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Min L, Han JC, Zhang W, Gu CC, Zou YP, Li CC. Strategies and Lessons Learned from Total Synthesis of Taxol. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4934-4971. [PMID: 36917457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Taxol (paclitaxel), the most well-known taxane diterpenoid, is the best-selling natural-source anticancer drug ever produced and one of the most common prescriptions in the treatment of breast, lung, and ovarian cancers, saving countless lives around the world. Structurally, Taxol possesses a highly oxygenated [6-8-6-4] core bearing 11 stereocenters, seven of which are contiguous chiral centers. Moreover, the extremely strained bicyclo[5.3.1] undecane ring system with a bridgehead double bond is a unique structural feature. All these features make Taxol a highly challenging synthetic target. Tremendous synthetic efforts from more than 60 research groups around the world have already culminated in ten total syntheses and three formal syntheses, as well as more than 60 synthetic model studies of Taxol. This review is intended to provide a long-overdue appraisal of the great achievements in the total syntheses of Taxol reported in the last few decades. In doing so, we summarize the development of synthesis toward Taxol from 1994 to 2022, including the evolution of synthetic strategy for accessing this complex molecular scaffold and key lessons learned from such endeavors. Finally, we briefly discuss the future of the research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Min
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jing-Chun Han
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chen-Chen Gu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yun-Peng Zou
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chuang-Chuang Li
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, China.,Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
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2
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Kurose T, Itoga M, Nanjo T, Takemoto Y, Tsukano C. Total Synthesis of Lyconesidine B: Approach to a Three-Dimensional Tetracyclic Skeleton of Amine-Type Fawcettimine Core and Studies of Asymmetric Synthesis. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kurose
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501
| | - Moeko Itoga
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501
| | - Takeshi Nanjo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501
| | - Yoshiji Takemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501
| | - Chihiro Tsukano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502
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3
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Li Z, Zheng J, Li WDZ. Diverse strategic approaches en route to Taxol total synthesis. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Relay ring-closing metathesis strategies towards the synthesis of the ABC tricycle of Taxol. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Brooks S, Charlton G, Letort A, Prunet J, Bucher G. Calculations on the Ruthenium-Catalyzed Diene and Dienyne Ring-Closing Metathesis Reactions in the Synthesis of Taxol Derivatives. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13056-13070. [PMID: 34449228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Density-functional and semiempirical calculations (M06, M06L, and PM6) on intermediates in the ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reactions in the synthesis of Taxol derivatives give results in excellent agreement with the results of previous experimental work. The results suggest that the degree of steric overloading plays a decisive role in determining the outcome (ene-ene or ene-yne-ene metathesis). Due to the rigidity of the Taxol skeleton being formed in the ene-yne-ene cascade reaction, the transition states in its final ene-ene metathesis reaction stage are particularly sensitive to steric effects. Thus, the reaction is predicted to be preferred for one diastereomer of the precursor in which the diol functionality is protected with a compact cyclic carbonate moiety, whereas the use of a bulkier benzoate-protecting group results in activation barriers for Taxol formation that are prohibitive. The reason why one diastereomer of the carbonate-protected precursor undergoes formation of a tricycle via an ene-yne-ene RCM cascade, whereas the other diastereomer undergoes cyclooctene formation via an ene-ene RCM, likely lies in the orientation of the pseudoaxial methyl group on the cyclohexene ring, which in the latter case would unfavorably point toward the reactive center of the Ru-complex, leading to Taxol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Brooks
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph-Black-Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Charlton
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph-Black-Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Aurélien Letort
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph-Black-Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joëlle Prunet
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph-Black-Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Götz Bucher
