1
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Pu Z, Xu Z, Zhang X, Guo Y, Sun Z. Unlocking the Multistage Redox Property of Graphenic Radicals by π-Extension. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406078. [PMID: 38994912 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Delocalized organic π-radicals are intrinsically amphoteric redox systems; however, achieving their multistage redox capability presents a challenge. In addition, their instability often hampers their synthesis, isolation, and characterization. Herein, we report the synthesis of a stable π-extended nanographene π-radical (NR1) and its isolation in the crystalline form. NR1 exhibits an unusual four-stage amphoteric redox behavior, as revealed by cyclic voltammetry measurements. The stable charged species, including a cation and a radical dication, are characterized using spectroscopic methods. This study demonstrates that π-extension could serve as a viable approach to unlock the multistage redox ability of delocalized organic radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofangzhou Pu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhuofan Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yupeng Guo
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry and Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
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2
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Wang W, Sun P, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhang L, Tan YZ, Wang X. Radical Cations of Bilayer Nanographenes. Org Lett 2024; 26:1017-1021. [PMID: 38295360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Chemical redox reactions of bilayer nanographene complexes, (C96H24Ar6)2 (Ar = 2,6-dimethylphenyl) (12) and (C42H12R6)2 (R = tBu) (22), were investigated. Upon two-electron oxidation reactions, 12 and 22 were transformed to radical cations 122•+ and 222•+, respectively. SQUID and EPR measurements on 122•+ and 222•+ indicate that they possess an open-shell singlet ground state with antiferromagnetic interactions between two layers. The shortest separation distance between bilayers in 222•+ (3.30 Å) is shorter than that in 22 (3.44 Å) and 22•+ (3.40 Å), illustrating stronger interaction upon loss of electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Peiyang Sun
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Xiangjun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Xiudu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Electronic Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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3
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Wang W, Ma XH, Liu M, Tang S, Ding X, Zhao Y, Tan YZ, Kertesz M, Wang X. A Triply Negatively Charged Nanographene Bilayer with Spin Frustration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217788. [PMID: 36577698 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report on the largest open-shell graphenic bilayer and also the first example of triply negatively charged radical π-dimer. Upon three-electron reduction, bilayer nanographene fragment molecule (C96 H24 Ar6 )2 (Ar=2,6-dimethylphenyl) (12 ) was transformed to a triply negatively charged species 12 3.- , which has been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and magnetic properties on a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). 12 3.- features a 96-center-3-electron (96c/3e) pancake bond with a doublet ground state, which can be thermally excited to a quartet state. It consists of 34 π-fused rings with 96 conjugated sp2 carbon atoms. Spin frustration is observed with the frustration parameter f>31.8 at low temperatures in 12 3.- , which indicates graphene upon reduction doping may behave as a quantum spin liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.,College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Normal University, 241002, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuxuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuguang Ding
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Normal University, 241002, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, 20057-1227, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
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4
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Starikov AG, Chegerev MG, Starikova AA. ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE ISOMERS OF BIS-PHENALENYL STILBENE DERIVATIVES: A QUANTUM CHEMICAL STUDY. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2023. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476623010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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5
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Computational search for radical-bearing stilbene derivatives with switchable magnetic properties. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Ahmed J, Mandal SK. Phenalenyl Radical: Smallest Polycyclic Odd Alternant Hydrocarbon Present in the Graphene Sheet. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11369-11431. [PMID: 35561295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenalenyl, a zigzag-edged odd alternant hydrocarbon unit can be found in the graphene nanosheet. Hückel molecular orbital calculations indicate the presence of a nonbonding molecular orbital (NBMO), which originates from the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) arising from 13 carbon atoms of the phenalenyl molecule. Three redox states (cationic, neutral radical, and anionic) of the phenalenyl-based molecules were attributed to the presence of this NBMO. The cationic state can undergo two consecutive reductions to result in neutral radical and anionic states, stepwise, respectively. The phenalenyl-based radicals were found as crucial building blocks and attracted the attention of various research fields such as organic synthesis, material science, computation, and device physics. From 2012 onward, a strategy was devised using the cationic state of phenalenyl-based molecules and in situ generated phenalenyl radicals, which created a new domain of catalysis. The in situ generated phenalenyl radicals were utilized for the single electron transfer (SET) process resulting in redox catalysis. This emerging range of applications rejuvenates the more than six decades-old phenalenyl chemistry. This review captures such developments ranging from fundamental understanding to multidirectional applications of phenalenyl-based radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasimuddin Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
