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Guo D, Hong D, Huang Z, Zhou S, Zhu X, Wang S. Reactivity of Rare Earth Metal Alkyl Complexes with Nitriles or Isonitrile: Versatile Ways toward Multiply Functionalized β-Diketiminato, (Iso)indolyl, and Imidazolyl Chelating Rare Earth Metal Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9539-9551. [PMID: 38380592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The reactivity of the rare earth metal alkyl complexes LRE(CH2SiMe3)(THF)2 (1RE) [RE = Y (1Y), Yb (1Yb), Lu (1Lu); L = 2,5-[(2-pyrrolyl)CPh2]2(N-methylpyrrole)] with various nitriles and isonitriles has been fully developed. Treatment of the yttrium monoalkyl complex (1Y) with 2 equiv of aromatic nitriles afforded the symmetric trisubstituted β-diketiminato yttrium complexes (2Y(H), 2Y(Me), and 2Y(F)) through successive cyano group insertion into the RE-C bond and 1,3-H shift or the unsymmetric trisubstituted β-diketiminato yttrium complex (3Y) unexpectedly via a 1,3-SiMe3 shift when 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile was used in this reaction under the same conditions. By treating 1Y with 2 equiv of tolyl acetonitrile, an activation of the sp3 C-H bond occurred to form the corresponding β-aryl keteniminato complexes 4Y(p-tol) and 4Y(m-tol). Remarkably, a heteroleptic cleavage of the CO-CN bond took place in the reaction of 1Y with benzoyl nitrile, affording the unsymmetric trinuclear yttrium complex 5Y bridged by three cyanide groups. Dinuclear ytterbium and lutetium complexes 6Yb and 6Lu containing a functionalized isoindole fragment were synthesized from the reactions of 1 with phthalonitrile by tandem insertion and cyclization. Further studies indicated that the temperature and stoichiometric ratio have a great influence on the reactivity patterns between the reactions of 1RE with benzylisonitrile: two tetrasubstituted β-diketiminato complexes 8 and 9 were obtained at -30 °C, and tetrasubstituted imidazolyl yttrium and lutetium complexes 7 were isolated at elevated temperature, respectively. In addition, the tetrasubstituted β-diketiminato complexes 8 and 9 could be irreversibly converted to the cyclization products 7 by elevating the reaction temperature not only on the NMR scale but also on the preparative scale. Notably, when the phenyl isonitrile instead of benzyl isonitrile was reacted with 1Yb, a 2,3-functionalized indolyl ytterbium complex 10Yb was isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianjun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Dongjing Hong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Zeming Huang
- Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Functional Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Shuangliu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Xiancui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Shaowu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
- Anhui Laboratory of Clean Catalytic Engineering, Anhui Laboratory of Functional Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Shere H, Hill MS, Pécharman AF, Mahon MF. Reactivity of a magnesium diboranate with organic nitriles. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:1283-1292. [PMID: 33393542 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of complexes generated through reactions of the β-diketiminato magnesium diboranate species, [(BDI)Mg{(n-Bu)pinB-Bpin}] (BDI = HC{(Me)CNDipp}2; Dipp = 2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl), and a variety of organic nitriles are reported. Although, in every case, the diboranate anion acts as a surrogate source of the {Bpin} nucleophile, resulting in B-C bond formation at the electrophilic sp-hydridised nitrile carbon, the resultant compounds display a variable propensity to undergo subsequent reaction with additional nitrile equivalents. This behaviour is rationalised to be a consequence of substituent-dependent modulation in the basicity and resultant electrophilicity of magnesium-coordinated nitrile intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Shere
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | | | - Mary F Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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3
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Rosenthal U. Advantages of Group 4 Metallocene Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene Complexes as Metallocene Sources Towards Other Synthetically used Systems. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1036-1047. [PMID: 31406652 PMCID: PMC6682945 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Active species for synthetic and catalytic applications are formed from well defined complexes or mixtures of compounds. For group 4 metallocenes, three pathways for the formation of the reactive complex fragment [Cp'2M] are known: (i) reductive mixtures and well defined complexes which are able to form the metallocene fragments either by (ii) addition or (iii) substitution reactions. In this account for each of theses systems (i)-(iii) a prominent example will be discussed in detail, (i) the Negishi reagent Cp2ZrCl2/n-BuLi, (ii) bis(η5 : η1-pentafulvene) complexes and (iii) metallocene bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene complexes, to show the advantages and the disadvantages for each of these methods for synthetic applications. This account summarizes some main advantages of group 4 metallocene bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene complexes as metallocene generating agents over other synthetically used systems. For each of the special purposes, all described systems have advantages as well as disadvantages. The aim of this overview is to help synthetic chemists in selecting the most effective system on the basis of [Cp'2M] (M=Ti, Zr) for synthetic or catalytic puposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Rosenthal
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis at theUniversity of RostockAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 29 A19059RostockGermany
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4
