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Computational Exploration of Dirhodium Complex-Catalyzed Selective Intermolecular Amination of Tertiary vs. Benzylic C-H Bonds. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041928. [PMID: 36838915 PMCID: PMC9959850 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism and origins of site-selectivity of Rh2(S-tfpttl)4-catalyzed C(sp3)-H bond aminations were studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The synergistic combination of the dirhodium complex Rh2(S-tfpttl)4 with tert-butylphenol sulfamate TBPhsNH2 composes a pocket that can access both tertiary and benzylic C-H bonds. The nonactivated tertiary C-H bond was selectively aminated in the presence of an electronically activated benzylic C-H bond. Both singlet and triplet energy surfaces were investigated in this study. The computational results suggest that the triplet stepwise pathway is more favorable than the singlet concerted pathway. In the hydrogen atom abstraction by Rh-nitrene species, which is the rate- and site-selectivity-determining step, there is an attractive π-π stacking interaction between the phenyl group of the substrate and the phthalimido group of the ligand in the tertiary C-H activation transition structure. By contrast, such attractive interaction is absent in the benzylic C-H amination transition structure. Therefore, the DFT computational results clearly demonstrate how the synergistic combination of the dirhodium complex with sulfamate overrides the intrinsic preference for benzylic C-H amination to achieve the amination of the nonactivated tertiary C-H bond.
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Miyazawa T, Suzuki T, Kumagai Y, Takizawa K, Kikuchi T, Kato S, Onoda A, Hayashi T, Kamei Y, Kamiyama F, Anada M, Kojima M, Yoshino T, Matsunaga S. Chiral paddle-wheel diruthenium complexes for asymmetric catalysis. Nat Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-020-00513-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Elliott Q, Dos Passos Gomes G, Evoniuk CJ, Alabugin IV. Testing the limits of radical-anionic CH-amination: a 10-million-fold decrease in basicity opens a new path to hydroxyisoindolines via a mixed C-N/C-O-forming cascade. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6539-6555. [PMID: 34094120 PMCID: PMC8159354 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06511c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An intramolecular C(sp3)-H amidation proceeds in the presence of t-BuOK, molecular oxygen, and DMF. This transformation is initiated by the deprotonation of an acidic N-H bond and selective radical activation of a benzylic C-H bond towards hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). Cyclization of this radical-anion intermediate en route to a two-centered/three-electron (2c,3e) C-N bond removes electron density from nitrogen. As this electronegative element resists such an "oxidation", making nitrogen more electron rich is key to overcoming this problem. This work dramatically expands the range of N-anions that can participate in this process by using amides instead of anilines. The resulting 107-fold decrease in the N-component basicity (and nucleophilicity) doubles the activation barrier for C-N bond formation and makes this process nearly thermoneutral. Remarkably, this reaction also converts a weak reductant into a much stronger reductant. Such "reductant upconversion" allows mild oxidants like molecular oxygen to complete the first part of the cascade. In contrast, the second stage of NH/CH activation forms a highly stabilized radical-anion intermediate incapable of undergoing electron transfer to oxygen. Because the oxidation is unfavored, an alternative reaction path opens via coupling between the radical anion intermediate and either superoxide or hydroperoxide radical. The hydroperoxide intermediate transforms into the final hydroxyisoindoline products under basic conditions. The use of TEMPO as an additive was found to activate less reactive amides. The combination of experimental and computational data outlines a conceptually new mechanism for conversion of unprotected amides into hydroxyisoindolines proceeding as a sequence of C-H amidation and C-H oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quintin Elliott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306 USA
| | - Gabriel Dos Passos Gomes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306 USA
| | - Christopher J Evoniuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306 USA
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306 USA
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Azek E, Khalifa M, Bartholoméüs J, Ernzerhof M, Lebel H. Rhodium(ii)-catalyzed C-H aminations using N-mesyloxycarbamates: reaction pathway and by-product formation. Chem Sci 2019; 10:718-729. [PMID: 30746107 PMCID: PMC6340404 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03153c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Mesyloxycarbamates are practical nitrene precursors that undergo C-H amination reactions in the presence of rhodium dimer catalysts. Under these conditions, both oxazolidinones and chiral amines have been prepared in a highly efficient manner. Given the elevated reactivity of the intermediates involved in the catalytic cycle, mechanistic details have remained hypothetical, relying on indirect experiments. Herein a density functional theory (DFT) study is presented to validate the catalytic cycle of the rhodium-catalyzed C-H amination with N-mesyloxycarbamates. A concerted pathway involving Rh-nitrene species that undergoes C-H insertion is found to be favored over a stepwise C-N bond formation manifold. Density functional calculations and kinetic studies suggest that the rate-limiting step is the C-H insertion process rather than the formation of Rh-nitrene species. In addition, these studies provide mechanistic details about competitive by-product formation, resulting from an intermolecular reaction between the Rh-nitrene species and the N-mesyloxycarbamate anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emna Azek
- Département de Chimie , Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal , Québec , Canada H3C3J7 .