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7
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Xiang Q, Sun Z. Doublet Open-Shell Graphene Fragments. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200251. [PMID: 35438845 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances on neutral delocalized radical species based on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with fused hexagonal rings, herein defined as doublet open-shell graphene fragments, are summarized in this review. A few simple yet useful theoretical approaches for structural analysis and molecular design were introduced at first. Then, based on the number of fused hexagonal rings, molecular systems with different size, symmetry and edge structure were discussed with emphasis on those isolated in the crystalline form. Their unique self-association behavior, chemical reactivity and physical properties were summarized and discussed, and insights on their functions and potential applications were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiang
- Tianjin University, Institute of Molecular Plus, CHINA
| | - Zhe Sun
- Tianjin University, Institute of molecular plus, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, 300072, Tianjin, CHINA
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8
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Chen X, Xie H, Lorenzo ER, Zeman CJ, Qi Y, Syed ZH, Stone AEBS, Wang Y, Goswami S, Li P, Islamoglu T, Weiss EA, Hupp JT, Schatz GC, Wasielewski MR, Farha OK. Direct Observation of Modulated Radical Spin States in Metal–Organic Frameworks by Controlled Flexibility. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2685-2693. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Chen
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Haomiao Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emmaline R. Lorenzo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charles J. Zeman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yue Qi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoha H. Syed
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Aaron E. B. S. Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Subhadip Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peng Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emily A. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T. Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - George C. Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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9
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Gao FW, Li SB, Xu HL, Su ZM. Periodic B- and N-doped phenalenyl π-aggregates: unexpected nonlinear optical properties by tuning pancake π-π bonding. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:23998-24003. [PMID: 34664046 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03540a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Phenalenyl (PLY) and its derivatives could form one-dimensional π-aggregates through pancake π-π bonding, which would lead to exotic optoelectronic properties. We will highlight the key aspects of the PLY derivatives from the design strategies to exploration of the electronic properties. Here, we primarily construct alternating boron (B)- and nitrogen (N)-doped PLY π-aggregates: dimer[12], trimer[12-1], trimer[12-2], tetramer[12]2, pentamer[12]2-1, pentamer[12]2-2, and hexamer[12]3. The geometric and electronic structures show that the short intermolecular distances of the π-aggregates drive the formation of pancake π-π bonding. Significantly, the molecular structures show periodic changes in the π-aggregates, but the first hyperpolarizabilities (βtot) present unexpected changes, which are found to increase sharply with increasing even layer thickness due to intermolecular charge transfer. The βtot value of hexamer[12]3 (5.72 × 104 a.u.) is 6.4 times that of tetramer[12]2 (8.95 × 103 a.u.), and is 22.4 times that of dimer[12] (2.55 × 103 a.u.). Thus, constructing π-aggregates can significantly improve the second-order NLO response, which is mainly due to intermolecular charge transfer through pancake π-π bonding of the interlayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Wei Gao
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, People's Republic of China. .,Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun, 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Bin Li
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Liang Xu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhong-Min Su
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, 130022, People's Republic of China. .,Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Optical Materials and Chemistry, Changchun, 130022, People's Republic of China
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10
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Cai K, Zhang L, Astumian RD, Stoddart JF. Radical-pairing-induced molecular assembly and motion. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:447-465. [PMID: 37118435 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Radical-pairing interactions between conjugated organic π-radicals are relative newcomers to the inventory of molecular recognition motifs explored in supramolecular chemistry. The unique electronic, magnetic, optical and redox-responsive properties of the conjugated π-radicals render molecules designed with radical-pairing interactions useful for applications in various areas of chemistry and materials science. In particular, the ability to control formation of radical cationic or anionic species, by redox stimulation, provides a flexible trigger for directed assembly and controlled molecular motions, as well as a convenient means of inputting energy to fuel non-equilibrium processes. In this Review, we provide an overview of different examples of radical-pairing-based recognition processes and of their emerging use in (1) supramolecular assembly, (2) templation of mechanically interlocked molecules, (3) stimuli-controlled molecular switches and, by incorporation of kinetic asymmetry in the design, (4) the creation of unidirectional molecular transporters based on pumping cassettes powered by fuelled switching of radical-pairing interactions. We conclude the discussion with an outlook on future directions for the field.
