1
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Conradie J, Alemayehu AB, Ghosh A. Iridium(VII)-Corrole Terminal Carbides Should Exist as Stable Compounds. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2021; 2:159-163. [PMID: 36855452 PMCID: PMC9955125 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.1c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scalar-relativistic DFT calculations with multiple exchange-correlation functionals and large basis sets foreshadow the existence of stable iridium(VII)-corrole terminal carbide derivatives. For the parent compound Ir[Cor](C), OLYP/STO-TZ2P calculations predict a short Ir-C bond distance of 1.69 Å, a moderately domed macrocycle with no indications of ligand noninnocence, a surprisingly low electron affinity of ∼1.1 eV, and a substantial singlet-triplet gap of ∼1.8 eV. These results, and their essential invariance with respect to the choice of the exchange-correlation functional, lead us to posit that Ir(VII)-corrole terminal carbide complexes should be isolable and indefinitely stable under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanet Conradie
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway,Department
of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, Republic of South Africa
| | - Abraham B. Alemayehu
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway,
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2
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Einrem RF, Jonsson ET, Teat SJ, Settineri NS, Alemayehu AB, Ghosh A. Regioselective formylation of rhenium-oxo and gold corroles: substituent effects on optical spectra and redox potentials. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34086-34094. [PMID: 35497316 PMCID: PMC9042328 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05525a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vilsmeier–Haack formylation of ReO and Au meso-triarylcorroles over 16–18 hours affords moderate to good yields (47–65%) of the ReO-3-formyl and Au-3,17-diformyl derivatives in a highly regioselective manner. Formylation was found to effect substantial upshifts for redox potentials (especially the reduction potentials) as well as significant to dramatic redshifts for both the Soret and Q bands. Vilsmeier–Haack formylation of ReO and Au meso-triarylcorroles over 16–18 hours affords moderate to good yields (47–65%) of the ReO-3-formyl and Au-3,17-diformyl derivatives in a highly regioselective manner.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune F Einrem
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway N-9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Einar Torfi Jonsson
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway N-9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720-8229 USA
| | - Nicholas S Settineri
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720-8229 USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway N-9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway N-9037 Tromsø Norway
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3
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Alemayehu AB, Thomas KE, Einrem RF, Ghosh A. The Story of 5d Metallocorroles: From Metal-Ligand Misfits to New Building Blocks for Cancer Phototherapeutics. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3095-3107. [PMID: 34297542 PMCID: PMC8382219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
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Porphyrin chemistry is Shakespearean: over a
century of study has
not withered the field’s apparently infinite variety. Heme
proteins continually astonish us with novel molecular mechanisms,
while new porphyrin analogues bowl us over with unprecedented optical,
electronic, and metal-binding properties. Within the latter domain,
corroles occupy a special place, exhibiting a unique and rich coordination
chemistry. The 5d metallocorroles are arguably the icing on that cake. New Zealand chemist Penny Brothers has used the word “misfit”
to describe the interactions of boron, a small atom with a predilection
for tetrahedral coordination, and porphyrins, classic square-planar
ligands. Steve Jobs lionized misfits as those who see things differently
and push humanity forward. Both perspectives have inspired us. The
5d metallocorroles are misfits in that they encapsulate a large 5d
transition metal ion within the tight cavity of a contracted porphyrin
ligand. Given the steric mismatch inherent in their structures,
the syntheses
of some 5d metallocorroles are understandably capricious,
proceeding under highly specific conditions and affording poor yields.
