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Slimak S, Lietard A, Jordan KD, Verlet JRR. Effect of N Atom Substitution on Electronic Resonances: A 2D Photoelectron Spectroscopic and Computational Study of Anthracene, Acridine, and Phenazine Anions. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:5321-5330. [PMID: 38935624 PMCID: PMC11247488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The accommodation of an excess electron by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has important chemical and technological implications ranging from molecular electronics to charge balance in interstellar molecular clouds. Here, we use two-dimensional photoelectron spectroscopy and equation-of-motion coupled-cluster calculations of the radical anions of acridine (C13H9N-) and phenazine (C12H8N2-) and compare our results for these species to those for the anthracene anion (C14H10-). The calculations predict the observed resonances and additionally find low-energy two-particle-one-hole states, which are not immediately apparent in the spectra, and offer a slightly revised interpretation of the resonances in anthracene. The study of acridine and phenazine allows us to understand how N atom substitution affects electron accommodation. While the electron affinity associated with the ground state anion undergoes a sizable increase with the successive substitution of N atoms, the two lowest energy excited anion states are not affected significantly by the substitution. The net result is that there is an increase in the energy gap between the two lowest energy resonances and the bound ground electronic state of the radical anion from anthracene to acridine to phenazine. Based on an energy gap law for the rate of internal conversion, this increased gap makes ground state formation progressively less likely, as evidenced by the photoelectron spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Slimak
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Aude Lietard
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Kenneth D. Jordan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jan R. R. Verlet
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of
Sciences, Dolejškova
3, Prague 8 18223, Czech Republic
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2
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Zeplichal M, Gies J, Bernd J, Winslaws DK, Chang T, Chen YS, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV, Terfort A. Fluorinated Azaacenes: Efficient Syntheses, Structures, and Electrochemical Properties. J Fluor Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2022.109960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Ghule S, Dash SR, Bagchi S, Joshi K, Vanka K. Predicting the Redox Potentials of Phenazine Derivatives Using DFT-Assisted Machine Learning. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:11742-11755. [PMID: 35449912 PMCID: PMC9017108 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates four machine-learning (ML) models to predict the redox potentials of phenazine derivatives in dimethoxyethane using density functional theory (DFT). A small data set of 151 phenazine derivatives having only one type of functional group per molecule (20 unique groups) was used for the training. Prediction accuracy was improved by a combined strategy of feature selection and hyperparameter optimization, using the external validation set. Models were evaluated on the external test set containing new functional groups and diverse molecular structures. High prediction accuracies of R 2 > 0.74 were obtained on the external test set. Despite being trained on the molecules with a single type of functional group, models were able to predict the redox potentials of derivatives containing multiple and different types of functional groups with good accuracies (R 2 > 0.7). This type of performance for predicting redox potential from such a small and simple data set of phenazine derivatives has never been reported before. Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are emerging as promising candidates for energy storage systems. However, new green and efficient materials are required for their widespread usage. We believe that the hybrid DFT-ML approach demonstrated in this report would help in accelerating the virtual screening of phenazine derivatives, thus saving computational and experimental costs. Using this approach, we have identified promising phenazine derivatives for green energy storage systems such as RFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Ghule
- Physical
and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National
Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Soumya Ranjan Dash
- Physical
and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National
Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sayan Bagchi
- Physical
and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National
Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kavita Joshi
- Physical
and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National
Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kumar Vanka
- Physical
and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National
Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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4
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Putta A, Gairhe S, Yao F, Sun H. Stereo-electronic effect of perfluoropropyl group on solid state molecular packing of isomeric dibenzo [a,c]phenazine derivatives. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00019a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report here the synthesis, characterization, and crystal structures of three perfluoropropylated dibenzo [a,c]phenazine constitutional isomers where the only differences among them are the position of perfluoropropyl substituents. The crystal...
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5
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Lietard A, Mensa-Bonsu G, Verlet JRR. The effect of solvation on electron capture revealed using anion two-dimensional photoelectron spectroscopy. Nat Chem 2021; 13:737-742. [PMID: 33941903 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of low-energy electrons with neutral molecules to form anions plays an important role in chemistry, being involved in, for example, various biological and astrochemical processes. However, key aspects of electron-molecule interactions, such as the effect of incremental solvation on the initially excited electronic resonances, remain poorly understood. Here two-dimensional photoelectron spectroscopy of anionic anthracene and nitrogen-substituted derivatives-solvated by up to five water molecules-reveals that for an incoming electron, resonances red-shift with increasing hydration; but for the anion, the excitation energies of the resonances remain essentially the same. These complementary points of view show that the observed onset of enhanced anion formation for a specific cluster size is mediated by a bound excited state of the anion. Our findings suggest that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may be more efficient at electron capture than previously predicted with important consequences for the ionization fraction in dense molecular clouds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Lietard
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, UK
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6