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11
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Chen WC, Chao I. Charge transport properties of open-shell graphene fragments: a computational study of the phenalenyl tilings. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3256-3266. [PMID: 33319889 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03140b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Thinking outside the box of the phenalenyl radical: a systematic structure design strategy, phenalenyl tiling, is found to benefit the electron transport properties of open-shell graphene fragments with one free radical. Compared with the closed-shell species, phenalenyl-based π-radicals exhibit smaller intramolecular reorganization energies and larger intermolecular electronic couplings. However, the on-site Coulomb repulsion can be too strong and impedes the charge transport efficiency of such materials. The repulsion can be weakened in radical species by spin delocalization. In this paper, the extended π-radicals we studied are categorized into three types of open-shell structures: the zigzag, the armchair and the discotic odd alternant hydrocarbons. The latter two belong to phenalenyl tilings. We found that the phenalenyl tilings fully inherit the desirable features of the singly occupied molecular orbital of the phenalenyl radical in a predictable and delocalized fashion, and their on-site Coulomb repulsion is effectively reduced. The zigzag π-radicals are less satisfactory. Therefore, the phenalenyl tilings are favorable candidates for charge transporting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chih Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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12
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Tada K, Kawakami T, Tanaka S, Okumura M, Yamaguchi K. Clarification of the Relationship between the Magnetic and Conductive Properties of Infinite Chains in Trioxotriangulene Radical Crystals by Spin‐Projected DFT/Plane‐Wave Calculations. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Tada
- Research Institute of Electrochemical EnergyDepartment of Energy and Environment (RIECEN)National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Ikeda Osaka 563‐8577 Japan
| | - Takashi Kawakami
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560‐0043 Japan
- Riken Center for Computational Science Kobe Hyogo 650‐0047 Japan
| | - Shingo Tanaka
- Research Institute of Electrochemical EnergyDepartment of Energy and Environment (RIECEN)National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Ikeda Osaka 563‐8577 Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Okumura
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of ScienceOsaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560‐0043 Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB)Kyoto University Kyoto 615‐8245 Japan
| | - Kizashi Yamaguchi
- Riken Center for Computational Science Kobe Hyogo 650‐0047 Japan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial ResearchOsaka University Ibaraki Osaka 567‐0047 Japan
- NanoScience Design CenterOsaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560‐8531 Japan
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13
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Peterson JP, Ellern A, Winter AH. Spin Delocalization, Polarization, and London Dispersion Forces Govern the Formation of Diradical Pimers. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5304-5313. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Arkady Ellern
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Arthur H. Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1608 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
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14
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Zhong R, Gao F, Xu H, Su Z. Strong Pancake 2e/12c Bond in π‐Stacking Phenalenyl Derivatives Avoiding Bond Conversion. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:1879-1884. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong‐Lin Zhong
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical ChemistryJilin University Changchun 130023 P. R. China
| | - Feng‐Wei Gao
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Department of ChemistryNortheast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry & Environmental EngineeringChangchun University of Science and Technology Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Hong‐Liang Xu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Department of ChemistryNortheast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Zhong‐Min Su
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Department of ChemistryNortheast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry & Environmental EngineeringChangchun University of Science and Technology Changchun 130012 P. R. China
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15
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Waldrop JM, Patkowski K. Spin splittings from first-order symmetry-adapted perturbation theory without single-exchange approximation. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:074109. [PMID: 30795682 DOI: 10.1063/1.5086079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently proposed spin-flip symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SF-SAPT) first-order exchange energy [Patkowski et al., J. Chem. Phys. 148, 164110 (2018)] enables the standard open-shell SAPT approach to treat arbitrary spin states of the weakly interacting complex. Here, we further extend first-order SF-SAPT beyond the single-exchange approximation to a complete treatment of the exchanges of electrons between monomers. This new form of the exchange correction replaces the single-exchange approximation with a more moderate single-spin-flip approximation. The newly developed expressions are applied to a number of small test systems to elucidate the quality of both approximations. They are also applied to the singlet-triplet splittings in pancake bonded dimers. The accuracy of the single-exchange approximation deteriorates at short intermolecular separations, especially for systems with few electrons and for the high-spin state of the complex. In contrast, the single-spin-flip approximation is exact for interactions involving a doublet molecule and remains highly accurate for any number of unpaired electrons. Because the single-exchange approximation affects the high-spin and low-spin states of pancake bonded complexes evenly, the resulting splitting values are of similar accuracy to those produced by the formally more accurate single-spin-flip approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Waldrop
