Self‐Assembly of Merocyanine Oligomers into Duplex Structures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200120. [PMID: 35194914 PMCID: PMC9401582 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The pseudopeptide backbone provided by N‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐glycine oligomers with attached nucleobases has been widely utilized in peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) as DNA mimics. Here we demonstrate the suitability of this backbone for the formation of structurally defined dye stacks. Toward this goal a series of peptide merocyanine (PMC) dye oligomers connected to a N‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐glycine backbone were prepared through peptide synthesis. Our concentration‐, temperature‐ and solvent‐dependent UV/Vis absorption studies show that under the control of dipole–dipole interactions, smaller‐sized oligomers consisting of one, two or three dyes self‐assemble into defined duplex structures containing two up to six chromophores. In contrast, upon further extension of the oligomer, the chosen peptide backbone cannot direct the formation of a defined duplex architecture anymore due to intramolecular aggregation between the dyes. For all aggregate species a moderate aggregation‐induced emission enhancement is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Yvonne Vonhausen
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Alexander Schulz
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Claudia Höbartner
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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6
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Liu B, Vonhausen Y, Schulz A, Höbartner C, Würthner F. Peptide Backbone Directed Self‐Assembly of Merocyanine Oligomers into Duplex Structures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Yvonne Vonhausen
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Alexander Schulz
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Claudia Höbartner
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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7
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Ihara M, Cui L, Konishi Y, Hisaeda Y, Ono T. Design of Dimeric Dinuclear Boron Complexes with Flexible Linkers: Aggregation-Induced White-Light Emission via Molecular Engineering. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Ihara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Luxia Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuto Konishi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hisaeda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Ono
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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8
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Rajak A, Das A. Programmed Macromolecular Assembly by Dipole-Dipole Interactions with Aggregation-Induced Enhanced Emission in Aqueous Medium. ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 2:223-231. [PMID: 36855564 PMCID: PMC9954255 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.1c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembling polymers by bioinspired directional supramolecular interactions currently hold great scientific and technological interests. Herein, we report an unorthodox strategy based on a dipole-dipole interaction-mediated extended antiparallel dipolar assembly of a model merocyanine (MC) dye for maneuvering the self-assembly of a highly water-soluble MC-functionalized block copolymer (P2). Unlike traditional amphiphilic block copolymers featuring distinct hydrophobic segments (flexible aliphatic hydrocarbon chains or rigid nonpolar aromatic scaffolds), P2 comprises polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (PEG) as a hydrophilic block and an unconventional structure-directing acrylate block functionalized with polar MC-dyes in the side chains of every repeat unit. In the absence of any additional hydrophobic assistance, P2 spontaneously self-assembles in water through the continuous opposite alignment of its pendant MCs by multiple dipole-dipole interactions to cancel out their ground state dipole moments, which initially generates an H-aggregated species with ill-defined morphology (Aggregate 1). Upon thermal annealing, Aggregate 1 reorganizes into higher-order core-shell nanodisc-like structures (Aggregate 2) driven by the orthogonal π-stacking interactions of the rigid aromatic framework derived from the extended cofacial MC-stacks. The aromatic interiors of the nanodiscs gain colloidal stability from the externally decorated hydrophilic PEG chains. While the initially formed Aggregate 1, predominantly by dipole-dipole interactions, showed remarkable thermal stability due to the cooperative effect of the polymer chain, the hierarchical assembly guided by relatively weaker dispersion forces of the MC-stacked π-surfaces could be tailored by dilution or thermal treatment. Such organized packing of pendant MCs by the dual effect of dipole-dipole interactions and π-stacking conferred several exciting properties to the P2 assembly in water. Long-range ordered antiparallel stacking of the pendant MCs rendered outstanding aggregation-induced enhanced emission (AIEE) properties to the resultant nanostructures in water with increased fluorescence lifetime, quantum yield, and Stokes shift compared to nonaggregating P2 in CHCl3. The remarkable thermal and kinetic stability of the nanodiscs, their guest loading ability, and very low critical aggregation concentration (CAC) were demonstrated by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) studies with an encapsulated donor-acceptor dye pair.