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph-Black-Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Serra M, Bernardi E, Colombo L. Recent Advances in One-Pot Enyne Metathesis Processes for the Preparation of Biologically and Medicinally Relevant Compounds. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1705965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractEnyne metathesis reactions are powerful tools for the preparation of a wide range of synthetic and natural chemical substances with increasing efficiency and environmental sustainability. The driving force of the reaction is the formation of a stable conjugated system, i.e., a diene, which through further functionalization steps can be used for the construction of skeletally complex molecular architectures. These concepts are exploited to design cascade reaction sequences, where multiple rings can be formed in a one-pot fashion by combining metathetic protocols with various chemical transformations. The strong correlation between synthetic organic chemistry and medicinal chemistry prompted us to review the most notable approaches for the synthesis of biologically relevant compounds via enyne metathesis-based one-pot processes. With the aim to provide a modern and practical overview, by taking into consideration the scientific literature on this topic, we have focused the majority of our attention on the research performed in the last decade. This review covers the literature from 2003 to 2020.1 Introduction2 Ethylene-Mediated Processes3 RCEYM/CM and CEYM/RCM Processes4 Enyne Metathesis/Diels–Alder-Based Processes5 RCM of Dienynes6 RCM of Tethered Dienynes7 Relay Metathesis8 Ring-Rearrangement Metathesis9 RCEYM/Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C–C Bond-Forming Processes10 Conclusions11 List of Acronyms
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Zheng L, Hua R. Recent Advances in Construction of Polycyclic Natural Product Scaffolds via One-Pot Reactions Involving Alkyne Annulation. Front Chem 2020; 8:580355. [PMID: 33195069 PMCID: PMC7596902 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.580355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic scaffolds are omnipresent in natural products and drugs, and the synthetic strategies and methods toward construction of these scaffolds are of particular importance. Compared to simple cyclic ring systems, polycyclic scaffolds have higher structure complexity and diversity, making them suitable for charting broader chemical space, yet bringing challenges for the syntheses. In this review, we surveyed progress in the past decade on synthetic methods for polycyclic natural product scaffolds, in which the key steps are one-pot reactions involving intermolecular or intramolecular alkyne annulation. Synthetic strategies of selected polycyclic carbocycles and heterocycles with at least three fused, bridged, or spiro rings are discussed with emphasis on the synthetic efficiency and product diversity. Recent examples containing newly developed synthetic concepts or toolkits such as collective and divergent total synthesis, gold catalysis, C–H functionalization, and dearomative cyclization are highlighted. Finally, several “privileged synthetic strategies” for “privileged polycyclic scaffolds” are summarized, with discussion of remained challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyao Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruimao Hua
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Llobat A, Escorihuela J, Sedgwick DM, Rodenes M, Román R, Soloshonok VA, Han J, Medio‐Simón M, Fustero S. The Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Domino Cross Enyne Metathesis/Ring‐Closing Metathesis in the Synthesis of Enantioenriched Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Llobat
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Universitat de València Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Universitat de València Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Daniel M. Sedgwick
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Universitat de València Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Miriam Rodenes
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Universitat de València Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Raquel Román
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Universitat de València Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Vadim A. Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I Faculty of Chemistry University of the Basque Country 20018 San Sebastian Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science IKERBASQUE 48011 Bilbao Spain
| | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University 210037 Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Mercedes Medio‐Simón
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Universitat de València Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Santos Fustero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Universitat de València Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
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Hagiwara H. Aspects in the Total Syntheses of Higher Terpenoids Starting From Wieland–Miescher Ketone and Its Derivative: A Review. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20925340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic studies of higher terpenoids starting from Wieland–Miescher ketone since 2012 have been compiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisahiro Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-Ku, Niigata, Japan
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Danilkina NA, Vasileva AA, Balova IA. A.E.Favorskii’s scientific legacy in modern organic chemistry: prototropic acetylene – allene isomerization and the acetylene zipper reaction. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alexei Evgrafovich Favorskii was an outstanding organic chemist who left a great scientific legacy as a result of long time and fruitful work. Most of the theoretically and practically important discoveries of A.E.Favorskii were made in the chemistry of acetylene and its derivatives. Nowadays, the reactions discovered by him, which include acetylene – allene isomerization, the Favorskii and retro-Favorskii reactions, the Favorskii rearrangement and the vinylation reaction, are widely used in industry and in laboratory synthesis. This review summarizes the main scientific achievements of A.E.Favorskii, as well as their development in modern organic chemistry. Much consideration is given to acetylene – allene isomerization as a convenient method for the synthesis of methyl-substituted acetylenes and to the acetylene zipper reaction as a synthetic tool for obtaining terminal acetylenes. The review presents examples of the application of these reactions in modern organic synthesis of complex molecules, including natural compounds and their analogues.
The bibliography includes 266 references.