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Wang J, Wang J, Shen L, Zhao Y, Wu B, Yang XJ. Reactions of Dianionic α-Diimine-Supported Dimagnesium(I) Compound [K(THF)3]2[LMg–MgL] with Nitriles. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jijiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Juju Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Lingyi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Yanxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Biao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
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Beweries T, Reiß F, Rothe J, Schulz A, Villinger A. Triazenido Complexes of Titanocene(III). Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Beweries
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Fabian Reiß
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Julia Rothe
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Abteilung für Anorganische Chemie; Institut für Chemie; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Abteilung für Anorganische Chemie; Institut für Chemie; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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Rosenthal U. Recent Synthetic and Catalytic Applications of Group 4 Metallocene Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Rosenthal
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock Albert‐Einstein‐Str. 29A 18059 Rostock Germany
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7
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Reiß M, Reiß F, Spannenberg A, Arndt P, Beweries T. Group 4 Metallocene Mediated Homo- and Heterocoupling of Heteroaromatic Nitriles. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Reiß
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Fabian Reiß
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Perdita Arndt
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Torsten Beweries
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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8
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Rosenthal U. Reactions of Group 4 Metallocene Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene Complexes with Nitriles and Isonitriles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14718-14735. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Rosenthal
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the; University of Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29A 18059 Rostock Germany
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Rosenthal U. Reaktionen von Gruppe-4-Metallocen-Komplexen des Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylens mit Nitrilen und Isonitrilen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U. Rosenthal
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Straße 29A 18059 Rostock Deutschland
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10
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Kiel GR, Samkian AE, Nicolay A, Witzke RJ, Tilley TD. Titanocene-Mediated Dinitrile Coupling: A Divergent Route to Nitrogen-Containing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2450-2454. [PMID: 29383934 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A general synthetic strategy for the construction of large, nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is reported. The strategy involves two key steps: (1) a titanocene-mediated reductive cyclization of an oligo(dinitrile) precursor to form a PAH appended with di(aza)titanacyclopentadiene functionality; (2) a divergent titanocene transfer reaction, which allows final-step installation of one or more o-quinone, diazole, or pyrazine units into the PAH framework. The new methodology enables rational, late-stage control of HOMO and LUMO energy levels and thus photophysical and electrochemical properties, as revealed by UV/vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and DFT calculations. More generally, this contribution presents the first productive use of di(aza)metallacyclopentadiene intermediates in organic synthesis, including the first formal [2 + 2 + 2] reaction to form a pyrazine ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R Kiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adrian E Samkian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Amélie Nicolay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ryan J Witzke
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - T Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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11
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Adler C, Diekmann M, Schmidtmann M, Beckhaus R. Activation of Molecular Hydrogen by Bis(η5
,η1
-pentafulvene)-titanium Complexes - Efficient Formation of Titanium(III)hydrides. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201700095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Adler
- Institut für Chemie; Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Mira Diekmann
- Institut für Chemie; Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie; Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Rüdiger Beckhaus
- Institut für Chemie; Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; Postfach 2503 26111 Oldenburg Germany
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12
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Becker L, Altenburger K, Spannenberg A, Arndt P, Rosenthal U. A second polymorph of 3,4-bis(6-bromopyridin-3-yl)-1,2,5-thiadiazole. IUCRDATA 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s2414314616009603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The title compound, C12H6Br2N4S, a second polymorph in the triclinic space groupP-1, is presented. As in the earlier reported monoclinic polymorph in the space groupC2/c[Beckeret al.(2016).Chem. Eur. J.In the press], the thiadiazole ring is planar with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.004 Å. The five-membered ring is tilted with respect to the two pyridyl substituents by 23.16 (7) and 49.47 (9)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by a weak non-bonding Br...N interaction [3.056 (3) Å]. Furthermore, a column of molecules is established along thebaxis by π–π stacking interactions between the pyridine rings [centroid–centroid distances = 3.7014 (16) and 3.5934 (15) Å]. Additionally, a short intermolecular Br...Br contact [3.3791 (6) Å] and Br...π-aryl contacts [3.6815 (11)–3.7659 (12) Å] towards the thiadiazole and pyridine rings are found.
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