1
|
Cook A, Newman SG. Alcohols as Substrates in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Arylation, Alkylation, and Related Reactions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6078-6144. [PMID: 38630862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Alcohols are abundant and attractive feedstock molecules for organic synthesis. Many methods for their functionalization require them to first be converted into a more activated derivative, while recent years have seen a vast increase in the number of complexity-building transformations that directly harness unprotected alcohols. This Review discusses how transition metal catalysis can be used toward this goal. These transformations are broadly classified into three categories. Deoxygenative functionalizations, representing derivatization of the C-O bond, enable the alcohol to act as a leaving group toward the formation of new C-C bonds. Etherifications, characterized by derivatization of the O-H bond, represent classical reactivity that has been modernized to include mild reaction conditions, diverse reaction partners, and high selectivities. Lastly, chain functionalization reactions are described, wherein the alcohol group acts as a mediator in formal C-H functionalization reactions of the alkyl backbone. Each of these three classes of transformation will be discussed in context of intermolecular arylation, alkylation, and related reactions, illustrating how catalysis can enable alcohols to be directly harnessed for organic synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Cook
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Stephen G Newman
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shezaf JZ, Santana CG, Ortiz E, Meyer CC, Liu P, Sakata K, Huang KW, Krische MJ. Leveraging the Stereochemical Complexity of Octahedral Diastereomeric-at-Metal Catalysts to Unlock Regio-, Diastereo-, and Enantioselectivity in Alcohol-Mediated C-C Couplings via Hydrogen Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7905-7914. [PMID: 38478891 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Experimental and computational studies illuminating the factors that guide metal-centered stereogenicity and, therefrom, selectivity in transfer hydrogenative carbonyl additions of alcohol proelectrophiles catalyzed by chiral-at-metal-and-ligand octahedral d6 metal ions, iridium(III) and ruthenium(II), are described. To augment or invert regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivity, predominantly one from among as many as 15 diastereomeric-at-metal complexes is required. For iridium(III) catalysts, cyclometalation assists in defining the metal stereocenter, and for ruthenium(II) catalysts, iodide counterions play a key role. Whereas classical strategies to promote selectivity in metal catalysis aim for high-symmetry transition states, well-defined low-symmetry transition states can unlock selectivities that are otherwise difficult to achieve or inaccessible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Shezaf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Catherine G Santana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Eliezer Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Cole C Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ken Sakata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael J Krische
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yus M, Nájera C, Foubelo F, Sansano JM. Metal-Catalyzed Enantioconvergent Transformations. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11817-11893. [PMID: 37793021 PMCID: PMC10603790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Enantioconvergent catalysis has expanded asymmetric synthesis to new methodologies able to convert racemic compounds into a single enantiomer. This review covers recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed transformations, such as radical-based cross-coupling of racemic alkyl electrophiles with nucleophiles or racemic alkylmetals with electrophiles and reductive cross-coupling of two electrophiles mainly under Ni/bis(oxazoline) catalysis. C-H functionalization of racemic electrophiles or nucleophiles can be performed in an enantioconvergent manner. Hydroalkylation of alkenes, allenes, and acetylenes is an alternative to cross-coupling reactions. Hydrogen autotransfer has been applied to amination of racemic alcohols and C-C bond forming reactions (Guerbet reaction). Other metal-catalyzed reactions involve addition of racemic allylic systems to carbonyl compounds, propargylation of alcohols and phenols, amination of racemic 3-bromooxindoles, allenylation of carbonyl compounds with racemic allenolates or propargyl bromides, and hydroxylation of racemic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Yus
- Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Carmen Nájera
- Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisco Foubelo
- Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis
Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - José M. Sansano
- Centro
de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis
Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Verboom KL, Meyer CC, Evarts MM, Jung WO, Krische MJ. O-Acetyl 1,3-Propanediol as an Acrolein Proelectrophile in Enantioselective Iridium-Catalyzed Carbonyl Allylation. Org Lett 2023; 25:3659-3663. [PMID: 37172193 PMCID: PMC10425987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
O-Acetyl 1,3-propanediol serves as an acrolein proelectrophile in π-allyliridium-C,O-benzoate-catalyzed carbonyl allylations mediated by racemic α-substituted allylic acetates. Using the iridium catalyst modified by (R)-SEGPHOS, a variety of 3-hydroxy-1,5-hexadienes are formed with uniformly high levels of regio-, anti-diastereo-, and enantioselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael J Krische