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Konrad Patkowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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16
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Stekovic D, Bag P, Shankhari P, Fokwa BPT, Itkis ME. Effect of Substitution on the Hysteretic Phase Transition in a Bistable Phenalenyl-Based Neutral Radical Molecular Conductor. Chemistry 2019; 25:4166-4174. [PMID: 30588670 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The ability to tune the physical properties of bistable organic functional materials by means of chemistry can facilitate their development for molecular electronic switching components. The butylamine-containing biphenalenyl boron neutral radical, [Bu]2 B, crystalline compound has recently attracted significant attention by displaying a hysteretic phase transition accompanied by simultaneous bistability in magnetic, electrical, and optical properties close to room temperature. In this report, substitutional doping was applied to [Bu]2 B by crystallizing solid solutions of bistable [Bu]2 B and its non-radical-containing counterpart [Bu]2 Be. With increasing doping degree, the hysteretic phase transition is gradually suppressed in terms of reducing the height, but conserves the width of the hysteresis loop as observed through magnetic susceptibility and electrical conductivity measurements. At the critical doping level of about 6 %, the abrupt transformation of the crystal structure to that of the pure [Bu]2 Be crystal packing was observed, accompanied by a complete collapse of the hysteresis loop. Further study of the structure-properties relationships of bistable neutral radical conductors based on the [Bu]2 B host can be conducted utilizing a variety of biphenalenyl-based molecular conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Stekovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Pradip Bag
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Pritam Shankhari
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Boniface P T Fokwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Mikhail E Itkis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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17
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Gao F, Zhong R, Xu H, Su Z. Constructing Stable π‐Dimers: Two Parallel Pancake π–π Bonds. Chemistry 2018; 24:16919-16924. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng‐Wei Gao
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries Department of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Rong‐Lin Zhong
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130023 P. R. China
| | - Hong‐Liang Xu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries Department of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Zhong‐Min Su
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries Department of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering Changchun University of Science and Technology Changchun 130012 P. R. China
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18
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Morita Y, Murata T, Ueda A, Yamada C, Kanzaki Y, Shiomi D, Sato K, Takui T. Trioxotriangulene: Air- and Thermally Stable Organic Carbon-Centered Neutral π-Radical without Steric Protection. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Morita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan
| | - Akira Ueda
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Chiaki Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuki Kanzaki
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shiomi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takeji Takui
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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19
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Mou Z, Kertesz M. Sigma‐ versus Pi‐Dimerization Modes of Triangulene. Chemistry 2018; 24:6140-6147. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Mou
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter Georgetown University Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter Georgetown University Washington DC 20057 USA
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20
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Tsvetkov NP, Gonzalez‐Rodriguez E, Hughes A, dos Passos Gomes G, White FD, Kuriakose F, Alabugin IV. Radical Alkyne
peri
‐Annulation Reactions for the Synthesis of Functionalized Phenalenes, Benzanthrenes, and Olympicene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3651-3655. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay P. Tsvetkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | | | - Audrey Hughes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | | | - Frankie D. White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Febin Kuriakose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
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21
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Tsvetkov NP, Gonzalez‐Rodriguez E, Hughes A, dos Passos Gomes G, White FD, Kuriakose F, Alabugin IV. Radical Alkyne
peri
‐Annulation Reactions for the Synthesis of Functionalized Phenalenes, Benzanthrenes, and Olympicene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay P. Tsvetkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | | | - Audrey Hughes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | | | - Frankie D. White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Febin Kuriakose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4390 USA
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22
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Ito S, Nagami T, Nakano M. Molecular design for efficient singlet fission. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Gao FW, Xu HL, Muhammad S, Su ZM. Stimulating intra- and intermolecular charge transfer and nonlinear optical response for biphenalenyl biradicaloid dimer under an external electric field. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:18699-18706. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp00416a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