Three broad approaches may be distinguished. (a) In the metal–alkyl approach, a free-base
corrole is exposed to an alkyllithium and the resulting lithio-corrole
is treated with an early transition metal chloride; a variant of the
method eschews alkyllithium and deploys a transition metal–alkyl
instead, resulting in elimination of the alkyl group as an alkane
and insertion of the metal into the corrole. This approach is useful
for inserting transition metals from groups 4, 5, and, to some extent,
6, as well as lanthanides and actinides. (b) In our laboratory,
we have often deployed a low-valent
organometallic approach for the middle transition elements
(groups 6, 7, 8, and 9). The reagents are low-valent metal–carbonyl
or −olefin complexes, which lose one or more carbon ligands
at high temperature, affording coordinatively unsaturated, sticky
metal fragments that are trapped by the corrole nitrogens. (c)
Finally, a metal acetate approach provides
the method of choice for gold and platinum insertion (groups 10 and
11). This Account provides a first-hand perspective
of the three approaches, focusing on the last two, which were largely
developed in our laboratory. In general, the products were characterized
with X-ray crystallography, electrochemistry, and a variety of spectroscopic
methods. The physicochemical data, supplemented by relativistic DFT
calculations, have provided fascinating insights into periodic trends
and relativistic effects. An unexpected feature of many 5d metallocorroles,
given their misfit
character, is their remarkable stability under thermal, chemical,
and photochemical stimulation. Many of them also exhibit long triplet
lifetimes on the order of 100 μs and effectively sensitize singlet
oxygen formation. Many exhibit phosphorescence in the near-infrared
under ambient conditions. Furthermore, water-soluble ReO and Au corroles
exhibit impressive photocytotoxicity against multiple cancer cell
lines, promising potential applications as cancer phototherapeutics.
We thus envision a bright future for the compounds as rugged building
blocks for new generations of therapeutic and diagnostic (theranostic)
agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B. Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromso, Norway
| | - Kolle E. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromso, Norway
| | - Rune F. Einrem
- Department of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromso, Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromso, Norway
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4
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Braband H, Benz M, Spingler B, Conradie J, Alberto R, Ghosh A. Relativity as a Synthesis Design Principle: A Comparative Study of [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Technetium(VII) and Rhenium(VII) Trioxo Complexes with Olefins. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:11090-11097. [PMID: 34255507 PMCID: PMC8388117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
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The difference in [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactivity between fac-[MO3(tacn)]+ (M = Re, 99Tc; tacn = 1,4,7-triazacyclononane) complexes has been reexamined
with a selection of unsaturated substrates including sodium 4-vinylbenzenesulfonate,
norbornene, 2-butyne, and 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol (2MByOH). None of
the substrates was found to react with the Re cation in water at room
temperature, whereas the 99Tc reagent cleanly yielded the [3 + 2] cycloadducts. Interestingly,
a bis-adduct was obtained as the sole product for 2MByOH, reflecting
the high reactivity of a 99TcO-enediolato monoadduct. On
the basis of scalar relativistic and nonrelativistic density functional
theory calculations of the reaction pathways, the dramatic difference
in reactivity between the two metals has now been substantially attributed to differences in relativistic effects, which are much
larger for the 5d metal. Furthermore, scalar-relativistic ΔG values were found to decrease along the series propene
> norbornene > 2-butyne > dimethylketene, indicating major variations
in the thermodynamic driving force as a function of the unsaturated
substrate. The suggestion is made that scalar-relativistic effects,
consisting of greater destabilization of the valence electrons of
the 5d elements compared with those of the 4d elements, be viewed
as a new design principle for novel 99mTc/Re radiopharmaceuticals,
as well as more generally in heavy-element coordination chemistry. Room temperature cycloaddition reactivity of fac-[99TcO3(tacn)]+ (tacn = 1,4,7-triazacyclononane)
with a variety of unsaturated substrates and the lack of such reactivity
for fac-[ReO3(tacn)]+ appears
largely attributable to much stronger relativistic effects for Re
relative to Tc, based on relativistic density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Braband
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Michael Benz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø N-9037, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Roger Alberto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø N-9037, Norway
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5
