1
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Raee E, Liu B, Yang Y, Namani T, Cui Y, Sahai N, Li X, Liu T. Side Group of Hydrophobic Amino Acids Controls Chiral Discrimination among Chiral Counterions and Metal-Organic Cages. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4421-4428. [PMID: 35609117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of chiral Pd12L24 metal-organic cages (MOCs) based on hydrophobic amino acids, including alanine (Ala), valine (Val), and leucine (Leu), into single-layered hollow spherical blackberry-type structures is triggered by nitrates through counterion-mediated attraction. In addition to nitrates, anionic N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl) (Boc)-protected Ala, Val, and Leu were used as chiral counterions during the self-assembly of d-MOCs. Previously, we showed that l-Ala suppresses the self-assembly process of d-Pd12Ala24 but has no effect on l-Pd12Ala24, i.e., chiral discrimination. Here, we indicate when the amino acid used as the chiral counterion has a bulkier side group than the amino acid in the MOC structure, no chiral discrimination exists; otherwise, chiral discrimination exists. For example, Ala can induce chiral discrimination in all chiral MOCs, whereas Leu can induce chiral discrimination only in Pd12Leu24. Moreover, chiral anionic d- and l-alanine-based surfactants have no chiral discrimination, indicating that bulkier chiral counterions with more hydropohobic side groups can erase chiral discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Raee
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Yuqing Yang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Trishool Namani
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Yunpeng Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Nita Sahai
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Tianbo Liu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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2
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Yang Y, Raee E, Liu T. Abnormal Association between Metal−Organic Cages and Counterions Regulated by the Hydration Shells. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104332. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Yang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Ehsan Raee
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Tianbo Liu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
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3
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Li H, Shen Y, Yang P, Szymanowski JES, Chen J, Gao Y, Burns PC, Kortz U, Liu T. Isotope and Hydrogen‐Bond Effects on the Self‐Assembly of Macroions in Dilute Solution. Chemistry 2019; 25:16288-16293. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Polymer Science University of Akron Akron Ohio 44325-3909 USA
| | - Yidan Shen
- Department of Polymer Science University of Akron Akron Ohio 44325-3909 USA
| | - Peng Yang
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University Campus Ring 1 28759 Bremen Germany
| | - Jennifer E. S. Szymanowski
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Department of Polymer Science University of Akron Akron Ohio 44325-3909 USA
| | - Yunyi Gao
- Department of Polymer Science University of Akron Akron Ohio 44325-3909 USA
| | - Peter C. Burns
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Ulrich Kortz
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University Campus Ring 1 28759 Bremen Germany
| | - Tianbo Liu
- Department of Polymer Science University of Akron Akron Ohio 44325-3909 USA
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4
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Luo J, Liu T. Competition and Cooperation among Different Attractive Forces in Solutions of Inorganic-Organic Hybrids Containing Macroionic Clusters. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7603-7616. [PMID: 31117725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hybrids composed of nanoscale inorganic clusters and organic ligands are ideal models for understanding the different attractive forces during the self-assembly processes of complex macromolecules in solution. The counterion-mediated attraction induced by electrostatic interaction from the large, hydrophilic macroionic clusters can compete or cooperate with other types of attractive forces such as hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, and cation-π interactions from the organic ligands, consequently determining the solution behaviors of the hybrid molecules including their self-assembly process and the final supramolecular structures. The incorporation of organic ligands also leads to interesting responsive behaviors to external stimuli. Through the manipulation of the hybrid composition, architecture, topology, and solution conditions (e.g., solvent polarity, pH, and temperature), versatile self-assembled morphologies can be achieved, providing new scientific opportunities and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Luo
- Department of Polymer Science , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| | - Tianbo Liu
- Department of Polymer Science , The University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
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5
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Li H, Wang R, Hong Y, Liang Z, Shen Y, Nishiyama Y, Miyoshi T, Liu T. Tuning the Intercage Distance in Charge‐Regulated Blackberry‐Type Assemblies through Host–Guest Chemistry. Chemistry 2019; 25:5803-5808. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Ruifu Wang
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - You‐lee Hong
- RIKEN CLST-JEOL Collaboration Center Yokohama Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Zihao Liang
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Yidan Shen
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Yusuke Nishiyama
- RIKEN CLST-JEOL Collaboration Center Yokohama Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
- JEOL RESONANCE Inc. Tokyo 196-8558 Japan
| | - Toshikazu Miyoshi
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
| | - Tianbo Liu
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325-3909 USA
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6
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Liu Z, Liu T, Tsige M. Unique Symmetry-Breaking Phenomenon during the Self-assembly of Macroions Elucidated by Simulation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13076. [PMID: 30166571 PMCID: PMC6117333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31533-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Various soluble hydrophilic macroions can self-assemble into hollow, spherical, monolayered supramolecular "blackberry"-type structures, despite their like-charged nature. However, how the 3-D symmetrical macroions prefer to form 2-D monolayers in bulk solution, especially for the highly symmetrical "Keplerate" polyoxometalates and functionalized C60 macroions has been a mystery. Through molecular dynamics simulations, using a model specifically designed for macroions in solution, the mechanism of this intriguing symmetry-breaking process is found to be related to the apparently asymmetric charge distribution on the surface of macroions in the equatorial belt area (the area which can be effectively involved in the counterion-mediated attraction). As a result, the electric field lines around macroions during the self-assembly process clearly show that the symmetry-breaking happens at the dimer level effectively defining the plane of the self-assembly. These findings are expected to contribute to our fundamental knowledge of complex solution systems that are found in many fields from materials science to biological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuonan Liu
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Tianbo Liu
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.
