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Liu YS, Yuan WS, Liu QJ, Liu FS, Liu ZT. Structural, mechanical, electronic, vibrational properties and hydrogen bonding of a novel energetic ionic 5, 5'-dinitroamino-3, 3'-azo-oxadiazole 4, 7-diaminopyridazino [4, 5-c] furoxan salt. J Mol Model 2024; 30:321. [PMID: 39225948 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND RESULTS The structure, mechanical, electronic, vibration, and hydrogen bonding properties of a novel high-energy and low-sensitivity 5, 5'-dinitroamino-3, 3'-azo-oxadiazole 4, 7-diaminopyridazino [4, 5-c] furoxan salt have been studied by density functional theory. The calculated vibrational properties show that the low-frequency mode is mainly contributed by the vibration of the -NO2 group, and the high-frequency mode is mainly contributed by the vibration of the -NH2 group and the N7-H3 bond which protonates the cation. In addition, it is analyzed that the first bond to break may be the N-NO2 bond. The calculated hydrogen bond properties indicate that the hydrogen bond between water molecules and cations is N7-H3… O5 (1.563 Å), which is the shortest hydrogen bond among all hydrogen bonds. The presence of this exceptionally short hydrogen bond renders the N7-H3 and H6-O5 bonds resistant to disruption at high frequencies, underscoring the pivotal role of hydrogen bonding in stabilizing the structure of energetic materials. Given the absence of experimental and theoretical data on the electronic, mechanical, and vibrational properties of the material thus far, our calculations offer valuable theoretical insights into the ionic salts of high energy and low sensitivity. COMPUTATIONAL METHODS All calculations have been carried out based on density functional theory (DFT) and implemented in the CASTEP code. The mode-conserving pseudopotential is utilized to describe the plane wave expansion function, while the PBE functional within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) is employed to characterize the exchange-correlation interaction. Additionally, dispersion correction is applied using Grimme's DFT-D method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shi Liu
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Shuo Yuan
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi-Jun Liu
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Sheng Liu
- Bond and Band Engineering Group, School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Tang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
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2
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Sharma K, Maan A, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Azo-Bridged Triazole Macrocycles: Computational Design, Energy Content, Performance, and Stability Assessment. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10128-10138. [PMID: 38015623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Oxadiazole and triazole are extensively investigated heterocyclic scaffolds in the development of energetic materials. New energetic molecules were designed by replacing 1,2,5-oxadiazole with 2H-1,2,3-triazole in the reported conjugated macrocyclic systems to assess the influence on the energetic properties and stability. In addition, nitro groups were introduced in triazole units (N-functionalization) to improve the energetic performance. Energetic properties, including heat of formation, oxygen balance, density, detonation pressure and velocity, and impact sensitivity, were estimated for these triazole-based macrocycles. The replacement of 1,2,5-oxadiazole with 2H-1,2,3-triazole and 2-nitro-1,2,3-triazole significantly enhances the energy content, detonation performance, and noncovalent interactions. The theoretically computed energetic properties of triazole-based macrocycles reveal high positive heats of formation (1507-2761 kJ/mol), oxygen balance (-88.8 to -22.8%), high densities (1.87-1.90 g/cm3), superior detonation velocities (8.41-9.52 km/s), pressures (26.64-40.55 GPa), acceptable impact sensitivity (27-40 cm), and safety factor (51-290). The overall energetic assessment highlights triazole-based macrocycles as a potential framework that will be useful for developing advanced energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Anjali Maan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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3
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Singh J, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. A Dihydrazone as a Remarkably Nitrogen-Rich Thermostable and Insensitive Energetic Material. Org Lett 2023; 25:6082-6086. [PMID: 37556303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) in energetic compounds have a very pronounced effect on physicochemical properties such as density, thermal stability, sensitivity, and solubility. Now a strategy to synthesize nitrogen-rich energetic materials with overall good properties, which stem from the synergetic effects of inter- or intramolecular H-bonds, is reported. 1,2-Dihydrazono-1,2-di(1H-tetrazol-5-5-yl)ethane (4), a new thermostable and insensitive material, is obtained from the reaction of dioxime (2) with hydrazine hydrate. The exchange of the oxime (NOH) with the hydrazone (NNH2) functionality results in the reduced acidic character and low solubility in water, which make it remarkably suitable for practical use. While the detonation velocity of 4 is comparable with RDX, it has an advantage of high nitrogen content (76%) and high thermal stability (275 °C) and is insensitive toward external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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4
