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Neumann K, Vujinovic A, Kamara S, Zwicky A, Baldauf S, Bode JW. Synthesis of multi-module low density lipoprotein receptor class A domains with acid labile cyanopyridiniumylides (CyPY) as aspartic acid masking groups. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:292-299. [PMID: 37034404 PMCID: PMC10074552 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00234e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domains (LA modules) are common ligand-binding domains of transmembrane receptors of approximately 40 amino acids that are involved in several cellular processes including endocytosis of extracellular targets. Due to their wide-ranging function and distribution among different transmembrane receptors, LA modules are of high interest for therapeutic applications. However, the efficient chemical synthesis of LA modules and derivatives is hindered by complications, many arising from the high abundance of aspartic acid and consequent aspartimide formation. Here, we report a robust, efficient and general applicable chemical synthesis route for accessing such LA modules, demonstrated by the synthesis and folding of the LA3 and LA4 modules of the low-density lipoprotein receptor, as well as a heterodimeric LA3-LA4 constructed by chemical ligation. The synthesis of the aspartic acid-rich LA domain peptides is made possible by the use of cyanopyridiniumylides (CyPY) - reported here for the first time - as a masking group for carboxylic acids. We show that cyanopyridiniumylide masked aspartic acid monomers are readily available building blocks for solid phase peptide synthesis and successfully suppress aspartimide formation. Unlike previously reported ylide-based carboxylic acid protecting groups, CyPY protected aspartic acids are converted to the free carboxylic acid by acidic hydrolysis and are compatible with all common residues and protecting groups. The chemical synthesis of Cys- and Asp-rich LA modules enables new access to a class of difficult to provide, but promising protein domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Neumann
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Alex Vujinovic
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Saidu Kamara
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - André Zwicky
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Simon Baldauf
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W Bode
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Zürich 8093 Switzerland
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Neumann K, Farnung J, Baldauf S, Bode JW. Prevention of aspartimide formation during peptide synthesis using cyanosulfurylides as carboxylic acid-protecting groups. Nat Commun 2020; 11:982. [PMID: 32080186 PMCID: PMC7033154 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although peptide chemistry has made great progress, the frequent occurrence of aspartimide formation during peptide synthesis remains a formidable challenge. Aspartimide formation leads to low yields in addition to costly purification or even inaccessible peptide sequences. Here, we report an alternative approach to address this longstanding challenge of peptide synthesis by utilizing cyanosulfurylides to mask carboxylic acids by a stable C-C bond. These functional groups-formally zwitterionic species-are exceptionally stable to all common manipulations and impart improved solubility during synthesis. Deprotection is readily and rapidly achieved under aqueous conditions with electrophilic halogenating agents via a highly selective C-C bond cleavage reaction. This protecting group is employed for the synthesis of a range of peptides and proteins including teduglutide, ubiquitin, and the low-density lipoprotein class A. This protecting group strategy has the potential to overcome one of the most difficult aspects of modern peptide chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Neumann
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Farnung
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Baldauf
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W Bode
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
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Patil NA, Karas JA, Wade JD, Hossain MA, Tailhades J. Rapid Photolysis‐Mediated Folding of Disulfide‐Rich Peptides. Chemistry 2019; 25:8599-8603. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin A. Patil
- The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute 15 Innovation Walk Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - John A. Karas
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsThe University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - John D. Wade
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsThe University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of Melbourne 30 Royal Parade, Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsThe University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of Melbourne 30 Royal Parade, Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Julien Tailhades
- The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute 15 Innovation Walk Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- EMBL AustraliaMonash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
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Sethi A, Bruell S, Patil N, Hossain MA, Scott DJ, Petrie EJ, Bathgate RAD, Gooley PR. The complex binding mode of the peptide hormone H2 relaxin to its receptor RXFP1. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11344. [PMID: 27088579 PMCID: PMC4837482 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
H2 relaxin activates the relaxin family peptide receptor-1 (RXFP1), a class A G-protein coupled receptor, by a poorly understood mechanism. The ectodomain of RXFP1 comprises an N-terminal LDLa module, essential for activation, tethered to a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain by a 32-residue linker. H2 relaxin is hypothesized to bind with high affinity to the LRR domain enabling the LDLa module to bind and activate the transmembrane domain of RXFP1. Here we define a relaxin-binding site on the LDLa-LRR linker, essential for the high affinity of H2 relaxin for the ectodomain of RXFP1, and show that residues within the LDLa-LRR linker are critical for receptor activation. We propose H2 relaxin binds and stabilizes a helical conformation of the LDLa-LRR linker that positions residues of both the linker and the LDLa module to bind the transmembrane domain and activate RXFP1. The mechanism by which relaxin activates the relaxin family peptide receptor-1 is poorly understood. Here, Sethi et al. identify a relaxin binding site in an extracellular linker between the LDLa and LRR domains and propose that relaxin binding stabilizes a helical conformation that leads to receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Sethi
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Shoni Bruell
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nitin Patil
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel J Scott
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Emma J Petrie
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ross A D Bathgate
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul R Gooley
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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