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Kumar Maurya Y, Wei P, Shimada T, Yamasumi K, Mori S, Furukawa K, Kusaba H, Ishihara T, Xie Y, Ishida M, Furuta H. Chiral Interlocked Corrole Dimers Directly Linked at Inner Carbon Atoms of Confused Pyrrole Rings. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:743-747. [PMID: 33624937 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A facile synthetic strategy towards conformationally stable chiral chromophores based on dimeric porphyrinoids has been established. A peculiar class of face-to-face intramolecularly interlocked corrole dimers were formed by the oxidative C-C coupling linked at the inner carbon sites upon simple treatment of copper(II) ions. Their intrinsic electronic structures were modulated by the peripheral corrole ring annulations, which lead to distinct optical properties and redox profiles. The stereogenic carbon centers implemented in the confused corrole skeleton provided a rationale for designing novel chiral materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Kumar Maurya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Pingchun Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahide Shimada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yamasumi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Instrumental Analysis, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Hajime Kusaba
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tatsumi Ishihara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yongshu Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Crystal Engineering & Technology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 200237, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Furuta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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6
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Alemayehu AB, Einrem RF, McCormick-McPherson LJ, Settineri NS, Ghosh A. Synthesis and molecular structure of perhalogenated rhenium-oxo corroles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19727. [PMID: 33184456 PMCID: PMC7665048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of our efforts to develop rhenium-oxo corroles as photosensitizers for oxygen sensing and photodynamic therapy, we investigated the potential β-perhalogenation of five ReO meso-tris(para-X-phenyl)corroles, Re[TpXPC](O) (X = CF3, H, F, CH3, and OCH3), with elemental chlorine and bromine. With Cl2, β-octachlorinated products Re[Cl8TpXPC](O) were rapidly obtained for X = CF3, H, and CH3, but X = OCH3 resulted in overchlorination on the meso-aryl groups. Full β-octabromination proved slower relative to Cu and Ir corroles, but the desired Re[Br8TpXPC](O) products were finally obtained for X = H and F after a week at room temperature. For X = CH3 and OCH3, these conditions led to undecabrominated products Re[Br11TpXPC](O). Compared to the β-unsubstituted starting materials, the β-octahalogenated products were found to exhibit sharp 1H NMR signals at room temperature, indicating that the aryl groups are locked in place by the β-halogens, and substantially redshifted Soret and Q bands. Single-crystal X-ray structures of Re[Cl8TpCF3PC](O), Re[Cl8TpCH3PC](O), and Re[Br8TpFPC](O) revealed mild saddling for one Cl8 structure and the Br8 structure. These structural variations, however, appear too insignificant to explain the slowness of the β-octabromination protocols, which seems best attributed to the deactivating influence of the high-valent Re center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rune F Einrem
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Nicholas S Settineri
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-8229, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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7
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Abstract
Metallocorroles involving 5d transition metals are currently of interest as near-IR phosphors and as photosensitizers for oxygen sensing and photodynamic therapy. Their syntheses, however, are often bedeviled by capricious and low-yielding protocols. Against this backdrop, we describe rhenium-imido corroles, a new class of 5d metallocorroles, synthesized simply and in respectable (∼30%) yields via the interaction of a free-base corrole, Re2(CO)10, K2CO3, and aniline in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at ∼190 °C in a sealed vial under strict anaerobic conditions. The generality of the method was shown by the synthesis of six derivatives, including those derived from meso-tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole, H3[TPFPC], and five different meso-tris(p-X-phenyl)corroles, H3[TpXPC], where X = CF3, F, H, CH3, OCH3. Single-crystal X-ray structures obtained for two of the complexes, Re[TpFPC](NPh) and Re[TpCF3PC](NPh), revealed relatively unstrained equatorial Re-N distances of ∼2.00 Å, a ∼ 0.7-Å displacement of the Re from the mean plane of the corrole nitrogens, and an Re-Nimido distance of ∼1.72 Å. Details of the corrole skeletal bond distances, diamagnetic 1H NMR spectra, relatively substituent-independent Soret maxima, and electrochemical HOMO-LUMO gaps of ∼2.2 V all indicated an innocent corrole macrocycle. Surprisingly, unlike several other classes of 5d metallocorroles, the Re-imido complexes proved nonemissive in solution at room temperature and also failed to sensitize singlet oxygen formation, indicating rapid radiationless deactivation of the triplet state, presumably via the rapidly rotating axial phenyl group. By analogy with other metal-oxo and -imido corroles, we remain hopeful that the Re-imido group will prove amenable to further elaboration and thereby contribute to the development of a somewhat challenging area of coordination chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
| | - Sergey M Borisov
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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8