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Liu Y, Tang M, Lai Y, Huang W, Tang Y. Site-Selective Oxidative Coupling Reaction of Diamines toward Aminoazo Compounds. Org Lett 2023; 25:1061-1065. [PMID: 36779577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
A selective oxidative coupling reaction of a diamine containing both C- and N-NH2 was achieved using acidic potassium permanganate as the coupling reagent. The reaction conditions were optimized, and the reaction selectivity was illustrated by quantum calculations. Furthermore, the azo-coupled product was derivatized to four nitroamine energetic materials with excellent detonation performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Mingjie Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yuan Lai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yongxing Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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5
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Zhang J, Cai J, Chen N, Fei T, He C, Pang S. Enhancement of Energetic Performance through the Construction of Trinitromethyl Substituted β-Bis(1,2,4-oxadiazole). J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7824-7830. [PMID: 35976217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Halogen-free substitutions of ammonium perchlorate (AP), which meet the requirements of high density, high performance, and acceptable stability, have been a subject of scientific research for many years. In this work, by regrouping atoms in trinitromethyl substituted bis(1,2,4-oxadiazole), a novel oxidizer, trinitromethyl substituted β-bis(1,2,4-oxadiazole) (3), was designed and synthesized. It possesses an improved density (ρ = 2.002 g cm-3 at 170 K, ρ = 1.942 g cm-3 at 298 K) and thermal stability (Td = 142.8 °C) in comparison to its regioisomer 5,5'-bis(trinitromethyl)-3,3'-bi(1,2,4-oxadiazole) (E). The properties for 3 were studied by both experimental and theoretical methods. The high positive oxygen balance of +7.3% and high specific impulse of 250 s also make compound 3 a promising candidate for an energetic oxidizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinya Zhang
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinxiong Cai
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nihan Chen
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Teng Fei
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunlin He
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Siping Pang
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Wang L, Zhai L, She W, Wang M, Zhang J, Wang B. Synthetic Strategies Toward Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Compounds Via the Reaction Characteristics of Cyanofurazan/Furoxan. Front Chem 2022; 10:871684. [PMID: 35372281 PMCID: PMC8968789 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.871684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural units of amino-/cyano-substituted furazans and furoxans played significant roles in the synthesis of nitrogen-rich energetic compounds. This account focused on the synthetic strategies toward nitrogen-rich energetic compounds through the transformations based on cyanofurazan/furoxan structures, including 3-amino-4-cyanofurazan, 4-amino-3-cyano furoxan, 3,4-dicyanofurazan, and 3,4-dicyanofuroxan. The synthetic strategies toward seven kinds of nitrogen-rich energetic compounds, such as azo (azoxy)-bridged, ether-bridged, methylene-bridged, hybrid furazan/furoxan-tetrazole–based, tandem furoxan–based, hybrid furazan-isofurazan–based, hybrid furoxan-isoxazole–based and fused framework–based energetic compounds were fully reviewed, with the corresponding reaction mechanisms toward the nitrogen-rich aromatic frameworks and examples of using the frameworks to create high energetic substances highlighted and discussed. The energetic properties of typical nitrogen-rich energetic compounds had also been compared and summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bozhou Wang
- *Correspondence: Junlin Zhang, ; Bozhou Wang,
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Zengel ER, Garcia JR, Goodrich DA, Bayse CA. Trigger bond analysis of azo‐based energetic materials. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Zengel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Old Dominion University Norfolk VA USA
| | - Jenna R. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Old Dominion University Norfolk VA USA
| | - Daja A. Goodrich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Old Dominion University Norfolk VA USA
| | - Craig A. Bayse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Old Dominion University Norfolk VA USA
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Xue Q, Bi F, Zhang J, Zhang J, Wang B, Wu M. Synthesis and characterization of two 1,2,4-oxadiazole-furazan-based nitrate ester compounds as potential energetic plasticizers. FIREPHYSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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9
