1
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Mohanta Z, Gori S, McMahon MT. Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding Based CEST MRI Contrast Agents As an Emerging Design Strategy: A Mini-Review. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:27755-27765. [PMID: 38973929 PMCID: PMC11223143 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Intramolecular hydrogen bonding-based chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging (CEST MRI) contrast agents represent an innovative design strategy aiming to overcome limitations in diamagnetic CEST (diaCEST) MRI contrast agent specificity and also those associated with traditional metal-based MRI contrast agents. Ward and Balaban's proposal of small diamagnetic compounds marked a paradigm shift in contrast-based radiologic research, inspiring extensive investigations since 2000. These contrast agents leverage labile hydrogen bonds, serving as chemical exchange sites to induce saturation of water. The selective manipulation of radiofrequency (RF) allows for optimized signal contrast in soft tissue, with a significant signal amplification even at low probe concentrations, mitigating concerns about dose-dependent toxicities. This mini-review delves into the evolution of CEST MRI, its classification, and the strategic design principles of synthetic small molecules containing intramolecular hydrogen bonds. With a focus on applications and potential clinical relevance, the authors highlight the promising role of intramolecular hydrogen bonding-based CEST MRI in diverse medical contexts, especially renal imaging and pH mapping, paving the way for enhanced molecular imaging capabilities. Ongoing research endeavors aim to further optimize and expand the utility of these contrast agents, underscoring their transformative potential in clinical diagnostics and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinia Mohanta
- Russell
H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- F.M.
Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Sadakatali Gori
- Center
for Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research
Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, United States
| | - Michael T. McMahon
- Russell
H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- F.M.
Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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2
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Peng F, Xiang J, Qin H, Chen B, Duan R, Zhao W, Liu S, Wu T, Yuan W, Li Q, Li J, Kang X, Han B. Selective Electrochemical Oxidation of Benzylic C-H to Benzylic Alcohols with the Aid of Imidazolium Radical Mediators. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23905-23909. [PMID: 37890007 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Selective oxidation of benzylic C-H to benzylic alcohols is a well-known challenge in the chemical community since benzylic C-H is more prone to be overoxidized to benzylic ketones. In this work, we report the highly selective electro-oxidation of benzylic C-H to benzylic alcohols in an undivided cell in ionic liquid-based solution. As an example, the selectivity toward xanthydrol could be as high as 95.7% at complete conversion of xanthene, a typical benzylic C-H compound, on gram-scale in imidazolium bromide/H2O/DMF. Mechanism investigation reveals that the imidazolium radical generated in situ participants in a proton-coupled electron transfer process and low-barrier hydrogen bonds stabilize the reaction intermediates, together steering the redox equilibrium, favoring benzylic alcohols over benzylic ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Peng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Junfeng Xiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Huisheng Qin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Bingfeng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Ran Duan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Wenling Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Shiqiang Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Tianbin Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Wenli Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Qian Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Jikun Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xinchen Kang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Buxing Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
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3
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Longo DL, Carella A, Corrado A, Pirotta E, Mohanta Z, Singh A, Stabinska J, Liu G, McMahon MT. A snapshot of the vast array of diamagnetic CEST MRI contrast agents. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4715. [PMID: 35187749 PMCID: PMC9724179 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the inception of CEST MRI in the 1990s, a number of compounds have been identified as suitable for generating contrast, including paramagnetic lanthanide complexes, hyperpolarized atom cages and, most interesting, diamagnetic compounds. In the past two decades, there has been a major emphasis in this field on the identification and application of diamagnetic compounds that have suitable biosafety profiles for usage in medical applications. Even in the past five years there has been a tremendous growth in their numbers, with more and more emphasis being placed on finding those that can be ultimately used for patient studies on clinical 3 T scanners. At this point, a number of endogenous compounds present in tissue have been identified, and also natural and synthetic organic compounds that can be administered to highlight pathology via CEST imaging. Here we will provide a very extensive snapshot of the types of diamagnetic compound that can generate CEST MRI contrast, together with guidance on their utility on typical preclinical and clinical scanners and a review of the applications that might benefit the most from this new technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Livio Longo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Antonella Carella
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Alessia Corrado
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Pirotta
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Zinia Mohanta
- F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aruna Singh
- F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Julia Stabinska
- F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guanshu Liu
- F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael T. McMahon
- F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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4