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9
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Vonhausen Y, Lohr A, Stolte M, Würthner F. Two-step anti-cooperative self-assembly process into defined π-stacked dye oligomers: insights into aggregation-induced enhanced emission. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12302-12314. [PMID: 34603660 PMCID: PMC8480337 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03813c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) phenomena received great popularity during the last decade but in most cases insights into the packing structure – fluorescence properties remained scarce. Here, an almost non-fluorescent merocyanine dye was equipped with large solubilizing substituents, which allowed the investigation of it's aggregation behaviour in unpolar solvents over a large concentration range (10−2 to 10−7 M). In depth analysis of the self-assembly process by concentration-dependent UV/Vis spectroscopy at different temperatures revealed a two-step anti-cooperative aggregation mechanism. In the first step a co-facially stacked dimer is formed driven by dipole–dipole interactions. In a second step these dimers self-assemble to give an oligomer stack consisting of about ten dyes. Concentration- and temperature-dependent UV/Vis spectroscopy provided insight into the thermodynamic parameters and allowed to identify conditions where either the monomer, the dimer or the decamer prevails. The centrosymmetric dimer structure could be proven by 2D NMR spectroscopy. For the larger decamer atomic force microscopy (AFM), diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) and vapour pressure osmometric (VPO) measurements consistently indicated that it is of small and defined size. Fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) spectroscopy provided insights into the photofunctional properties of the dye aggregates. Starting from an essentially non-fluorescent monomer (ΦFl = 0.23%) a strong AIEE effect with excimer-type fluorescence (large Stokes shift, increased fluorescence lifetime) is observed upon formation of the dimer (ΦFl = 2.3%) and decamer (ΦFl = 4.5%) stack. This increase in fluorescence is accompanied for both aggregates by an aggregation-induced CPL enhancement with a strong increase of the glum from ∼0.001 for the dimer up to ∼0.011 for the higher aggregate. Analysis of the radiative and non-radiative decay rates corroborates the interpretation that the AIEE effect originates from a pronounced decrease of the non-radiative rate due to π–π-stacking induced rigidification that outmatches the effect of the reduced radiative rate that originates from the H-type exciton coupling in the co-facially stacked dyes. The self-assembly of a dipolar merocyanine into preferred dimers and small-sized chiral aggregates leads to enhanced emission due to a reduced non-radiative rate as well as amplified circular polarized luminescence.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Vonhausen
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Andreas Lohr
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Matthias Stolte
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany .,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany .,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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10
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Würthner F. Solvent Effects in Supramolecular Chemistry: Linear Free Energy Relationships for Common Intermolecular Interactions. J Org Chem 2021; 87:1602-1615. [PMID: 33973476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The proper choice of solvent is of major importance for all studies in supramolecular chemistry, including molecular recognition in host-guest systems, intramolecular folding, self-assembly, and supramolecular polymerization. In this Perspective, the usefulness of linear free energy relationships (LFERs) is highlighted to unravel the effect of solvents on coordinate bonding (e.g., cation-crown ether), hydrogen bonding, halogen bonding, dipolar aggregation, and π-π-stacking. For all of these intermolecular interactions widely applied in supramolecular systems, LFER relationships between the Gibbs binding energies and common solvent polarity scales including ET(30), π*, α or β based on solvatochromic dyes, scales derived from binding processes such as Gutmann donor and acceptor numbers or hydrogen bond donor and acceptor scales, or physical functions like the Kirkwood-Onsager or the Liptay-Onsager functions could be demonstrated. These relationships can now be applied toward a better understanding of the prevailing intermolecular forces for supramolecular interactions. They further enable a rational selection of the most suitable solvent for the preparation of self-assembled materials and the estimation of binding constants without the need for time-consuming comprehensive investigations of solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Würthner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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11
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Bialas D, Kirchner E, Röhr MIS, Würthner F. Perspectives in Dye Chemistry: A Rational Approach toward Functional Materials by Understanding the Aggregate State. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4500-4518. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Bialas
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva Kirchner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Merle I. S. Röhr