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Meyer CC, Verboom KL, Evarts MM, Jung WO, Krische MJ. Allyl Alcohol as an Acrolein Equivalent in Enantioselective C-C Coupling: Total Synthesis of Amphidinolides R, J, and S. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:8242-8247. [PMID: 36996284 PMCID: PMC10101927 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The first systematic study of catalytic enantioselective 1,2-additions to acrolein is described. Specifically, using allyl alcohol as a tractable, inexpensive acrolein proelectrophile, iridium-catalyzed acrolein allylation is achieved with high levels of regio-, anti-diastereo-, and enantioselectivity. This process delivers 3-hydroxy-1,5-hexadienes, a useful compound class that is otherwise challenging to access via enantioselective catalysis. Two-fold use of this method unlocks concise total syntheses of amphidinolide R (9 vs 23 steps, LLS) and amphidinolide J (9 vs 23 or 26 steps, LLS), which are prepared in fewer than half the steps previously possible, and the first total synthesis of amphidinolide S (10 steps, LLS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cole C Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Katherine L Verboom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Madeline M Evarts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Woo-Ok Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Michael J Krische
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jiang B, Shi SL. Recent Progress in Upgrading of Alcohol and Amine via Asymmetric Dehydrogenative Coupling. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202207002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
7
|
Wang L, Wang L, Li M, Chong Q, Meng F. Cobalt-Catalyzed Diastereo- and Enantioselective Reductive Allyl Additions to Aldehydes with Allylic Alcohol Derivatives via Allyl Radical Intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12755-12765. [PMID: 34352174 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic generation of ambiphilic π-allyl-metal complexes and their utility in enantioselective transformations constitutes a powerful approach for introduction of allyl groups to a molecule. Herein an unprecedented cobalt-catalyzed highly site-, diastereo-, and enantioselective protocol for stereoselective formation of nucleophilic allyl-Co(II) complexes followed by addition to aldehydes is presented. The reaction features diastereo- and enantioconvergent conversion of easily accessible allylic alcohol derivatives to diversified enantioenriched homoallylic alcohols with a remarkably broad scope of allyl groups that can be introduced. Mechanistic studies indicated that allyl radical intermediates were involved in this process. These new discoveries establish a new strategy for development of enantioselective transformations through capture of radicals by chiral Co complexes, pushing forward the frontier of Co complexes for enantioselective catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mingxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qinglei Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fanke Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Donges J, Hofmann S, Brüggemann M, Frank A, Schollmeyer D, Nubbemeyer U. Synthesis of (+) and (‐)‐Streptomyces coelicolor Butanolide 5 (SCB‐5). European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Donges
- Organische Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Konrad-Adenauer-Gymnasium Wörthstr. 16 56457 Westerburg Germany
| | - Moritz Brüggemann
- Shimadzu Deutschland GmbH Im Leuschnerpark 4 64347 Griesheim Germany
| | - Andrea Frank
- Organische Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Organische Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Udo Nubbemeyer
- Organische Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Santana CG, Krische MJ. From Hydrogenation to Transfer Hydrogenation to Hydrogen Auto-Transfer in Enantioselective Metal-Catalyzed Carbonyl Reductive Coupling: Past, Present, and Future. ACS Catal 2021; 11:5572-5585. [PMID: 34306816 PMCID: PMC8302072 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atom-efficient processes that occur via addition, redistribution or removal of hydrogen underlie many large volume industrial processes and pervade all segments of chemical industry. Although carbonyl addition is one of the oldest and most broadly utilized methods for C-C bond formation, the delivery of non-stabilized carbanions to carbonyl compounds has relied on premetalated reagents or metallic/organometallic reductants, which pose issues of safety and challenges vis-à-vis large volume implementation. Catalytic carbonyl reductive couplings promoted via hydrogenation, transfer hydrogenation and hydrogen auto-transfer allow abundant unsaturated hydrocarbons to serve as substitutes to organometallic reagents, enabling C-C bond formation in the absence of stoichiometric metals. This perspective (a) highlights past milestones in catalytic hydrogenation, hydrogen transfer and hydrogen auto-transfer, (b) summarizes current methods for catalytic enantioselective carbonyl reductive couplings, and (c) describes future opportunities based on the patterns of reactivity that animate transformations of this type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Krische
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Izquierdo J, Demurget N, Landa A, Brinck T, Mercero JM, Dinér P, Oiarbide M, Palomo C. Asymmetric Synthesis of Adjacent Tri- and Tetrasubstituted Carbon Stereocenters: Organocatalytic Aldol Reaction of an Hydantoin Surrogate with Azaarene 2-Carbaldehydes. Chemistry 2019; 25:12431-12438. [PMID: 31318987 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A bifunctional amine/squaramide catalyst promoted direct aldol addition of an hydantoin surrogate to pyridine 2-carbaldehyde N-oxides to afford adducts bearing two vicinal tertiary/quaternary carbons in high diastereo- and enantioselectivity (d.r. up to >20:1; ee up to 98 %) is reported. Acid hydrolysis of adducts followed by reduction of the N-oxide group yields enantiopure carbinol-tethered quaternary hydantoin-azaarene conjugates with densely functionalized skeletons. DFT studies of the potential energy surface (B3LYP/6-31+G(d)+CPCM (dichloromethane)) of the reaction correlate the activity of different catalysts and support an intramolecular hydrogen-bond-assisted activation of the squaramide moiety in the transition state of the catalytic reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- June Izquierdo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizabal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Noémie Demurget