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Reinholdt A, Alemayehu AB, Gagnon KJ, Bendix J, Ghosh A. Electrophilic Activation of Osmium-Nitrido Corroles: The OsN Triple Bond as a π-Acceptor Metallaligand in a Heterobimetallic Os VIN-Pt II Complex. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5276-5280. [PMID: 32227864 PMCID: PMC7311052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Presented herein is a first investigation of the chemical reactivity of osmium-nitrido corroles, which are known for their unusual thermal, chemical, and photochemical stability. Elemental chlorine perchlorinates the β-positions of the triarylcorrole but leaves the OsN unit untouched. The OsN unit is also unaffected by a variety of other electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents. Upon photolysis, however, the anion of Zeise's salt associates with the nitrido ligand to generate an OsVI≡N-PtII complex. The very short OsN-Pt linkage [1.895(9)-1.917(8) Å] and the downfield 195Pt NMR resonance (-2702 ppm) suggest that the OsN corrole acts as a π-accepting ligand toward the Pt(II) center. This finding represents a rare example of the successful photochemical activation of a metal-ligand multiple bond that is too kinetically inert to exhibit any appreciable reactivity under thermal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Reinholdt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kevin J Gagnon
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
| | - Jesper Bendix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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9
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Alemayehu AB, Vazquez‐Lima H, Teat SJ, Ghosh A. Unexpected Molecular Structure of a Putative Rhenium-Dioxo-Benzocarbaporphyrin Complex. Implications for the Highest Transition Metal Valence in a Porphyrin-Type Ligand Environment. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1298-1302. [PMID: 31649839 PMCID: PMC6804418 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A combination of quantum chemical calculations and synthetic studies was used to address the possibility of very high (>6) valence states of transition metals in porphyrin-type complexes. With corrole as a supporting ligand, DFT calculations ruled out Re(VII) and Ir(VII) dioxo complexes as stable species. Attempted rhenium insertion into benzocarbaporphyrin (BCP) ligands on the other hand led to two products with different stoichiometries - Re[BCP]O and Re[BCP]O2. To our surprise, single-crystal structure determination of one of the complexes of the latter type indicated an ReVO center with a second oxygen bridging the Re-C bond. In other words, although the monooxo complexes Re[BCP]O are oxophilic, the BCP ligand cannot sustain a trans-ReVII(O)2 center. The search for metal valence states >6 in porphyrin-type ligand environments must therefore continue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hugo Vazquez‐Lima
- Centro de Química, Instituto de CienciasUniversidad Autónoma de Puebla Edif. IC9, CU, San Manuel72570Puebla, PueblaMexico
| | - Simon J. Teat
- Advanced Light SourceLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA 94720–8229USA
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of ChemistryUiT – The Arctic University of Norway9037TromsøNorway
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10
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Abstract
Noninnocent ligands do not allow an unambiguous definition of the oxidation state of a coordinated atom. When coordinated, the ligands also cannot be adequately represented by a classic Lewis structure. A noninnocent system thus harbors oxidizing (holes) or reducing equivalents (electrons) that are delocalized over both the ligand and the coordinated atom. To a certain degree, that is true of all complexes, but the phenomenon is arguably most conspicuous in complexes involving ligands with extended π-systems. The electronic structures of such systems have often been mischaracterized, thereby muddying the chemical literature to the detriment of students and newcomers to the field. In recent years, we have investigated the electronic structures of several metallocorrole families, several of which have turned out to be noninnocent. Our goal here, however, is not to present a systematic account of the different classes of metallocorroles, but rather to focus on seven major tools (in a nod to A. G. Cairns-Smith's Seven Clues to the Origin of Life) that led us to recognize noninnocent behavior and subsequently to characterize the phenomenon in depth. (1) The optical probe: For a series of noninnocent meso-triarylcorrole derivatives with different para substituents X, the Soret maxima are typically exquisitely sensitive to the nature of X, red-shifting with increasing electron-donating character of the group. No such substituent sensitivity is observed for the Soret maxima of innocent triarylcorrole derivatives. (2) Quantum chemistry: Spin-unrestricted density functional theory calculations permit a simple and quick visualization of ligand noninnocence in terms of the spin density profile. Even for an S = 0 complex, the broken-symmetry method often affords a spin density profile that, its fictitious character notwithstanding, helps visualize the intramolecular spin couplings. (3) NMR and EPR spectroscopy: In principle, these two techniques afford experimental probes of the electronic spin density. (4) Structure/X-ray crystallography. Ligand noninnocence in metallocorroles is often reflected in small but distinct skeletal bond length alternations in and around the bipyrrole part of the macrocycle. In addition, for Cu and some Ag corroles, ligand noninnocence manifests itself via a strong saddling of the macrocycle. (5) Vibrational spectroscopy. Unsurprisingly, the aforementioned bond length alternations translate to structure-sensitive vibrational marker bands. (6) Electrochemistry. Noninnocent metallocorroles exhibit characteristically