| | - Mesfin Tsige
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.
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7
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Sun X, Li D, Wang Z, Yin P, Hu R, Li H, Liu Q, Gao Y, Ren B, Zheng J, Wei Y, Liu T. Role of Protein Charge Density on Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Formation. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:4384-4391. [PMID: 31458664 PMCID: PMC6641633 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The role of electrostatic interactions in the viral capsid assembly process was studied by comparing the assembly process of a truncated hepatitis B virus capsid protein Cp149 with its mutant protein D2N/D4N, which has the same conformational structure but four fewer charges per dimer. The capsid protein self-assembly was investigated under a wide range of protein surface charge densities by changing the protein concentration, buffer pH, and solution ionic strength. Lowering the protein charge density favored the capsid formation. However, lowering charge beyond a certain point resulted in capsid aggregation and precipitation. Interestingly, both the wild-type and D2N/D4N mutant displayed identical assembly profiles when their charge densities matched each other. These results indicated that the charge density was optimized by nature to ensure an efficient and effective capsid proliferation under the physiological pH and ionic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Sun
- Department
of Polymer Science and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Dong Li
- Department
of Polymer Science and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Zhaoshuai Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Panchao Yin
- Department
of Polymer Science and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Rundong Hu
- Department
of Polymer Science and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Hui Li
- Department
of Polymer Science and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Qiao Liu
- Department
of Polymer Science and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Yunyi Gao
- Department
of Polymer Science and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Baiping Ren
- Department
of Polymer Science and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department
of Polymer Science and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Yinan Wei
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
- E-mail: (Y.W.)
| | - Tianbo Liu
- Department
of Polymer Science and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
- E-mail: (T.L.)
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8
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Chu Y, Chen J, Haso F, Gao Y, Szymanowski JES, Burns PC, Liu T. Expanding the Schulze–Hardy Rule and the Hofmeister Series to Nanometer‐Scaled Hydrophilic Macroions. Chemistry 2018; 24:5479-5483. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201706101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chu
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Fadi Haso
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Yunyi Gao
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Jennifer E. S. Szymanowski
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Science University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Peter C. Burns
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Science University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Tianbo Liu
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
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9
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He J, Li H, Yang P, Haso F, Wu J, Li T, Kortz U, Liu T. Tuning of Polyoxopalladate Macroanionic Hydration Shell via Countercation Interaction. Chemistry 2018; 24:3052-3057. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhi He
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Peng Yang
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University Campus Ring 1 28759 Bremen Germany
| | - Fadi Haso
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Jiayingzi Wu
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb Illinois 60115 USA
- X-ray Science Division Argonne National Laboratory 9700 South Cass Ave. Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Ulrich Kortz
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University Campus Ring 1 28759 Bremen Germany
| | - Tianbo Liu
- Department of Polymer Science The University of Akron Akron OH 44325 USA
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10
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Eghtesadi SA, Kashfipour MA, Sun X, Zhang W, Lillard RS, Cheng SZD, Liu T. Hierarchical self-assembly of zwitterionic dendrimer-anionic surfactant complexes into multiple stimuli-responsive dynamic nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:1411-1419. [PMID: 29302659 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07950h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterionic materials attract a wide range of attention due to their unique molecular structures and properties, which make them an interesting candidate to solve multiple problems e.g. in biological and industrial applications. Here, we show that the incorporation of zwitterions into supramolecular assemblies of ionic building blocks can be an effective way to design responsive nanostructures with well-defined morphologies. We report the hierarchical assembly of stimuli-responsive nanotubes with tunable diameters in aqueous solutions via the selective attachment of anionic surfactants to dendrimers with uniquely engineered zwitterionic peripheries. We found that the packing number of the dendrimer-surfactant hybrids can be reversibly controlled, which will trigger their assembly into tubular-like structures. These tubes can grow up to the micro-scale, their diameter is responsive to the ionic strength of the solution, and they can reversibly assemble/disassemble with a change in pH. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of dynamic nanotubes formed through controlled ionic interactions involving zwitterionic dendrimers in solution. This not only provides a bottom-up method to make stimuli responsive and dynamic tubes but also introduce a pathway to design complicated nanostructures by controlling the electrostatic interactions of building blocks using zwitterionic functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ali Eghtesadi
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA.