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizabal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Aitor Landa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizabal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Tore Brinck
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of, Technology, Teknikringen 30, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jose M Mercero
- Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, (UPV/EHU) & Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, Spain
| | - Peter Dinér
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of, Technology, Teknikringen 30, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikel Oiarbide
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizabal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Claudio Palomo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizabal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Horino Y, Murakami M, Aimono A, Lee JH, Abe H. Trialkylborane-Mediated Multicomponent Reaction for the Diastereoselective Synthesis of Anti-δ,δ-Disubstituted Homoallylic Alcohols. Org Lett 2019; 21:476-480. [PMID: 30596237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The trialkylborane/O2-mediated reaction of propargyl acetates having a tributylstannyl group at an alkyne terminus with aldehydes in a THF-H2O solvent system gave anti-δ,δ-disubstituted homoallylic alcohols with good to high diastereoselectivity. Intriguingly, two alkyl groups derived from trialkylborane were embedded into the reaction product. The trialkylborane plays a key role not only as a radical initiator but also as a source of alkyl radicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Horino
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , University of Toyama , 3190 Gofuku , Toyama 930-8555 , Japan
| | - Miki Murakami
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , University of Toyama , 3190 Gofuku , Toyama 930-8555 , Japan
| | - Ataru Aimono
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , University of Toyama , 3190 Gofuku , Toyama 930-8555 , Japan
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry , Dongguk University , Gyeongju 780-714 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hitoshi Abe
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , University of Toyama , 3190 Gofuku , Toyama 930-8555 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Quintard A, Rodriguez J. Catalytic enantioselective OFF ↔ ON activation processes initiated by hydrogen transfer: concepts and challenges. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:10456-73. [PMID: 27381644 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03486a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen transfer initiated processes are eco-compatible transformations allowing the reversible OFF ↔ ON activation of otherwise unreactive substrates. The minimization of stoichiometric waste as well as the unique activation modes provided by these transformations make them key players for a greener future for organic synthesis. Long limited to catalytic reactions that form racemic products, considerable progress on the development of strategies for controlling diastereo- and enantioselectivity has been made in the last decade. The aim of this review is to present the different strategies that enable enantioselective transformations of this type and to highlight how they can be used to construct key synthetic building blocks in fewer operations with less waste generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Quintard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| | - Jean Rodriguez
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cabrera JM, Tauber J, Krische MJ. Enantioselective Iridium-Catalyzed Phthalide Formation through Internal Redox Allylation of Phthalaldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1390-1393. [PMID: 29240280 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An inside job: Enantioselective phthalide synthesis was achieved through internal redox allylation of o-phthalaldehydes. Oxidative esterification is balanced by reductive carbonyl addition to achieve an overall redox-neutral process. This method enabled formal syntheses of ent-spirolaxine methyl ether and CJ-12,954.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Cabrera
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 E 24th St. (A5300), Austin, TX, 78712-1167, USA
| | - Johannes Tauber
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 E 24th St. (A5300), Austin, TX, 78712-1167, USA
| | - Michael J Krische
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry, 105 E 24th St. (A5300), Austin, TX, 78712-1167, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cabrera JM, Tauber J, Krische MJ. Enantioselective Iridium-Catalyzed Phthalide Formation through Internal Redox Allylation of Phthalaldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Cabrera
- University of Texas at Austin; Department of Chemistry; 105 E 24th St. (A5300) Austin TX 78712-1167 USA
| | - Johannes Tauber
- University of Texas at Austin; Department of Chemistry; 105 E 24th St. (A5300) Austin TX 78712-1167 USA
| | - Michael J. Krische
- University of Texas at Austin; Department of Chemistry; 105 E 24th St. (A5300) Austin TX 78712-1167 USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schwartz LA, Krische MJ. Hydrogen-Mediated C−C Bond Formation: Stereo- and Site-Selective Chemical Synthesis Beyond Stoichiometric Organometallic Reagents. Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201700088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leyah A. Schwartz
- University of Texas at Austin; Department of Chemistry, Welch Hall (A5300); 105 E 24 St. Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Michael J. Krische