high reduction potentials, but caution should be exercised in turning the logic around. A high reduction potential does not necessarily signify a noninnocent metallocorrole; certain high-valent metal centers also undergo metal-centered reduction at quite high potentials. (7) X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). By focusing on a given element, typically the central atom in a coordination complex, X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) can provide uniquely detailed local information on oxidation and spin states, ligand field strength, and degree of centrosymmetry. For metallocorroles, some of the most clear-cut distinctions between innocent and noninnocent systems have come from the K-edge XANES of Mn and Fe corroles. For researchers faced with a new, potentially noninnocent system, the take-home message is to employ a good majority (i.e., at least four) of the above methods to arrive at a reliable conclusion vis-à-vis noninnocence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry and Arctic Center for Sustainable Energy, UiT−The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Arctic Center for Sustainable Energy, UiT−The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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11
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Lim H, Thomas KE, Hedman B, Hodgson KO, Ghosh A, Solomon EI. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy as a Probe of Ligand Noninnocence in Metallocorroles: The Case of Copper Corroles. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:6722-6730. [PMID: 31046257 PMCID: PMC6644708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The question of ligand noninnocence in Cu corroles has long been a topic of discussion. Presented herein is a Cu K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) study, which provides a direct probe of the metal oxidation state, of three Cu corroles, Cu[TPC], Cu[Br8TPC], and Cu[(CF3)8TPC] (TPC = meso-triphenylcorrole), and the analogous Cu(II) porphyrins, Cu[TPP], Cu[Br8TPP], and Cu[(CF3)8TPP] (TPP = meso-tetraphenylporphyrin). The Cu K rising-edges of the Cu corroles were found to be about 0-1 eV upshifted relative to the analogous porphyrins, which is substantially lower than the 1-2 eV shifts typically exhibited by authentic Cu(II)/Cu(III) model complex pairs. In an unusual twist, the Cu K pre-edge regions of both the Cu corroles and the Cu porphyrins exhibit two peaks split by 0.8-1.3 eV. Based on time-dependent density functional theory calculations, the lower- and higher-energy peaks were assigned to a Cu 1s → 3d x2- y2 transition and a Cu 1s → corrole/porphyrin π* transition, respectively. From the Cu(II) porphyrins to the corresponding Cu corroles, the energy of the Cu 1s → 3d x2- y2 transition peak was found to upshift by 0.6-0.8 eV. This shift is approximately half that observed between Cu(II) to Cu(III) states for well-defined complexes. The Cu K-edge XAS spectra thus show that although the metal sites in the Cu corroles are more oxidized relative to those in their Cu(II) porphyrin analogues, they are not oxidized to the Cu(III) level, consistent with the notion of a noninnocent corrole. The relative importance of σ-donation versus corrole π-radical character is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongtaek Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kolle E. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, UiT — The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Britt Hedman
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Keith O. Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT — The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Edward I. Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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12
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Alemayehu AB, McCormick LJ, Vazquez-Lima H, Ghosh A. Relativistic Effects on a Metal-Metal Bond: Osmium Corrole Dimers. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:2798-2806. [PMID: 30730723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of metal-metal bonded osmium corrole dimers, {Os[T pXPC]}2, were synthesized in reasonably good yields (35-46%) via the interaction of the corresponding free-base meso-tris( p-X-phenyl)corroles (H3[T pXPC], X = CF3, H, CH3, and OCH3), Os3(CO)12, and potassium carbonate in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene under an inert atmosphere at 180 °C over several hours. The complexes are only the second class of Os corroles reported to date (the first being OsVIN corroles) and also the second class of metal-metal bonded metallocorrole dimers (the other being Ru corrole dimers). Comparison of the X-ray structures, redox potentials, and optical spectra of analogous Ru and Os corrole dimers, along with scalar-relativistic DFT calculations, has provided an experimentally calibrated account of relativistic effects in these complexes. Three of the Os corrole dimers (X = CF3, H, and OCH3) were analyzed with single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, revealing inversion-related corrole rings with eclipsed Os-N bonds and Os-Os distances of ∼2.24 Å that are ∼0.06 Å longer than the Ru-Ru distances in the analogous Ru corrole dimers. Interestingly, a comparison of scalar-relativistic and nonrelativistic DFT calculations indicates that this difference in metal-metal bond distance does not, in fact, reflect a differential relativistic effect. For a given corrole ligand, the Ru and Os corrole dimers exhibit nearly identical oxidation potentials but dramatically different reduction potentials, with the Os values ∼0.5 V lower relative to Ru, suggesting that whereas oxidation occurs in a ligand-centered