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Xie Y, Liu Y, Hu R, Lin X, Hu J, Pu X. A property-oriented adaptive design framework for rapid discovery of energetic molecules based on small-scale labeled datasets. RSC Adv 2021; 11:25764-25776. [PMID: 35478886 PMCID: PMC9037014 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03715c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It remains an important challenge to apply machine learning in material discovery with limited-scale datasets available, in particular for the energetic materials. Motivated by the challenge, we developed a Property-oriented Adaptive Design Framework (PADF) to quickly design new energetic compounds with desired properties. The PADF consists of a search space, machine learning model, optimization algorithm and an evaluator based on quantum mechanical calculations. The effectiveness and generality of the PADF were assessed by two case studies on the heat of formation and heat of explosion as the target properties. 88 compounds were selected as the initial training dataset from the search space containing 84 083 compounds generated. SVR.lin/Trade-off coupled with E-state + SOB and KRR/KG coupled with CDS + E-state + SOB were determined to be the best combination pairs for the heat of formation and the heat of explosion, respectively. Most of the ten compounds selected from the first ten iterations exhibit better properties than the optimal sample in the initial dataset. Besides, the heat of explosion as the target property outperforms the heat of formation in designing energetic compounds with high detonation performance. In particular, a new compound selected at the 3rd iteration exhibits high potential as an explosive. Our strategy could be extended to other domains limited by small-scale datasets labeled. In this work, we construct a self-adaptive design framework to efficiently screen energetic compounds with the desired heat of formation and heat of explosion from the vast chemical space unexplored.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Xie
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 People's Republic of China +86 028 8541 2290
| | - Yijing Liu
- College of Computer Science, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 People's Republic of China
| | - Renling Hu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 People's Republic of China +86 028 8541 2290
| | - Xu Lin
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 People's Republic of China +86 028 8541 2290
| | - Jing Hu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 People's Republic of China +86 028 8541 2290
| | - Xuemei Pu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 People's Republic of China +86 028 8541 2290
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10
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Du Y, Qu Z, Wang H, Cui H, Wang X. Review on the Synthesis and Performance for 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole‐Based Energetic Materials. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Du
- High-Tech Institute of Xi'an Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
| | - Zhongkai Qu
- High-Tech Institute of Xi'an Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
| | - Huanchun Wang
- High-Tech Institute of Xi'an Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science & Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi 710119 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Special Fuel Chemistry and Material Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
| | - Hu Cui
- High-Tech Institute of Xi'an Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Special Fuel Chemistry and Material Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
| | - Xuanjun Wang
- High-Tech Institute of Xi'an Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Special Fuel Chemistry and Material Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
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11
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Li X, Wang Q, Zhang S, Lin Q, Lu M. C
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: A Promising Ternary CNO‐Compound With Good Detonation Performance And Low Sensitivity. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology China Nanjing Jiangsu 210000, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology China Nanjing Jiangsu 210000, P. R. China
| | - Shujia Zhang
- China Aerospace Science & Industry Corporation China Nanjing Jiangsu
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology China Nanjing Jiangsu 210000, P. R. China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology China Nanjing Jiangsu 210000, P. R. China
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12
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Zhao K, Shi Y, Li H, Huang H, Yang J. Composite energetic salt based on 3-nitramino-4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)furazan. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Zhang J, Zhou J, Bi F, Wang B. Energetic materials based on poly furazan and furoxan structures. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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14
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O'Sullivan OT, Zdilla MJ. Properties and Promise of Catenated Nitrogen Systems As High-Energy-Density Materials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5682-5744. [PMID: 32543838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The properties of catenated nitrogen molecules, molecules containing internal chains of bonded nitrogen atoms, is of fundamental scientific interest in chemical structure and bonding, as nitrogen is uniquely situated in the periodic table to form kinetically stable compounds often with chemically stable N-N bonds but which are thermodynamically unstable in that the formation of stable multiply bonded N2 is usually thermodynamically preferable. This unique placement in the periodic table makes catenated nitrogen compounds of interest for development of high-energy-density materials, including explosives for defense and construction purposes, as well as propellants for missile propulsion and for space exploration. This review, designed for a chemical audience, describes foundational subjects, methods, and metrics relevant to the energetic materials community and provides an overview of important classes of catenated nitrogen compounds ranging from theoretical investigation of hypothetical molecules to the practical application of real-world energetic materials. The review is intended to provide detailed chemical insight into the synthesis and decomposition of such materials as well as foundational knowledge of energetic science new to most chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen T O'Sullivan