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Mabesoone MJ, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW. Solute-Solvent Interactions in Modern Physical Organic Chemistry: Supramolecular Polymers as a Muse. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19781-19798. [PMID: 33174741 PMCID: PMC7705892 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between solvents and solutes are a cornerstone of physical organic chemistry and have been the subject of investigations over the last century. In recent years, a renewed interest in fundamental aspects of solute-solvent interactions has been sparked in the field of supramolecular chemistry in general and that of supramolecular polymers in particular. Although solvent effects in supramolecular chemistry have been recognized for a long time, the unique opportunities that supramolecular polymers offer to gain insight into solute-solvent interactions have become clear relatively recently. The multiple interactions that hold the supramolecular polymeric structure together are similar in strength to those between solute and solvent. The cooperativity found in ordered supramolecular polymers leads to the possibility of amplifying these solute-solvent effects and will shed light on extremely subtle solvation phenomena. As a result, many exciting effects of solute-solvent interactions in modern physical organic chemistry can be studied using supramolecular polymers. Our aim is to put the recent progress into a historical context and provide avenues toward a more comprehensive understanding of solvents in multicomponent supramolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs
F. J. Mabesoone
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and the Laboratory of Macromolecular
and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and the Laboratory of Macromolecular
and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems and the Laboratory of Macromolecular
and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University
of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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13
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Catherin M, Uranga-Barandiaran O, Brosseau A, Métivier R, Canard G, D'Aléo A, Casanova D, Castet F, Zaborova E, Fages F. Exciton Interactions, Excimer Formation, and [2π+2π] Photodimerization in Nonconjugated Curcuminoid-BF 2 Dimers. Chemistry 2020; 26:3818-3828. [PMID: 31943360 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of a series of covalently linked dimers of quadrupolar curcuminoid-BF2 dyes and the detailed investigation of their solvent-dependent spectroscopic and photophysical properties. In solvents of low polarity, intramolecular folding induces the formation of aggregated chromophores, the UV/Vis absorption spectra of which display the optical signature characteristic of weakly-coupled H-aggregates. The extent of folding and, in turn, of ground-state aggregation is strongly dependent on the nature of the flexible linker. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence emission spectroscopies show that the Frenkel exciton relaxes into a fluorescent symmetrical excimer state with a long lifetime. Furthermore, our in-depth studies show that a weakly emitting excimer lies on the pathway toward a photocyclomer. Two-dimensional 1 H NMR spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) allowed the structure of the photoproduct to be established. To our knowledge, this represents the first example of a [2π+2π] photodimerization of the curcuminoid chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Catherin
- CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, Aix Marseille Univ, Campus de Luminy, Case 913, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Olatz Uranga-Barandiaran
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 20018, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM, UMR CNRS 5255), University of Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Arnaud Brosseau
- PPSM, ENS Paris Saclay, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 94235, Cachan, France
| | - Rémi Métivier
- PPSM, ENS Paris Saclay, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 94235, Cachan, France
| | - Gabriel Canard
- CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, Aix Marseille Univ, Campus de Luminy, Case 913, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Anthony D'Aléo
- CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, Aix Marseille Univ, Campus de Luminy, Case 913, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Frédéric Castet
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM, UMR CNRS 5255), University of Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Elena Zaborova
- CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, Aix Marseille Univ, Campus de Luminy, Case 913, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Fages
- CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, Aix Marseille Univ, Campus de Luminy, Case 913, 13288, Marseille, France
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14
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Hu X, Lindner JO, Würthner F. Stepwise Folding and Self-Assembly of a Merocyanine Folda-Pentamer. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3321-3325. [PMID: 32003980 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a synthetic protocol toward a merocyanine (MC) pentamer 1 which represents the first merocyanine oligomer longer than a dimer. By continuously decreasing the solvent polarity, we demonstrate the stepwise folding from partially folded monomeric and dimeric MC subunits (in chloroform) up to the full pentamer π-stack (in 75% methylcyclohexane/25% chloroform) and a subsequent self-assembly of pentamer 1 into larger aggregates (in 80% methylcyclohexane/20% chloroform). This hierarchical structure formation process became possible due to the predominant dipole-dipole interactions among MC dyes that allowed for a precise modulation of the energy landscape by the solvent polarity. This unprecedented stepwise control of dye assembly via hierarchical dipole-dipole interactions opens the door for a more precise control of dye-dye interactions in artificial multichromophoric ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Hu
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Joachim O Lindner
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry , Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry , Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
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15