manner, reduction is substantially metal-centered, which indeed was confirmed by scalar-relativistic calculations. The calculations further indicate that approximately a third of the ∼0.5 V difference in reduction potentials can be ascribed to relativity. The somewhat muted value of this relativistic effect appears to be related to the finding that reduction of an Os corrole dimer is not exclusively metal-based but that a significant amount of spin density is delocalized over to the corrole ligand; in contrast, reduction of an Ru corrole dimer occurs exclusively on the Ru-Ru linkage. For isoelectronic complexes, the Ru and Os corrole dimers exhibit substantially different UV-vis spectra. A key difference is a strong near-UV feature of the Os series, which in energy terms is blue-shifted by ∼0.55 V relative to the analogous feature of the Ru series. TDDFT calculations suggest that this difference may be related to higher-energy Os(5d)-based LUMOs in the Os case relative to analogous MOs for Ru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry , UiT - The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Laura J McCormick
- Advanced Light Source , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720-8229 , United States
| | - Hugo Vazquez-Lima
- Department of Chemistry , UiT - The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry , UiT - The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø , Norway
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13
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Demissie TB, Conradie J, Vazquez-Lima H, Ruud K, Ghosh A. Rare and Nonexistent Nitrosyls: Periodic Trends and Relativistic Effects in Ruthenium and Osmium Porphyrin-Based {MNO} 7 Complexes. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:10513-10516. [PMID: 31459176 PMCID: PMC6645279 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Relativistic and nonrelativistic density functional theory calculations were used to investigate rare or nonexistent ruthenium and osmium analogues of nitrosylhemes. Strong ligand field effects and, to a lesser degree, relativistic effects were found to destabilize {RuNO}7 porphyrins relative to their {FeNO}7 analogues. Substantially stronger relativistic effects account for the even greater instability and/or nonexistence of {OsNO}7 porphyrin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taye B. Demissie
- Department
of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Materials
Science Program, Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department
of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, 9300 Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa
| | - Hugo Vazquez-Lima
- Department
of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kenneth Ruud
- Department
of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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14
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Alemayehu A, M cCormick LJ, Gagnon KJ, Borisov SM, Ghosh A. Stable Platinum(IV) Corroles: Synthesis, Molecular Structure, and Room-Temperature Near-IR Phosphorescence. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:9360-9368. [PMID: 31459069 PMCID: PMC6645213 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A series of stable Pt(IV) corrole complexes with the general formula PtIV[TpXPC](m/p-C6H4CN)(py), where TpXPC3- is the trianion of a tris(p-X-phenyl)corrole and X = CF3, H, and CH3, has been synthesized, affording key physicochemical data on a rare and elusive class of metallocorroles. Single-crystal X-ray structures of two of the complexes revealed very short equatorial Pt-N distances of 1.94-1.97 Å, an axial Pt-C distance of ∼2.03 Å, and an axial Pt-N distance of ∼2.22 Å. The complexes exhibit Soret maxima at ∼430 nm, which are essentially independent of the meso-aryl para substituents, and strong Q bands with the most intense peak at 595-599 nm. The substituent-independent Soret maxima are consistent with an innocent PtIV-corrole3- description for the complexes. The low reduction potentials (-1.45 ± 0.08 V vs saturated calomel reference electrode) also support a highly stable Pt(IV) ground state as opposed to a noninnocent corrole•2- description. The reductions, however, are irreversible, which suggests that they involve concomitant cleavage of the Pt-aryl bond. Unlike Pt(IV) porphyrins, two of the complexes, PtIV[TpXPC](m-C6H4CN)(py) (X = CF3 and CH3), were found to exhibit room-temperature near-IR phosphorescence with emission maxima at 813 and 826 nm, respectively. The quantum yield of ∼0.3% is comparable to those observed for six-coordinate Ir(III) corroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham
B. Alemayehu
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Laura J. McCormick
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
| | - Kevin J. Gagnon
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT—The Arctic University
of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- E-mail:
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15
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Ueta K, Fukuda M, Kim G, Shimizu S, Tanaka T, Kim D, Osuka A. The First Silicon(IV) Corrole Complexes: Synthesis, Structures, Properties, and Formation of a μ-Oxo Dimer. Chemistry 2018; 24:7637-7646. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kento Ueta
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Masaya Fukuda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Gakhyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic System; Yonsei University; 50, Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Soji Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyushu University; Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic System; Yonsei University; 50, Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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16