- ASEE Fellow, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head Division (NSWC IHD), 4005 Indian Head Hwy, Indian Head, Maryland 20640, United States
| | - Michael J Zdilla
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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Dong Z, An D, Yang R, Ye Z. Insensitive and Thermostable Energetic Materials Based on 3-Ureido-4-tetrazole-furazan: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201900173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing 210094 P. R. China
| | - Dong An
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials; Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology; Chinese Academy of Science; 266101 Qingdao P. R. China
| | - Rui Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing 210094 P. R. China
| | - Zhiwen Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing 210094 P. R. China
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Fershtat LL, Makhova NN. 1,2,5‐Oxadiazole‐Based High‐Energy‐Density Materials: Synthesis and Performance. Chempluschem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L. Fershtat
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 119991, Leninsky Prospect, 47 Moscow Russia
| | - Nina N. Makhova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 119991, Leninsky Prospect, 47 Moscow Russia
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17
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Synthesis and characterization of furazan derivatives and their evaluation as antitumor agents. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-019-00834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Xiong H, Yang H, Lei C, Yang P, Hu W, Cheng G. Combinations of furoxan and 1,2,4-oxadiazole for the generation of high performance energetic materials. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:14705-14711. [PMID: 31538636 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02684c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several energetic materials, which are composed of furoxan and 1,2,4-oxadiazole backbones, were synthesized by nitrating 3,3'-bis(5-amino-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-4,4'-azofuroxan (2) under 100 wt% HNO3 or 100 wt% HNO3/Ac2O followed by a cation metathesis. All synthesized compounds were fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis, while 3,3'-bis(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one-3-yl)-4,4'-azofuroxan (3) and diammonium 3,3'-bis(5-nitramino-1,2,4-oxadiazole-3-yl)-4,4'-azofuroxan (4a) were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The physicochemical and energetic properties of these compounds including density, thermal stability and sensitivity were investigated. Compounds 3 and 4 have high densities (3: 1.90 g cm-3, 4: 1.92 g cm-3), which are comparable to that of HMX (1.91 g cm-3). All energetic compounds show relatively high calculated heat of formation in the range from 504.79 kJ mol-1 to 1405.62 kJ mol-1. Their detonation properties were evaluated by EXPLO5 code using the measured density and calculated heat of formation. Among them, compounds 3 and 4 have good detonation performance (3: D = 8891 m s-1, P = 34.7 GPa, 4: D = 9505 m s-1, P = 41.3 GPa) and acceptable sensitivities (3: IS = 10 J, 4: IS = 4 J), which indicate their potential applications as high-performance energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
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19
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Dinitromethyl, fluorodinitromethyl derivatives of RDX and HMX as high energy density materials: a computational study. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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High pressure behavior of crystal [2,2'-bi(1,3,4-oxadiazole)]-5,5'-dinitramide: A DFT investigation. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 90:87-93. [PMID: 31031220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) computation was carried out to investigate the crystal, molecular and electronic structures of high energy crystal [2,2'-bi(1,3,4-oxadiazole)]-5,5'-dinitramide (BODN) with the pressure 0-120 GPa. The relaxed crystal structure by the GGA/PBE-TS functional matches well with the experimental data at ambient pressure condition. With the intensifying of pressure, the lattice parameters, volumes, bond lengths, H-bond energies, atomic charges, bond populations, band gaps and density of states of crystal BODN change gently. Under the pressure of 48, 104, and 107 GPa, three pressure-induced transformations occurred. The intramolecular six membered rings pose strong affect in stabilizing systems in the pressure range 0-120 GPa. Between O1 and H2 atoms, the H-bond interaction transforms into covalent interaction under the circumstance of 48 GPa. At 104 GPa, structural transformation occurs with the distortion of the intramolecular six membered ring. In addition, O1⋅⋅⋅H2 and O2⋅⋅⋅H1 have the largest H-bond energies in comparison with the others. When the pressure reaches 107 GPa, the H-bond O1⋅⋅⋅H2 is formed again with the deformation and non-coplanarity of two oxadiazoles in crystal BODN. The electrons can be moved easily based on the density of states and energy bands under high pressure. Helpful information will be conveyed by this work in the field of further analysis connected the pressure effect on molecular transformations.