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11
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2016. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Bahou KA, Braddock DC, Meyer AG, Savage GP. Kinetic Benchmarking Reveals the Competence of Prenyl Groups in Ring-Closing Metathesis. Org Lett 2017; 19:5332-5335. [PMID: 28933551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of prenyl-containing malonates are kinetically benchmarked against the standard allyl-containing congeners using a ruthenium benzylidene precatalyst for ring-closing metatheses. The prenyl grouping is found to be a superior acceptor olefin compared to an allyl group in RCM processes with ruthenium alkylidenes derived from terminal alkenes. The prenyl group is also found to be a highly competent acceptor for a ruthenium alkylidene derived from a 1,1-disubstituted olefin in a RCM process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim A Bahou
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London , South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - D Christopher Braddock
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London , South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Adam G Meyer
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Private Bag 10, Clayton South VIC 3169, Australia
| | - G Paul Savage
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Private Bag 10, Clayton South VIC 3169, Australia
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Otero-Fraga J, Granja JR. One step construction of a taxane-like skeleton by a diendiyne metathesis cyclization reaction. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00741d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
One-step cyclization for the formation of the characteristic tricyclic system of taxanes is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Otero-Fraga
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), and Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - J. R. Granja
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), and Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
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Abstract
This review covers the isolation and chemistry of diterpenoids from terrestrial as opposed to marine sources and includes labdanes, clerodanes, abietanes, pimaranes, kauranes, cembranes and their cyclization products. The literature from January to December, 2016 is reviewed.
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Letort A, Long DL, Prunet J. Study of Cascade Ring-Closing Metathesis Reactions en Route to an Advanced Intermediate of Taxol. J Org Chem 2016; 81:12318-12331. [PMID: 27978745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A highly functionalized intermediate in the synthesis of Taxol has been synthesized, which features the tricyclic core and the required oxygen substituents at C1, C2, C7, C10, and C13. The key step, a ring-closing dienyne metathesis (RCDEYM) reaction, has been thoroughly optimized to favor the tricyclic product over the undesired bicyclic product resulting from diene metathesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Letort
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building , University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - De-Liang Long
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building , University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Joëlle Prunet
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building , University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
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Han JC, Li CC. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Metathesis Cascade Reactions in Natural Products Synthesis. CHEM REC 2016; 17:499-517. [PMID: 27775863 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this account, we provide a brief summary of recent developments in ruthenium-catalyzed metathesis cascade reactions towards the total synthesis of natural products. We also highlight recent progress from our own laboratory regarding the synthesis of securinega alkaloids and humulanolides, which has resulted in the development of novel ruthenium-catalyzed metathesis cascade reactions. Inspired and guided by the pioneering and elegant research conducted in this area, we developed a regio-controlled relay dienyne metathesis cascade reaction and a cyclobutene-promoted RCM/ROM/RCM cascade reaction for the synthesis of securinega alkaloids and humulanolides, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Chun Han
- Department of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chuang-Chuang Li
- Department of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Ma C, Letort A, Aouzal R, Wilkes A, Maiti G, Farrugia LJ, Ricard L, Prunet J. Cascade Metathesis Reactions for the Synthesis of Taxane and Isotaxane Derivatives. Chemistry 2016; 22:6891-8. [PMID: 27062670 PMCID: PMC4982030 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tricyclic isotaxane and taxane derivatives have been synthesized by a very efficient cascade ring‐closing dienyne metathesis (RCDEYM) reaction, which formed the A and B rings in one operation. When the alkyne is present at C13 (with no neighboring gem‐dimethyl group), the RCEDYM reaction leads to 14,15‐isotaxanes 16 a,b and 18 b with the gem‐dimethyl group on the A ring. If the alkyne is at the C11 position (and thus flanked by a gem‐dimethyl group), RCEDYM reaction only proceeds in the presence of a trisubstituted olefin at C13, which disfavors the competing diene ring‐closing metathesis reaction, to give the tricyclic core of Taxol 44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ma
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652, Ecole Polytechnique, DCSO, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Aurélien Letort
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Rémi Aouzal
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652, Ecole Polytechnique, DCSO, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Antonia Wilkes
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Gourhari Maiti
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, CNRS UMR 7652, Ecole Polytechnique, DCSO, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Louis J Farrugia
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Louis Ricard
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 9168, Ecole Polytechnique, LCM, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Joëlle Prunet
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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Pérez-Estrada S, Sayar N, Granja JR. Towards taxane analogues synthesis by dienyne ring closing metathesis. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00321d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of highly functionalized 16,17,18-trinortaxane analogues based on a dienyne cyclization is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Pérez-Estrada
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - N. Sayar
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - J. R. Granja
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
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