1
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Dong WS, Zhang H, Tariq QUN, Li Z, Zhang C, Wu X, Yu Q, Li Z, Zhou ZN, Zhang JG. Metal Salts of 4-Chloro-3,5-dinitropyrazole for Promising Eco-Friendly Primary Colors Pyrotechnics. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14559-14567. [PMID: 37647244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The construction and design of pyrotechnics with superior performance is not only a task of great significance but also a tremendous challenge. In this regard, we present the syntheses of novel green primary colors pyrotechnics (red, green, and blue light-generating pyrotechnics) by employing 4-chloro-3,5-dinitropyrazole (CDNP) as a multifunctional raw material. CDNP contains a flame enhancer, oxygen-rich functional group, and nitrogen heterocyclic combustibles, which contribute to the high performance of the pyrotechnics. The characteristic elements (strontium, barium, and copper) that impart color to the flame are combined with the CDNP to synthesize the primary colors pyrotechnics by an "all-in-one" strategy. The structures of three energetic metal salts (EMS-1, EMS-2, and EMS-3) are completely characterized, and their thermal stability, sensitivity, ignition performance, and color purity are systematically evaluated. All EMSs show excellent thermal stability and low mechanical sensitivities (>330 °C, >40 J, >360 N). Moreover, the EMSs demonstrate successful ignition and combustion under laser conditions and roasting test conditions, producing bright characteristic flames. Chromaticity analysis reveals that the three EMSs possess good color purities of 91, 80, and 70%, respectively. Consequently, the three integrated pyrotechnics exhibit exceptional combustion properties, highlighting their potential for use in various pyrotechnic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shuai Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qamar-Un-Nisa Tariq
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - ZongYou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qiyao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - ZhiMin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zun-Ning Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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2
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Dettlaff H, Dufter-Münster AMW, Karaghiosoff K, Klapötke TM, Müller HC, Sabatini JJ. Microscopic Studies and Application of a Stabilized Ceric Ammonium Nitrate Oxidizer in Environmentally Friendly Pyrotechnic Strobes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:9930-9934. [PMID: 35715205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The growing reservations against the use of any kind of chlorine source in pyrotechnic items revolutionize the predominantly empirical development of strobe formulations in two ways. First, a conventionally applied ammonium perchlorate oxidizer needs to be replaced. Second, visible light emissions should no longer be generated by metastable monochloride species. Moreover, until now, toxic substances such as potassium dichromate have been added in order to achieve a more pronounced strobe effect. This work evaluates the potential of stearic acid-treated ceric ammonium nitrate to serve as an oxidizing agent in next-generation strobe compositions. For this purpose, its microscopic structure, energetic properties, and stability under ambient conditions were assessed. A two-component mixture with a magnesium-aluminum alloy was investigated, which should allow for the introduction of copper-based colorants. This potentially paves the way for the first environmentally friendly blue strobe formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Dettlaff
- Analytical Development, Hexal AG, Industriestr. 25, 83607 Holzkirchen, Germany
| | - Alicia M W Dufter-Münster
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jesse J Sabatini
- Department of Defense, Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, 21005 Maryland, United States
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3
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Verbovytskyy Y, Harrison R. Pyrotechnic Strobe Compositions: an Overview. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Verbovytskyy
- Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute NAS of Ukraine Naukova Str, 5 79060 Lviv Ukraine
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4
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Juknelevicius D, Webb R, Klapötke TM, Ramanavicius A. Low-perchlorate blue-flame pyrotechnic compositions. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2021-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
An ammonium perchlorate (AP) and copper(II) benzoate pyrotechnic blue-flame composition was gradually “diluted” by adding an experimental perchlorate-free blue-flame composition based on aminoguanidinium nitrate (AGN), malachite, PVC powder and shellac resin. Flame’s luminous intensity and specific luminous intensity were recorded and analyzed. A copper-aminoguanidinium (CuAG) complex was also synthesized and tested as an energetic additive in perchlorate-free blue-flame composition. Green-flame color was observed when testing chlorine-free energetic compositions with CuAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominykas Juknelevicius
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 , Vilnius , Lithuania
- Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University , Naugarduko st. 24, 03225 , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Rutger Webb
- Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University , Naugarduko st. 24, 03225 , Vilnius , Lithuania
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich , Butenandtstr. 5–13 (D), 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University , Naugarduko st. 24, 03225 , Vilnius , Lithuania
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5
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Juknelevicius D, Hahma A, Webb R, Klapötke TM, Ramanavicius A. An Experimental Comparison of Selected Blue Flame Pyrotechnics. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominykas Juknelevicius
- Department of physical chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Vilnius University Naugarduko st. 24 03225 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Arno Hahma
- Department of physical chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Vilnius University Naugarduko st. 24 03225 Vilnius Lithuania
- Diehl defence GmbH Fischbachstraße 16 D-90552 Röthenbach an der Pegnitz Germany
| | - Rutger Webb
- NanoTechnas Faculty of Chemistry Vilnius University
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 (D) 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of physical chemistry Faculty of Chemistry Vilnius University Naugarduko st. 24 03225 Vilnius Lithuania
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6
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Juknelevicius D, Alenfelt P, Ramanavicius A. The Performance of Red Flare Pyrotechnic Compositions Modified with Gas Generating Additives. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201900322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominykas Juknelevicius
- Department of Physical ChemistryVilnius University Naugarduko st. 24 03225 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Per Alenfelt
- Department of Physical ChemistryVilnius University Naugarduko st. 24 03225 Vilnius Lithuania
- Hansson PyroTech AB Box 54 711 22 Lindesberg Sweden
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical ChemistryVilnius University Naugarduko st. 24 03225 Vilnius Lithuania
- NanoTechnas – Centre of NanoTechnology and Materials ScienceVilnius University Naugarduko st. 24 03225 Vilnius Lithuania
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7
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Glück J, Klapötke TM, Küblböck T. Fine‐Tuning: Advances in Chlorine‐Free Blue‐Light‐Generating Pyrotechnics. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johann Glück
- Energetic Materials Research Department of Chemistry Ludwig‐Maximilian University Butenandtstraße 9 (Haus D) 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Energetic Materials Research Department of Chemistry Ludwig‐Maximilian University Butenandtstraße 9 (Haus D) 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Teresa Küblböck
- Energetic Materials Research Department of Chemistry Ludwig‐Maximilian University Butenandtstraße 9 (Haus D) 81377 Munich Germany
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Wang T, Zhou J, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Zhu S, Li Y. Novel 3D cesium(i)-based EMOFs of nitrogen-rich triazole derivatives as “green” orange-light pyrotechnics. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03577j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An ingenious strategy based on energetic metal–organic frameworks with cesium salts for green and practical pyrotechnic composition has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingwei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Xuanwu
- China
- Institute of Chemical Materials
| | - Jinyang Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Xuanwu
- China
| | - Shunguan Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Xuanwu
- China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Xuanwu
- China
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9
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Glück J, Klapötke TM, Küblböck T. The Flame Emission of Indium from a Pyrotechnical View. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201900185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johann Glück
- Energetic Materials Research Department of Chemistry Ludwig‐Maximilian University Butenandtstraße 9 (Haus D) 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Energetic Materials Research Department of Chemistry Ludwig‐Maximilian University Butenandtstraße 9 (Haus D) 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Teresa Küblböck
- Energetic Materials Research Department of Chemistry Ludwig‐Maximilian University Butenandtstraße 9 (Haus D) 81377 Munich Germany
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10
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Küblböck T, Klapötke TM. Combining Higher Efficiency with Lower Costs: an Alternative Hexamine‐Based White Smoke Signal. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201800245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Küblböck
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich Butenandtstraße 5–13 (D) 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich Butenandtstraße 5–13 (D) 81377 Munich Germany
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11