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21
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Larin AA, Muravyev NV, Pivkina AN, Suponitsky KY, Ananyev IV, Khakimov DV, Fershtat LL, Makhova NN. Assembly of Tetrazolylfuroxan Organic Salts: Multipurpose Green Energetic Materials with High Enthalpies of Formation and Excellent Detonation Performance. Chemistry 2019; 25:4225-4233. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Larin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences 119991 Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow Russia
| | - Nikita V. Muravyev
- N. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical PhysicsRussian Academy of Sciences 119991 Kosygin str. 4 Moscow Russia
| | - Alla N. Pivkina
- N. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical PhysicsRussian Academy of Sciences 119991 Kosygin str. 4 Moscow Russia
| | - Kyrill Yu. Suponitsky
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement CompoundsRussian Academy of Sciences 119991 Vavilova str. 28 Moscow Russia
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics 117997 Stremyanny per. 36 Moscow Russia
| | - Ivan V. Ananyev
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement CompoundsRussian Academy of Sciences 119991 Vavilova str. 28 Moscow Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Khakimov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences 119991 Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow Russia
- Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Keldysh Research Center” 125438 Onezhskaya Str. 8 Moscow Russia
| | - Leonid L. Fershtat
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences 119991 Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow Russia
| | - Nina N. Makhova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences 119991 Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow Russia
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22
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Il’in MV, Sysoeva AA, Bolotin DS, Novikov AS, Suslonov VV, Rogacheva EV, Kraeva LA, Kukushkin VY. Aminonitrones as highly reactive bifunctional synthons. An expedient one-pot route to 5-amino-1,2,4-triazoles and 5-amino-1,2,4-oxadiazoles – potential antimicrobials targeting multi-drug resistant bacteria. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04529e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A four-component one-pot reaction proceeds very rapidly under mild conditions and gives the heterocyclic systems in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V. Il’in
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- Saint Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra A. Sysoeva
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- Saint Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | - Dmitrii S. Bolotin
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- Saint Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S. Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- Saint Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | - Vitalii V. Suslonov
- Center for X-ray Diffraction Studies
- Saint Petersburg State University
- Saint Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | | | - Liudmila A. Kraeva
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute
- Saint Petersburg
- Russian Federation
- S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy
- Saint Petersburg
| | - Vadim Yu. Kukushkin
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- Saint Petersburg
- Russian Federation
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23
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Kukuljan L, Kranjc K. 3-(5-Amino-1,2,4-triazole)-1,2,4-oxadiazole: A new biheterocyclic scaffold for the synthesis of energetic materials. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Liu Y, Shen C, Lu M. Boosting the performance of energetic materials through thermally-induced conformational transition. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01825a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We presented an effective strategy to improve the performance of energetic materials through thermally-induced conformational transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Cheng Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
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25
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Lu T, Wang C, Wang G, Wang S, Song J, Yin H, Fan G, Chen FX. 1,2,4-Oxadiazole-derived polynitro energetic compounds with sensitivity reduced by a methylene bridge. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01452g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This is a new family of energetic compounds combining a high-energy polynitro group with an insensitive methylene linkage and thermostable 1,2,4-oxadiazole skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Chenbin Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Guilong Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Shaoqing Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Jia Song
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Hongquan Yin
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Guijuan Fan
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- CAEP
- Mianyang 621050
- China
| | - Fu-Xue Chen
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
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26
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Ren J, Chen D, Fan G, Xiong Y, Zhang Z, Yu Y, Li H. Synthesis, characterization and properties of a novel energetic ionic salt: dicarbohydrazide bis[3-(5-nitroimino-1,2,4-triazole)]. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj05416a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
DCBNT, a new compound, exhibits low friction and impact sensitivities, good thermal stability, and promising detonation pressure and detonation velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Ren
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering
- North University of China
- Taiyuan 030051
- China
- Institute of Chemical Materials