External electric fields were found to induce intra- and intermolecular charge transfer and strengthen the second-order nonlinear optical responses of π-dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Wei Gao
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
| | - Hong-Liang Xu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department of Physics
- College of Science
- King Khalid University
- Abha 61413
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhong-Min Su
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
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24
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Fumanal M, Novoa JJ, Ribas-Arino J. Origin of Bistability in the Butyl-Substituted Spirobiphenalenyl-Based Neutral Radical Material. Chemistry 2017; 23:7772-7784. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fumanal
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB; Facultat de Química; Universitat de Barcelona; Av. Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Current address: Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique; Institut de Chimie UMR7177; CNRS-Université de Strasbourg; 1 Rue Blaise Pascal BP 296/R8 67007 Strasbourg France
| | - Juan J. Novoa
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB; Facultat de Química; Universitat de Barcelona; Av. Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Ribas-Arino
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB; Facultat de Química; Universitat de Barcelona; Av. Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
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25
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Fukuda K, Matsushita N, Minamida Y, Matsui H, Nagami T, Takamuku S, Kitagawa Y, Nakano M. Impact of Diradical/Ionic Character on Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Property in Asymmetric Phenalenyl Dimers. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Fukuda
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Naoyuki Matsushita
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Yuka Minamida
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsui
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Takanori Nagami
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Shota Takamuku
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kitagawa
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN); Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN); Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
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26
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Mou Z, Tian YH, Kertesz M. Validation of density functionals for pancake-bonded π-dimers; dispersion is not enough. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:24761-24768. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04637e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
π-Stacking pancake bonding between radicals poses special challenges to density functional theories (DFTs) due to their shorter than van der Waals contact distances, their multireference singlet ground states and the concurrently important dispersion interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Mou
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute of Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology
- Georgetown University
- Washington
- USA
| | - Yong-Hui Tian
- College of Life Sciences
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- P. R. China
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute of Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology
- Georgetown University
- Washington
- USA
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27
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Gao FW, Xu HL, Su ZM. Tuning the inter-molecular charge transfer, second-order nonlinear optical and absorption spectra properties of a π-dimer under an external electric field. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:31958-31964. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06412h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Different strengths of external electric fields enhance the stability, control the inter-molecular charge transfer and strengthen the nonlinear optical responses of a π-dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Wei Gao
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
| | - Hong-liang Xu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
| | - Zhong-Min Su
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
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28
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Abstract
Open-shell aggregates with pancake bonding are found to cause highly efficient singlet fission and large charge transport simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ito
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - T. Nagami
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - M. Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
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29
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An insight on the aromatic changes in closed shell icosagen, tetrel, and pnictogen phenalenyl derivatives. Struct Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-016-0882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Zhong RL, Xu HL, Li ZR. The polar 2e/12c bond in phenalenyl-azaphenalenyl hetero-dimers: Stronger stacking interaction and fascinating interlayer charge transfer. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:054304. [PMID: 27497558 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Lin Zhong
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Liang Xu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ru Li
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
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31
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Aromatic changes in isoelectronic derivatives of phenalenyl radicals by central carbon replacement. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Uchida K, Mou Z, Kertesz M, Kubo T. Fluxional σ-Bonds of the 2,5,8-Trimethylphenalenyl Dimer: Direct Observation of the Sixfold σ-Bond Shift via a π-Dimer. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:4665-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Zhongyu Mou
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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