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Thomas KE, McCormick LJ, Carrié D, Vazquez-Lima H, Simonneaux G, Ghosh A. Halterman Corroles and Their Use as a Probe of the Conformational Dynamics of the Inherently Chiral Copper Corrole Chromophore. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:4270-4276. [PMID: 29608308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Halterman corroles have been synthesized for the first time from pyrrole and Halterman's aldehyde via Gryko's "water-methanol method". These were derivatized to the corresponding copper complexes and subsequently to the β-octabromo complexes. Electronic circular dichroism spectra were recorded for the enantiopure copper complexes, affording the first such measurements for the inherently chiral Cu corrole chromophore. Interestingly, for a given configuration of the Halterman substituents, X-ray crystallographic studies revealed both P and M conformations of the Cu-corrole core, proving that the substituents, even in conjunction with β-octabromination, are unable to lock the Cu-corrole core into a given chirality. The overall body of evidence strongly indicates a dynamic equilibrium between the P and M conformations. Such an interconversion, which presumably proceeds via saddling inversion, provides a rationale for our failure so far to resolve sterically hindered Cu corroles into their constituent enantiomers by means of chiral HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolle E Thomas
- Department of Chemistry , UiT - The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Laura J McCormick
- Advanced Light Source , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720-8229 , United States
| | - Daniel Carrié
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 , Université de Rennes 1 , Campus de Beaulieu , 35042 Rennes , France
| | - Hugo Vazquez-Lima
- Department of Chemistry , UiT - The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Gérard Simonneaux
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 , Université de Rennes 1 , Campus de Beaulieu , 35042 Rennes , France
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry , UiT - The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø , Norway
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17
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Alemayehu AB, Vazquez-Lima H, McCormick LJ, Ghosh A. Relativistic effects in metallocorroles: comparison of molybdenum and tungsten biscorroles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:5830-5833. [PMID: 28497147 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01549f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The homoleptic sandwich compounds - Mo and W biscorroles - have afforded a novel platform for experimental studies of relativistic effects. A 200 mV difference in reduction potential and a remarkable 130 nm shift of a near-IR spectral feature have been identified as manifestations of relativistic effects on the properties of these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Alemayehu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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18
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Schies C, Alemayehu AB, Vazquez-Lima H, Thomas KE, Bruhn T, Bringmann G, Ghosh A. Metallocorroles as inherently chiral chromophores: resolution and electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy of a tungsten biscorrole. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:6121-6124. [PMID: 28530281 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02027a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An inherently chiral metallocorrole has been resolved for the first time by means of HPLC on a chiral stationary phase. For the compound in question, a homoleptic tungsten biscorrole, the absolute configurations of the enantiomers were assigned using online HPLC-ECD measurements in conjunction with time-dependent CAM-B3LYP calculations, which provided accurate simulations of the ECD spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Schies
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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19
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Schweyen P, Brandhorst K, Hoffmann M, Wolfram B, Zaretzke MK, Bröring M. Viking Helmet Corroles: Activating Inert Oxidometal Corroles. Chemistry 2017; 23:13897-13900. [PMID: 28833727 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chemically inert oxidometal(V) corrols of molybdenum and rhenium undergo clean ligand-exchange reactions upon the action of SiCl4 . The resulting dichlorido complexes show trigonal prismatic coordination of the metal ion with the chlorine atoms residing in a cis configuration, and were studied by optical and resonance spectroscopy as well as DFT calculations. In situ reactivity studies with carbon nucleophiles indicate high reactivity for chlorine replacement. Treatment with sodium cyclopentadienide paves the way to robust molybdenum corrolocene half-sandwich complexes. These organometallic compounds are the first corrole species that stabilize an air-stable and diamagnetic low spin d2 -MoIV center. Structural, spectroelectrochemical, and chemical investigations prove a reversible MoIV /MoV redox couple close to the Fc/Fc+ potential for these systems. The high stability of the compounds in both redox states calls for future applications in catalysis and as redox switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schweyen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kai Brandhorst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Benedikt Wolfram