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11
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Qi B, Guo X, Gao Y, Li D, Luo J, Li H, Eghtesadi SA, He C, Duan C, Liu T. Strong Co-Ion Effect via Cation−π Interaction on the Self-Assembly of Metal–Organic Cationic Macrocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12020-12026. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qi
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Guo
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yunyi Gao
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Dong Li
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Jiancheng Luo
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Hui Li
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Seyed Ali Eghtesadi
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Cheng He
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Tianbo Liu
- Department
of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
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12
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Dzhardimalieva GI, Uflyand IE. Synthetic methodologies and spatial organization of metal chelate dendrimers and star and hyperbranched polymers. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:10139-10176. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01916e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic methodologies, physico-chemical peculiarities, properties, and structure of metal chelate dendrimers and star and hyperbranched polymers are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulzhian I. Dzhardimalieva
- Laboratory of Metallopolymers
- The Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS
- Chernogolovka
- 142432 Russian Federation
| | - Igor E. Uflyand
- Department of Chemistry
- Southern Federal University
- Rostov-on-Don
- 344006 Russian Federation
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13
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Haso F, Luo J, Bassil BS, Artetxe B, Zhou J, Yin P, Reinoso S, Gutiérrez-Zorrilla JM, Kortz U, Liu T. Effect of Directional Hydrogen Bonding on the Self-Assembly of Anisotropically-Shaped Macroions. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Haso
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron, OH. 44325-3909
| | - Jiancheng Luo
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron, OH. 44325-3909
| | - Bassem S. Bassil
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry; Jacobs University, P.O. Box; 750 561, 28725 Bremen Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; University of Balamand, P.O. Box; 100 Tripoli Lebanon
| | - Beñat Artetxe
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología; Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, P. O. Box; 644, 48080 Bilbao Spain
- BCMaterials; Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia; Edificio 500, 48160 Derio Spain
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron, OH. 44325-3909
| | - Panchao Yin
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron, OH. 44325-3909
| | - Santiago Reinoso
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología; Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, P. O. Box; 644, 48080 Bilbao Spain
| | - Juan M. Gutiérrez-Zorrilla
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología; Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, P. O. Box; 644, 48080 Bilbao Spain
- BCMaterials; Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia; Edificio 500, 48160 Derio Spain
| | - Ulrich Kortz
- Department of Life Science and Chemistry; Jacobs University, P.O. Box; 750 561, 28725 Bremen Germany
| | - Tianbo Liu
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; Akron, OH. 44325-3909
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14
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Liu Z, Liu T, Tsige M. Elucidating the Origin of the Attractive Force among Hydrophilic Macroions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26595. [PMID: 27215898 PMCID: PMC4877594 DOI: 10.1038/srep26595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Coarse-grained simulation approach is applied to provide a general understanding of various soluble, hydrophilic macroionic solutions, especially the strong attractions among the like-charged soluble macroions and the consequent spontaneous, reversible formation of blackberry structures with tunable sizes. This model captures essential molecular details of the macroions and their interactions in polar solvents. Results using this model provide consistent conclusions to the experimental observations, from the nature of the attractive force among macroions (counterion-mediated attraction), to the blackberry formation mechanism. The conclusions can be applied to various macroionic solutions from inorganic molecular clusters to dendrimers and biomacromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuonan Liu
- Department of Polymer Science, the University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Tianbo Liu
- Department of Polymer Science, the University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Mesfin Tsige
- Department of Polymer Science, the University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
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