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Kirchner E, Bialas D, Würthner F. Bis(merocyanine) Hetero-Folda-Dimers: Evaluation of Exciton Coupling between Different Types of π-Stacked Chromphores. Chemistry 2019; 25:11294-11301. [PMID: 31257652 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exciton coupling between different types of chromophores has been rarely investigated. Herein, a systematic study on the exciton coupling between merocyanine chromophores of different conjugation length with varying excited state energies is presented. In this work well-defined hetero-dimer stacks were obtained upon folding of bis(merocyanine) dyes in nonpolar solvents. They show distinctly different absorption properties in comparison with the spectra of the single chromophores, revealing a significant coupling between the different chromophores. The simulated absorption spectra obtained from time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations are in good agreement with the experimental spectra. Our theoretical analysis based on an extension of Kasha's exciton theory discloses strong coupling between the dyes' transition dipole moments despite of an excited-state energy difference of 0.60 eV between the chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kirchner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Bialas
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Kirchner E, Bialas D, Wehner M, Schmidt D, Würthner F. Bis(merocyanine) Homo-Folda-Dimers: Evaluation of Electronic and Spectral Changes in Well-Defined Dye Aggregate Geometries. Chemistry 2019; 25:11285-11293. [PMID: 31257653 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of three bis(merocyanine) dyes comprising chromophores of different conjugation lengths has been synthesized and the intramolecular aggregation process was investigated by UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy. The spectral changes observed upon variation of the solvent polarity reveal a folding process resulting in a cofacial π-stack of two chromophores with a decrease of the aggregation tendency with increasing chromophore length and solvent polarity. Solvent-dependent UV/Vis studies of the monomeric reference dyes show a significant increase of the polyene-like character for dyes with longer polymethine chains in nonpolar solvents, which is reversed upon aggregation due to the polarizability effect of the adjacent chromophore within the dye stack. The pronounced hypsochromic shift of the absorption band observed upon aggregation indicates strong coupling of the dyes' transition dipole moments, which was confirmed by quantum-chemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kirchner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Bialas
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marius Wehner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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17
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Markiewicz G, Smulders MMJ, Stefankiewicz AR. Steering the Self-Assembly Outcome of a Single NDI Monomer into Three Morphologically Distinct Supramolecular Assemblies, with Concomitant Change in Supramolecular Polymerization Mechanism. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1900577. [PMID: 31453068 PMCID: PMC6702645 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Noncovalent self-assembly creates an effective route to highly sophisticated supramolecular polymers with tunable properties. However, the outcome of this assembly process is highly dependent on external conditions. In this work, a monomeric naphthalene diimide (NDI), designed to allow solubility in a wide range of solvents, can assemble into three distinct noncovalent supramolecular species depending on solvent composition and temperature. Namely, while the self-assembly in chlorinated solvents yields relatively short, hydrogen-bonded nanotubes, the reduction of solvent polarity changes the assembly outcome, yielding π-π stacking polymers, which can further bundle into a more complex aggregate. The obtained polymers differ not only in their global morphology but-more strikingly-also in the thermodynamics and kinetics of their supramolecular self-assembly, involving isodesmic or two-stage cooperative assembly with kinetic hysteresis, respectively. Ultimately, three distinct assembly states can be accessed in a single experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Markiewicz
- Faculty of ChemistryAdam Mickiewicz UniversityUniwersytetu Poznan´skiego 861‐614Poznan´Poland
- Center for Advanced TechnologiesAdam Mickiewicz UniversityUniwersytetu Poznan´skiego 1061‐614Poznan´Poland
| | - Maarten M. J. Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryWageningen UniversityStippeneng 46708WEWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Artur R. Stefankiewicz
- Faculty of ChemistryAdam Mickiewicz UniversityUniwersytetu Poznan´skiego 861‐614Poznan´Poland
- Center for Advanced TechnologiesAdam Mickiewicz UniversityUniwersytetu Poznan´skiego 1061‐614Poznan´Poland
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18
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Hadj Kouider NHE, Kasmi-Mir S, Pierrat P, Magri P, Madi F, Kirsch G. Synthesis and optical properties of novel thermally stable bis-merocyanine dyes. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Uranga-Barandiaran O, Catherin M, Zaborova E, D'Aléo A, Fages F, Castet F, Casanova D. Optical properties of quadrupolar and bi-quadrupolar dyes: intra and inter chromophoric interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:24623-24632. [PMID: 30238104 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05048a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work we present the synthesis, characterization and theoretical investigation of three boron-difluoride-curcuminoid derivatives and their covalent homodimers chemically linked through a polymethylenic chain. Low-lying electronic excited states and photophysical properties of the monomeric species have been described as the convolution of different donor-acceptor intramolecular excitations. Covalent dimers in solution can present open or folded structural conformations. Analysis of absorption profiles and computational results allow to identify the factors that control the relative stability of the two forms and rationalize its dependence with the solvent polarity. Interestingly, the strong electronic coupling in the folded forms results in low-lying excitations with sizable mixings of intra- and inter-chromophoric contributions, which cannot be described by means of the Kasha model of interacting chromophores. Our study demonstrates how decomposition of the computed excitations in terms of diabatic states can be extremely valuable in order to identify and quantify the nature of electronic transitions in the presence of several electron donor and acceptor fragments.