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Livshits MY, Reeves BJ, DeWeerd NJ, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV, Rack JJ. Trifluoromethylated Phenanthroline Ligands Reduce Excited-State Distortion in Homoleptic Copper(I) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:2781-2790. [PMID: 32049510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and excited-state dynamics for a series of homoleptic copper(I) trifluoromethylated phenanthroline complexes with two, three, and four trifluoromethyl functional groups. Our analysis of the steady-state absorbance and emission, transient-absorption spectroscopy, and electronic-structure-theory calculations results enable in-depth analysis of the pseudo-Jahn-Teller distortion inhibition from increased steric hindrance of the trifluoromethyl functional group relative to the prototypical dimethyl phenanthroline complex. Surprisingly, our results demonstrate that the greatest degree of pseudo-Jahn-Teller distortion inhibition is achieved with trifluoromethylation of only the 2 and 9 positions by an unusual combination of steric hindrance and stabilization of a nondistorted 1MLCT manifold observed by transient kinetic lifetimes and optimized excited-state structures. The intersystem-crossing (ISC) lifetime for the 2,9-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,10-phenanthroline Cu(I) complex is 69 ps, while the triplet excited-state lifetime and emission quantum yield are 106 ns and 4 × 10-3, respectively. Further trifluoromethylation of the phenanthroline yields a greater σ bond inductive withdrawing force on the phenanthroline nitrogens, ultimately resulting in weaker coordination to the copper. Last, the surprising success of the 2,9-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,10-phenanthroline Cu(I) complex by adjusting both ligand sterics and electronic properties outlines a new strategy for developing long-lived Cu(I) charge-transfer complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Y Livshits
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Brian J Reeves
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Nicholas J DeWeerd
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Steven H Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Olga V Boltalina
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Rack
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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7
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Castro KP, Bukovsky EV, Kuvychko IV, DeWeerd NJ, Chen Y, Deng SHM, Wang X, Popov AA, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV. PAH/PAH(CF 3 ) n Donor/Acceptor Charge-Transfer Complexes in Solution and in Solid-State Co-Crystals. Chemistry 2019; 25:13547-13565. [PMID: 31381207 PMCID: PMC6916568 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A solution, solid-state, and computational study is reported of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PAH/PAH(CF3 )n donor/acceptor (D/A) charge-transfer complexes that involve six PAH(CF3 )n acceptors with known gas-phase electron affinities that range from 2.11(2) to 2.805(15) eV and four PAH donors, including seven CT co-crystal X-ray structures that exhibit hexagonal arrays of mixed π-stacks with 1/1, 1/2, or 2/1 D/A stoichiometries (PAH=anthracene, azulene, coronene, perylene, pyrene, triphenylene; n=5, 6). These are the first D/A CT complexes with PAH(CF3 )n acceptors to be studied in detail. The nine D/A combinations were chosen to allow several structural and electronic comparisons to be made, providing new insights about controlling D/A interactions and the structures of CT co-crystals. The comparisons include, among others, CT complexes of the same PAH(CF3 )n acceptor with four PAH donors and CT complexes of the same donor with four PAH(CF3 )n acceptors. All nine CT complexes exhibit charge-transfer bands in solution with λmax between 467 and 600 nm. A plot of E(λmax ) versus [IE(donor)-EA(acceptor)] for the nine CT complexes studied is linear with a slope of 0.72±0.03 eV eV-1 . This plot is the first of its kind for CT complexes with structurally related donors and acceptors for which precise experimental gas-phase IEs and EAs are known. It demonstrates that conclusions based on the common assumption that the slope of a CT E(λmax ) versus [IE-EA] plot is unity may be incorrect in at least some cases and should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlee P. Castro
- Department of ChemistryColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523USA
| | - Eric V. Bukovsky
- Department of ChemistryColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523USA
| | - Igor V. Kuvychko
- Department of ChemistryColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523USA
| | | | - Yu‐Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARSUniversity of Chicago, Advanced Photon SourceArgonneIL 60439USA
| | - Shihu H. M. Deng
- Physical Sciences DivisionPacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8 88P.O. Box 999RichlandWashington99352USA
| | - Xue‐Bin Wang
- Physical Sciences DivisionPacific Northwest National Laboratory, MS K8 88P.O. Box 999RichlandWashington99352USA
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchDresden01069Germany
| | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department of ChemistryColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523USA
| | - Olga V. Boltalina
- Department of ChemistryColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523USA
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8
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DeWeerd NJ, Bukovsky EV, Castro KP, Kuvychko IV, Popov AA, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV. Steric and electronic effects of CF3 conformations in acene(CF3) derivatives. J Fluor Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Kuvychko IV, Clikeman T, Dubceac C, Chen Y, Petrukhina MA, Strauss SH, Popov AA, Boltalina OV. Understanding Polyarene Trifluoromethylation with Hot CF
3
Radicals Using Corannulene. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Kuvychko
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University 80523 Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Tyler Clikeman
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University 80523 Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Cristina Dubceac
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York 12222 Albany NY USA
| | - Yu‐Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS University of Chicago Advanced Photon Source 60439 Argonne IL USA
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York 12222 Albany NY USA
| | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University 80523 Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Liebniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research D01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Olga V. Boltalina
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University 80523 Fort Collins CO USA
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10
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San LK, Spisak SN, Dubceac C, Deng SHM, Kuvychko IV, Petrukhina MA, Wang X, Popov AA, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV. Experimental and DFT Studies of the Electron‐Withdrawing Ability of Perfluoroalkyl (R
F
) Groups: Electron Affinities of PAH(R
F
)
n
Increase Significantly with Increasing R
F
Chain Length. Chemistry 2017; 24:1441-1447. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long K. San
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Sarah N. Spisak
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York Albany New York 12222 USA
| | - Cristina Dubceac
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York Albany New York 12222 USA
| | - Shihu H M. Deng
- Physical Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory MS K8 88, P.O. Box 999 Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Igor V. Kuvychko
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry University at Albany, State University of New York Albany New York 12222 USA
| | - Xue‐Bin Wang
- Physical Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory MS K8 88, P.O. Box 999 Richland Washington 99352 USA
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers Liebniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden 01069 Germany
| | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Olga V. Boltalina
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
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