| | - Maroua Khalifa
- Département de Chimie , Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal , Québec , Canada H3C3J7 .
| | - Johan Bartholoméüs
- Département de Chimie , Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal , Québec , Canada H3C3J7 .
| | - Matthias Ernzerhof
- Département de Chimie , Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal , Québec , Canada H3C3J7 .
| | - Hélène Lebel
- Département de Chimie , Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal , Québec , Canada H3C3J7 .
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Yu Y, Luo G, Yang J, Luo Y. Cobalt-catalysed unactivated C(sp 3)–H amination: two-state reactivity and multi-reference electronic character. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00239a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A remarkable two-state reactivity scenario and an unusual multi-reference character have been computationally found in Co-catalysed C(sp3)–H amination. In addition, the investigation on the additive, aminating reagent, metal center, and auxiliary ligand provides implications for development of new catalytic C–H functionalization systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Gen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Jimin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- China
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Ren Z, Sunderland TL, Tortoreto C, Yang T, Berry JF, Musaev DG, Davies HML. Comparison of Reactivity and Enantioselectivity between Chiral Bimetallic Catalysts: Bismuth–Rhodium- and Dirhodium-Catalyzed Carbene Chemistry. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Travis L. Sunderland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Cecilia Tortoreto
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tzuhsiung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - John F. Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G. Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Zhang LL, Wang XY, Jiang KY, Zhao BY, Yan HM, Zhang XY, Zhang ZX, Guo Z, Che CM. A theoretical study on the oxidation of alkenes to aldehydes catalyzed by ruthenium porphyrins using O 2 as the sole oxidant. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:5286-5297. [PMID: 29569676 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00614h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to study the ruthenium porphyrin-catalyzed oxidation of styrene to generate an aldehyde. The results indicate that two reactive oxidants, dioxoruthenium and monooxoruthenium-superoxo porphyrins, participate in the catalytic oxidation. In the mechanism, the resultant monooxoruthenium porphyrin acts in the tandem epoxide isomerization (E-I) to selectively yield an aldehyde and generate a dioxoruthenium porphyrin, thereby triggering new oxidation reaction cycles. In this calculation, several key elements responsible for the observed oxidative ability have been established by using Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) theory, natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, etc., which include the reaction energy, the spin exchange effect, the spin-state conversion process, and the energy level of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) of the reactive oxidants. The comparative oxidative abilities of the ruthenium-oxo/superoxo compounds with different axial ligands are also investigated. The results suggest that the ruthenium-oxo/superoxo species featuring a chlorine axial ligand is more reactive than that substituted with oxygen. This tuneable reactivity can be understood when considering the different electronic characters of the two ligands and the effective atomic number rule (EAN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Zhang
- College of Material Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi, 030024, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang-Yun Wang
- College of Material Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi, 030024, P. R. China.
| | - Kun-Yao Jiang
- College of Material Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi, 030024, P. R. China.
| | - Bing-Yuan Zhao
- College of Material Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi, 030024, P. R. China.
| | - Hui-Min Yan
- College of Material Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi, 030024, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Yun Zhang
- College of Material Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi, 030024, P. R. China.
| | - Zhu-Xia Zhang
- College of Material Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi, 030024, P. R. China.
| | - Zhen Guo
- College of Material Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Shanxi, 030024, P. R. China.
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
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Gao D, Bao X. Mechanistic insights into the different chemoselectivities of Rh2(ii)-catalyzed ring expansion of cyclobutanol-substituted aryl azides and C–H bond amination of cyclopentanol-substituted aryl azides: a DFT study. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00113h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of Rh2(ii)-catalyzed ring expansion of ortho-cyclobutanol-substituted aryl azides to access N-heterocycles was investigated by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafang Gao
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Xiaoguang Bao
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
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Ivanova B, Spiteller M. On the nature of the coordination bonding of metal–organics for ions with the d 10 electronic configuration – Experimental and theoretical analyses. Polyhedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Zhang W, Chen Z, Al-Naji M, Guo P, Cwik S, Halbherr O, Wang Y, Muhler M, Wilde N, Gläser R, Fischer RA. Simultaneous introduction of various palladium active sites into MOF via one-pot synthesis: Pd@[Cu3−xPdx(BTC)2]n. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:14883-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02893d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous introduction of various palladium active sites into MOF to form Pd@[Cu3−xPdx(BTC)2]n has been achieved and show good catalytic activity.
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