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20
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Kielesiński Ł, Gryko DT, Sobolewski AL, Morawski OW. Effect of conformational flexibility on photophysics of bis-coumarins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:14491-14503. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01084f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence of bis-coumarins linked via CONH and COO functionalities is strongly dependant on solvent polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kielesiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
- Institute of Physics
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | | | - Olaf W. Morawski
- Institute of Physics
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 02-668 Warsaw
- Poland
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21
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Kielesiński Ł, Morawski O, Dobrzycki Ł, Sobolewski AL, Gryko DT. The Coumarin-Dimer Spring-The Struggle between Charge Transfer and Steric Interactions. Chemistry 2017; 23:9174-9184. [PMID: 28500858 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kielesiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
- Institute of Physics; Polish Academy of Sciences; Al. Lotników 32/46 02-668 Warsaw Poland
| | - Olaf Morawski
- Institute of Physics; Polish Academy of Sciences; Al. Lotników 32/46 02-668 Warsaw Poland
| | - Łukasz Dobrzycki
- Faculty of Chemistry; Warsaw University; Pasteura 1 00-273 Warsaw Poland
| | - Andrzej L. Sobolewski
- Institute of Physics; Polish Academy of Sciences; Al. Lotników 32/46 02-668 Warsaw Poland
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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22
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Photo- and redoxfunctional cyclophanes, macrocycles, and catenanes based on aromatic bisimides. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Würthner F. Dipole-Dipole Interaction Driven Self-Assembly of Merocyanine Dyes: From Dimers to Nanoscale Objects and Supramolecular Materials. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:868-76. [PMID: 27064423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
π-Conjugation between heterocyclic donor (D) and acceptor (A) groups via a polymethine chain leads to dyes with dipole moments greater than 10 D. These dipole moments direct the self-assembly of the dyes into antiparallel dimer aggregates, even in dilute solution, with binding strengths that are far beyond those observed for other π-scaffolds whose self-assembly is driven primarily by dispersion forces. The combination of directionality and exceptional binding strength of dipolar interactions between D-π-A dyes indeed resembles the situation of the hydrogen bond. Thus, similar to the latter, dipolar interactions between merocyanine dyes, a unique class of D-π-A chromophores, can be utilized to construct sophisticated supramolecular architectures of predictable geometry, particularly in low polarity environments. For bis(merocyanine) dyes it has been demonstrated that the self-assembly pathway is encoded in the tether between the two constituent merocyanine chromophores. If the tether enables the antiparallel stacking of the two appended dyes, folding takes place, which may be followed by further self-assembly into extended H-aggregate π-stacks at higher concentrations in solvents of low polarity. For tethers that do not support folding, the formation of bimolecular complexes of four merocyanine units, cyclic oligomers, and supramolecular polymers has been observed. For the former case, that is, formation of a bimolecular stack of four merocyanine units from tweezer-type molecules, association constants >10(9) M(-1) were measured in chloroform. On the other hand, because only one π-face is utilized in the formation of supramolecular polymers from bis(merocyanine) dyes, higher hierarchical structures typically originate in which the other π-face is surrounded by an antiparallel π-stacked neighbor molecule. Among the observed self-assembled structures, nanorods in particular have attracted considerable attention because their self-assembly into well-defined H-aggregates falls under kinetic control and is slowed tremendously with decreasing solvent polarity. Co-assembly of achiral and chiral merocyanine building blocks or two enantiomers of a chiral merocyanine in different ratios provided insight into "majority rules" and "sergeant-and-soldiers" effects as well as the autocatalytic fiber growth process. With regard to materials applications, it is important to note that the high propensity for dipolar aggregation was disadvantageous for many envisioned applications of these dyes in the area of nonlinear optics. However, this aggregation behavior proved to be advantageous for the recently demonstrated applications of D-π-A dyes, in particular, merocyanines as p-type organic semiconductors in organic electronics and photovoltaics. Thus, organic transistors with hole mobilities >0.5 cm(2)/(V s) and organic solar cells with power conversion efficiencies >6% could be achieved with merocyanine-based organic semiconductor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Würthner
- Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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24
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Bialas D, Kirchner E, Würthner F. Folding-induced exciton coupling in homo- and heterodimers of merocyanine dyes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3777-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00221h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Folding of a bis(merocyanine) dye with two different chromophores leads to a model system to elucidate electronic interactions in heteroaggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bialas
- Universität Würzburg
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Eva Kirchner
- Universität Würzburg
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Universität Würzburg
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- 97074 Würzburg
- Germany
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