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Wurzenberger MHH, Szimhardt N, Stierstorfer J. Nitrogen-Rich Copper(II) Bromate Complexes: an Exotic Class of Primary Explosives †. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:7940-7949. [PMID: 29927245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Because of the ongoing very challenging search for potential replacements of the currently used toxic lead-based primary explosives, new synthetic strategies have to be developed. In particular, the smart concept of energetic coordination compounds (ECC) has proven to hold great potential to solve this difficult and complex problem. The herein-described approach combines the exotic and neglected class of copper(II) bromate ECC with different environmentally friendly nitrogen-rich heterocycles, which exhibit the energetic properties of powerful primary explosives. The concept is the simple adjustment of the energetic properties of the complexes through alteration of the corresponding azoles. Six new copper(II) bromate complexes with reasonable sensitivities are featured in this study, which were synthesized in a practical and straightforward fashion, assured through easy access to copper(II) bromate obtained by metathesis reaction. Obtained compounds were comprehensively characterized through various analytical methods such as low-temperature X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Their sensitivities toward impact and friction were assessed through BAM standard techniques, together with their sensitivity against electrostatic discharge. Evaluation of the energetic properties of the newly synthesized compounds included examination of the respective thermal stabilities by differential thermal analysis. Furthermore, the complexes were tested regarding their behavior toward laser irradiation. Additionally, to receive insight into a possible correlation between the laser-investigated compounds' optical absorption and their ability to ignite by exposure to laser irradiation, UV-vis-near-IR spectra were recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian H H Wurzenberger
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich , Butenandtstraße 5-13 , Haus D, D-81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Norbert Szimhardt
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich , Butenandtstraße 5-13 , Haus D, D-81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry , Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich , Butenandtstraße 5-13 , Haus D, D-81377 Munich , Germany
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12
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Glück J, Klapötke TM, Rusan M, Sabatini JJ, Stierstorfer J. Ein Strontium‐ und Chlor‐freies rotes pyrotechnisches Leuchtsignal mit hoher spektraler Reinheit. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johann Glück
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstraße 5–13 (D) München Deutschland
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstraße 5–13 (D) München Deutschland
| | - Magdalena Rusan
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstraße 5–13 (D) München Deutschland
| | - Jesse J. Sabatini
- US Army Research Laboratory Energetics Technology Branch Aberdeen Proving Ground MD 21005 USA
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstraße 5–13 (D) München Deutschland
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13
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Glück J, Klapötke TM, Rusan M, Sabatini JJ, Stierstorfer J. A Strontium- and Chlorine-Free Pyrotechnic Illuminant of High Color Purity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:16507-16509. [PMID: 29144054 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The development of a red-light-emitting pyrotechnic illuminant has garnered interest from the pyrotechnics community owing to potential regulations by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) regarding the use of strontium and chlorinated organic materials. To address these environmental regulatory concerns, the development of lithium-based red-light-emitting pyrotechnic compositions of high purity and color quality is described. These formulations do not contain strontium or chlorinated organic materials. Rather, the disclosed formulations are based on a non-hygroscopic dilithium nitrogen-rich salt that serves as both oxidizer and red colorant. These formulations are likely to draw interest from the civilian fireworks and military pyrotechnics communities for further development as they both have a vested interest in the development of environmentally conscious formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Glück
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (D), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (D), Munich, Germany
| | - Magdalena Rusan
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (D), Munich, Germany
| | - Jesse J Sabatini
- US Army Research Laboratory, Energetics Technology Branch, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21005, USA
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (D), Munich, Germany
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14
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Sabatini JJ. A Review of Illuminating Pyrotechnics. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201700189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J. Sabatini
- US Army Research LaboratoryEnergetics Technology Branch Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005
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15
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Koch EC. Spectral Investigation and Color Properties of Copper(I) Halides Cu X( X=F, Cl, Br, I) in Pyrotechnic Combustion Flames. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201500231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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