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Solvent effects on the luminescent properties based on bis(hydroxy-naphthoic acid): Syntheses, crystal structure and Hirshfeld analysis. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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5
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Pavuluri K, Yang E, Ayyappan V, Sonkar K, Tan Z, Tressler CM, Bo S, Bibic A, Glunde K, McMahon MT. Unlabeled aspirin as an activatable theranostic MRI agent for breast cancer. Theranostics 2022; 12:1937-1951. [PMID: 35198081 PMCID: PMC8825591 DOI: 10.7150/thno.53147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is emerging as an alternative to gadolinium-based contrast MRI. We have evaluated the possibility of CEST MRI of orthotopic breast tumor xenografts with unlabeled aspirin's conversion to salicylic acid (SA) through various enzymatic activities, most notably inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1/-2 enzymes. Methods: We measured the COX-1/-2 expression in four breast cancer cell lines by Western Blot analysis and selected the highest and lowest expressing cell lines. We then performed CEST MRI following aspirin treatment to detect SA levels and ELISA to measure levels of downstream prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). We also injected aspirin into the tail vein of mice growing orthotopic tumor xenografts which expressed high and low COX-1/-2 and acquired SA CEST MR images of these tumor xenografts for up to 70 minutes. Tumors were then harvested to perform Western Blot and ELISA experiments to measure COX-1/-2 expression and PGE2 levels, respectively. Results: Western Blots determined that SUM159 cells contained significantly higher COX-1/-2 expression levels than MDA-MB-231 cells, in line with higher levels of downstream PGE2. SA CEST MRI yielded similar contrast at approximately 3% for both cell lines, independent of COX-1/-2 expression level. PGE2 levels decreased by about 50% following aspirin treatment. Results from our mouse study aligned with cultured cells, the overall SA CEST MRI contrast in both MDA-MB-231 and SUM159 tumor xenograft models was 5~8% at one hour post injection. PGE2 levels were ten times higher in SUM159 than MDA-MB-231 and decreased by 50%. The CEST contrast directly depended on the injected dose, with ~6%, ~3% and ~1.5% contrast observed following injection of 100 µL of 300 mM, 200 mM and 150 mM aspirin, respectively. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate the feasibility of using aspirin as a noninvasive activatable CEST MRI contrast agent for breast tumor detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- KowsalyaDevi Pavuluri
- Division of MR Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ethan Yang
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Vinay Ayyappan
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kanchan Sonkar
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Zheqiong Tan
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Medical Laboratory, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Caitlin M. Tressler
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Shaowei Bo
- Division of MR Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Adnan Bibic
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kristine Glunde
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,The Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,✉ Corresponding authors: ,
| | - Michael T McMahon
- Division of MR Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD.,✉ Corresponding authors: ,
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6
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Zhang X, Yuan Y, Li S, Zeng Q, Guo Q, Liu N, Yang M, Yang Y, Liu M, McMahon MT, Zhou X. Free-base porphyrins as CEST MRI contrast agents with highly upfield shifted labile protons. Magn Reson Med 2019; 82:577-585. [PMID: 30968442 PMCID: PMC7294594 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE CEST has become a preeminent technology for the rapid detection and grading of tumors, securing its widespread use in both laboratory and clinical research. However, many existing CEST MRI agents exhibit a sensitivity limitation due to small chemical shifts between their exchangeable protons and water. We propose a new group of CEST MRI agents, free-base porphyrins and chlorin, with large exchangeable proton chemical shifts from water for enhanced detection. METHODS To test these newly identified CEST agents, we acquired a series of Z-spectra at multiple pH values and saturation field strengths to determine their CEST properties. The data were analyzed using the quantifying exchange using saturation power method to quantify exchange rates. After identifying several promising candidates, a porphyrin solution was injected into tumor-bearing mice, and MR images were acquired to assess detection feasibility in vivo. RESULTS Based on the Z-spectra, the inner nitrogen protons in free-base porphyrins and chlorin resonate from -8 to -13.5 ppm from water, far shifted from the majority of endogenous metabolites (0-4 ppm) and Nuclear Overhauser enhancements (-1 to -3.5 ppm) and far removed from the salicylates, imidazoles, and anthranillates (5-12 ppm). The exchange rates are sufficiently slow to intermediate (500-9000 s-1 ) to allow robust detection and were sensitive to substituents on the porphyrin ring. CONCLUSION These results highlight the capabilities of free-base porphyrins and chlorin as highly upfield CEST MRI agents and provide a new scaffold that can be integrated into a variety of diagnostic or theranostic agents for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaping Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sha Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingbin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianni Guo
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minghui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunhuang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Michael T. McMahon
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Abstract
Many elegant inorganic designs have been developed to aid medical imaging. We know better now how to improve imaging due to the enormous efforts made by scientists in probe design and other fundamental sciences, including inorganic chemistry, physiochemistry, analytical chemistry, and biomedical engineering. However, despite several years being invested in the development of diagnostic probes, only a few examples have shown applicability in MRI in vivo. In this short review, we aim to show the reader the latest advances in the application of inorganic agents in preclinical MRI.