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marc-Kevin Zaretzke
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Bröring
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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20
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Ghosh A. Electronic Structure of Corrole Derivatives: Insights from Molecular Structures, Spectroscopy, Electrochemistry, and Quantum Chemical Calculations. Chem Rev 2017; 117:3798-3881. [PMID: 28191934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Presented herein is a comprehensive account of the electronic structure of corrole derivatives. Our knowledge in this area derives from a broad range of methods, including UV-vis-NIR absorption and MCD spectroscopies, single-crystal X-ray structure determination, vibrational spectroscopy, NMR and EPR spectroscopies, electrochemistry, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and quantum chemical calculations, the latter including both density functional theory and ab initio multiconfigurational methods. The review is organized according to the Periodic Table, describing free-base and main-group element corrole derivatives, then transition-metal corroles, and finally f-block element corroles. Like porphyrins, corrole derivatives with a redox-inactive coordinated atom follow the Gouterman four-orbital model. A key difference from porphyrins is the much wider prevalence of noninnocent electronic structures as well as full-fledged corrole•2- radicals among corrole derivatives. The most common orbital pathways mediating ligand noninnocence in transition-metal corroles are the metal(dz2)-corrole("a2u") interaction (most commonly observed in Mn and Fe corroles) and the metal(dx2-y2)-corrole(a2u) interaction in coinage metal corroles. Less commonly encountered is the metal(dπ)-corrole("a1u") interaction, a unique feature of formal d5 metallocorroles. Corrole derivatives exhibit a rich array of optical properties, including substituent-sensitive Soret maxima indicative of ligand noninnocence, strong fluorescence in the case of lighter main-group element complexes, and room-temperature near-IR phosphorescence in the case of several 5d metal complexes. The review concludes with an attempt at identifying gaps in our current knowledge and potential future directions of electronic-structural research on corrole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway , 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Fang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhongping Ou
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Karl M. Kadish
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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22
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Barata JFB, Neves MGPMS, Faustino MAF, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JAS. Strategies for Corrole Functionalization. Chem Rev 2016; 117:3192-3253. [PMID: 28222602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the functionalization reactions of meso-arylcorroles, both at the inner core, as well as the peripheral positions of the macrocycle. Experimental details for the synthesis of all known metallocorrole types and for the N-alkylation reactions are presented. Key peripheral functionalization reactions such as halogenation, formylation, carboxylation, nitration, sulfonation, and others are discussed in detail, particularly the nucleophilic aromatic substitution and the participation of corroles in cycloaddition reactions as 2π or 4π components (covering Diels-Alder and 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions). Other functionalizations of corroles include a large diversity of reactions, namely Wittig reactions, reactions with methylene active compounds, formation of amines, amides, and imines, and metal catalyzed reactions. At the final section, the reactions involving oxidation and ring expansion of the corrole macrocycle are described comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana F B Barata
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Graça P M S Neves
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Amparo F Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Augusto C Tomé
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José A S Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, and ‡Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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23
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Einrem RF, Braband H, Fox T, Vazquez-Lima H, Alberto R, Ghosh A. Synthesis and Molecular Structure of 99 Tc Corroles. Chemistry 2016; 22:18747-18751. [PMID: 27802367 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The first 99 Tc corroles have been synthesized and fully characterized. A single-crystal X-ray structure of a 99 TcO triarylcorrole revealed nearly identical geometry parameters as the corresponding ReO structure. A significant spectral shift between the Soret maxima of TcO (410-413 nm) and ReO (438-441 nm) corroles was observed and, based on two-component spin-orbit ZORA TDDFT calculations, ascribed to relativistic effects in the Re case. The syntheses reported herein potentially pave the way toward 99m Tc-porphyrinoid-based radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune F Einrem
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Henrik Braband
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Fox
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Vazquez-Lima
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Roger Alberto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
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