- University of Texas at Austin; Department of Chemistry, Welch Hall (A5300); 105 E 24 St. Austin TX 78712 USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kim SW, Zhang W, Krische MJ. Catalytic Enantioselective Carbonyl Allylation and Propargylation via Alcohol-Mediated Hydrogen Transfer: Merging the Chemistry of Grignard and Sabatier. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2371-2380. [PMID: 28792731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Merging the characteristics of transfer hydrogenation and carbonyl addition, we have developed a new class of catalytic enantioselective C-C bond formations. In these processes, hydrogen transfer between alcohols and π-unsaturated reactants generates carbonyl-organometal pairs that combine to deliver products of addition. On the basis of this mechanistic paradigm, lower alcohols are converted directly to higher alcohols in the absence of premetalated reagents or discrete alcohol-to-carbonyl redox reactions. In certain cases, due to a pronounced kinetic preference for primary versus secondary alcohol dehydrogenation, diols and higher polyols are found to engage in catalytic stereo- and site-selective C-C bond formation-a capability that further enhances efficiency by enabling skeletal construction events without extraneous manipulations devoted to the installation and removal of protecting groups. While this Account focuses on redox-neutral couplings of alcohols, corresponding aldehyde reductive couplings mediated by 2-propanol were developed in parallel for most of the catalytic transformations reported herein. Mechanistically, two distinct classes of alcohol C-H functionalizations have emerged, which are distinguished by the mode of pronucleophile activation, specifically, processes wherein alcohol oxidation is balanced by (a) π-bond hydrometalation or (b) C-X bond reductive cleavage. Each pathway offers access to allylmetal or allenylmetal intermediates and, therefrom, enantiomerically enriched homoallylic or homopropargylic alcohol products, respectively. In the broadest terms, carbonyl addition mediated by premetalated reagents has played a central role in synthetic organic chemistry for well over a century, but the requisite organometallic reagents pose issues of safety, require multistep syntheses, and generate stoichiometric quantities of metallic byproducts. The concepts and catalytic processes described in this Account, conceived and developed wholly within the author's laboratory, signal a departure from the use of stoichiometric organometallic reagents in carbonyl addition. Rather, they reimagine carbonyl addition as a hydrogen autotransfer process or cross-coupling in which alcohol reactants, by virtue of their native reducing ability, drive the generation of transient organometallic nucleophiles and, in doing so, serve dually as carbonyl proelectrophiles. The catalytic allylative and propargylative transformations developed to date display capabilities far beyond their classical counterparts, and their application to the total synthesis of type-I polyketide natural products have evoked a step-change in efficiency. More importantly, the present data suggest that diverse transformations traditionally reliant on premetalated reagents may now be conducted catalytically without stoichiometric metals. This Account provides the reader and potential practitioner with a catalog of enantioselective alcohol-mediated carbonyl additions-a user's guide, 10-year retrospective, and foundation for future work in this emerging area of catalytic C-C bond formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Wook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Welch
Hall (A5300), 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Wandi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Welch
Hall (A5300), 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Michael J. Krische
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Welch
Hall (A5300), 105 East 24th Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wei XF, Shimizu Y, Kanai M. An Expeditious Synthesis of Sialic Acid Derivatives by Copper(I)-Catalyzed Stereodivergent Propargylation of Unprotected Aldoses. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:21-6. [PMID: 27163022 PMCID: PMC4827533 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We developed a copper(I)-catalyzed stereodivergent anomeric propargylation of unprotected aldoses as a facile synthetic pathway to a broad variety of sialic acid derivatives. The soft allenylcopper(I) species, catalytically generated from stable allenylboronic acid pinacolate (2), is unusually inert to protonolysis by the multiple hydroxy groups of the substrates and thereby functions as a carbon nucleophile. The key additive B(OMe)3 facilitated ring-opening of the nonelectrophilic cyclic hemiacetal forms of aldoses to the reactive aldehyde forms. The chirality of the catalyst, and not the internal stereogenic centers of substrates, predominantly controlled the stereochemistry of the propargylation step; i.e., the diastereoselectivity was switched simply by changing the catalyst chirality. This is the first nonenzyme catalyst-controlled stereodivergent C-C bond elongation at the anomeric center of unprotected aldoses, which contain multiple protic functional groups and stereogenic centers. The propargylation products can be expeditiously transformed into naturally occurring and synthetic sialic acid derivatives in a simple three-step sequence. This synthetic method, which requires no protecting groups, can be performed on a gram-scale and thus offers general and practical access to various sialic acid derivatives from unprotected aldoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Wei
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yohei Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- (Y.S.) E-mail:
| | - Motomu Kanai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- JST, ERATO, Kanai Life Science
Catalysis Project, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- (M.K.) E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|