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Malwal SR, O'Dowd B, Feng X, Turhanen P, Shin C, Yao J, Kim BK, Baig N, Zhou T, Bansal S, Khade RL, Zhang Y, Oldfield E. Bisphosphonate-Generated ATP-Analogs Inhibit Cell Signaling Pathways. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7568-7578. [PMID: 29787268 PMCID: PMC6022752 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates are a major class of drugs used to treat osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and cancer. They have been proposed to act by inhibiting one or more targets including protein prenylation, the epidermal growth factor receptor, or the adenine nucleotide translocase. Inhibition of the latter is due to formation in cells of analogs of ATP: the isopentenyl ester of ATP (ApppI) or an AppXp-type analog of ATP, such as AMP-clodronate (AppCCl2p). We screened both ApppI as well as AppCCl2p against a panel of 369 kinases finding potent inhibition of some tyrosine kinases by AppCCl2p, attributable to formation of a strong hydrogen bond between tyrosine and the terminal phosphonate. We then synthesized bisphosphonate preprodrugs that are converted in cells to other ATP-analogs, finding low nM kinase inhibitors that inhibited cell signaling pathways. These results help clarify our understanding of the mechanisms of action of bisphosphonates, potentially opening up new routes to the development of bone resorption, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish R Malwal
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Bing O'Dowd
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Xinxin Feng
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Petri Turhanen
- School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio , University of Eastern Finland , PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio , Finland
| | - Christopher Shin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Jiaqi Yao
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Boo Kyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Noman Baig
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Tianhui Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Sandhya Bansal
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Rahul L Khade
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Stevens Institute of Technology , 1 Castle Point Terrace , Hoboken , New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Stevens Institute of Technology , 1 Castle Point Terrace , Hoboken , New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Eric Oldfield
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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9
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Cohen O, Huang S, McMahon MT, Rosen MS, Farrar CT. Rapid and quantitative chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging with magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF). Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:2449-2463. [PMID: 29756286 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a fast magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) method for quantitative chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging. METHODS We implemented a CEST-MRF method to quantify the chemical exchange rate and volume fraction of the Nα -amine protons of L-arginine (L-Arg) phantoms and the amide and semi-solid exchangeable protons of in vivo rat brain tissue. L-Arg phantoms were made with different concentrations (25-100 mM) and pH (pH 4-6). The MRF acquisition schedule varied the saturation power randomly for 30 iterations (phantom: 0-6 μT; in vivo: 0-4 μT) with a total acquisition time of ≤2 min. The signal trajectories were pattern-matched to a large dictionary of signal trajectories simulated using the Bloch-McConnell equations for different combinations of exchange rate, exchangeable proton volume fraction, and water T1 and T2 relaxation times. RESULTS The chemical exchange rates of the Nα -amine protons of L-Arg were significantly (P < 0.0001) correlated with the rates measured with the quantitation of exchange using saturation power method. Similarly, the L-Arg concentrations determined using MRF were significantly (P < 0.0001) correlated with the known concentrations. The pH dependence of the exchange rate was well fit (R2 = 0.9186) by a base catalyzed exchange model. The amide proton exchange rate measured in rat brain cortex (34.8 ± 11.7 Hz) was in good agreement with that measured previously with the water exchange spectroscopy method (28.6 ± 7.4 Hz). The semi-solid proton volume fraction was elevated in white (12.2 ± 1.7%) compared to gray (8.1 ± 1.1%) matter brain regions in agreement with previous magnetization transfer studies. CONCLUSION CEST-MRF provides a method for fast, quantitative CEST imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouri Cohen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Shuning Huang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Michael T McMahon
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christian T Farrar
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
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10
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McMahon MT, Bulte JWM. Two decades of dendrimers as versatile MRI agents: a tale with and without metals. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 10:e1496. [PMID: 28895298 PMCID: PMC5989322 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers or dendritic polymers are a class of compounds with great potential for nanomedical use. Some of their properties, including their rigidity, low polydispersity and the ease with which their surfaces can be modified make them particularly well suited for use as MRI diagnostic or theranostic agents. For the past 20 years, researchers have recognized this potential and refined dendrimer formulations to optimize these nanocarriers for a host of MRI applications, including blood pool imaging agents, lymph node imaging agents, tumor-targeted theranostic agents and cell tracking agents. This review summarizes the various types of dendrimers according to the type of MR contrast they can provide. This includes the metallic T1 , T2 and paraCEST imaging agents, and the non-metallic diaCEST and fluorinated (19 F) heteronuclear imaging agents. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. McMahon
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeff W. M. Bulte
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- KowsalyaDevi Pavuluri
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland 21205 United States
| | - Michael T. McMahon
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland 21205 United States
- F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging; Kennedy Krieger Research Institute; Baltimore, Maryland 21205 United States
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12
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Jones KM, Pollard AC, Pagel MD. Clinical applications of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 47:11-27. [PMID: 28792646 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been developed and employed in multiple clinical imaging research centers worldwide. Selective radiofrequency (RF) saturation pulses with standard 2D and 3D MRI acquisition schemes are now routinely performed, and CEST MRI can produce semiquantitative results using magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry (MTRasym ) analysis while accounting for B0 inhomogeneity. Faster clinical CEST MRI acquisition methods and more quantitative acquisition and analysis routines are under development. Endogenous biomolecules with amide, amine, and hydroxyl groups have been detected during clinical CEST MRI studies, and exogenous CEST agents have also been administered to patients. These CEST MRI tools show promise for contributing to assessments of cerebral ischemia, neurological disorders, lymphedema, osteoarthritis, muscle physiology, and solid tumors. This review summarizes the salient features of clinical CEST MRI protocols and critically evaluates the utility of CEST MRI for these clinical imaging applications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:11-27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Jones
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Mark D Pagel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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McMahon MT, Gilad AA. Cellular and Molecular Imaging Using Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 25:197-204. [PMID: 27748713 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0000000000000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is a powerful new tool well suited for molecular imaging. This technology enables the detection of low concentration probes through selective labeling of rapidly exchanging protons or other spins on the probes. In this review, we will highlight the unique features of CEST imaging technology and describe the different types of CEST agents that are suited for molecular imaging studies, including CEST theranostic agents, CEST reporter genes, and CEST environmental sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T McMahon
- *F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute †The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Division of MR Research ‡Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Sinharay S, Fernández-Cuervo G, Acfalle JP, Pagel MD. Detection of Sulfatase Enzyme Activity with a CatalyCEST MRI Contrast Agent. Chemistry 2016; 22:6491-5. [PMID: 26956002 PMCID: PMC4877021 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI contrast agent has been developed that detects sulfatase enzyme activity. The agent produces a CEST signal at δ=5.0 ppm before enzyme activity, and a second CEST signal appears at δ=9.0 ppm after the enzyme cleaves a sulfate group from the agent. The comparison of the two signals improved detection of sulfatase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhita Sinharay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Jasmine P Acfalle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mark D Pagel
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, USA.
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