| | - Dong Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
| | - Guijuan Fan
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
| | - Zhenqi Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
| | - Yanwu Yu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering
- North University of China
- Taiyuan 030051
- China
| | - Hongzhen Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
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27
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Tang Y, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Oxidative Cyclization Protocol for the Preparation of Energetic 3-Amino-5-R-1,2,4-oxadiazoles. Org Lett 2018; 20:8039-8042. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Jean’ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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28
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Konnov AA, Klenov MS, Churakov AM, Strelenko YA, Dmitrienko AO, Puntus LN, A. Lyssenko K, Tartakovsky VA. Synthesis of 1,2,3,4‐Tetrazine 1,3‐Dioxides Annulated with 1,3 a,4,6 a‐Tetraazapentalene Systems. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Konnov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Michael S. Klenov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr M. Churakov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Yurii A. Strelenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Artem O. Dmitrienko
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement CompoundsRussian Academy of Sciences 28 Vavilova St. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Lada N. Puntus
- V.A. Kotel'nikov Institute of Radioengineering and ElectronicsRussian Academy of Sciences 11-7 Mokhovaya St. 125009 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A. Lyssenko
- Department of ChemistryLomonosov Moscow State University 119992 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A. Tartakovsky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic ChemistryRussian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
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29
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Lin H, Yang DD, Lou N, Zhu SG, Li HZ. Computational design of high energy density materials with zero oxygen balance: A combination of furazan and piperazine rings. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Sun Q, Liu Y, Li X, Lu M, Lin Q. Alkali Metals‐Based Energetic Coordination Polymers as Promising Primary Explosives: Crystal Structures, Energetic Properties, and Environmental Impact. Chemistry 2018; 24:14213-14219. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P.R. China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P.R. China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 P.R. China
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31
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Wang B, Xiong H, Cheng G, Yang H. Incorporating Energetic Moieties into Four Oxadiazole Ring Systems for the Generation of High-Performance Energetic Materials. Chempluschem 2018; 83:439-447. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bohan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Xiaolingwei 200 Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Hualin Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Xiaolingwei 200 Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Xiaolingwei 200 Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Xiaolingwei 200 Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
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32
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Liu Y, He C, Tang Y, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Asymmetric nitrogen-rich energetic materials resulting from the combination of tetrazolyl, dinitromethyl and (1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)nitroamino groups with furoxan. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:16558-16566. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03616k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Three classes of nitrogen-rich energetic compounds were obtained from 3,4-dicyano-furoxan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingle Liu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Sichuan University of Science & Engineering
- Zigong
- China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Chunlin He
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Idaho
- Moscow
- USA
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33
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Tang Y, Kumar D, Shreeve JM. Balancing Excellent Performance and High Thermal Stability in a Dinitropyrazole Fused 1,2,3,4-Tetrazine. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13684-13687. [PMID: 28910088 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The key to successfully designing high-performance and insensitive energetic compounds for practical applications is through adjusting the molecular organization including both fuel and oxidizer. Now a superior hydrogen-free 5/6/5 fused ring energetic material, 1,2,9,10-tetranitrodipyrazolo[1,5-d:5',1'-f][1,2,3,4]tetrazine (6) obtained from 4,4',5,5'-tetranitro-2H,2'H-3,3'-bipyrazole (4) by N-amination and N-azo coupling reactions is described. The structures of 5 and 6 were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. Compound 6 has a remarkable room temperature experimental density of 1.955 g cm-3 and shows excellent detonation performance. In addition, it has a high decomposition temperature of 233 °C. These fascinating properties, which are comparable to those of CL-20, make it very attractive in high performance applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho , Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Dheeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho , Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho , Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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34
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Pagoria PF, Zhang MX, Zuckerman NB, DeHope AJ, Parrish DA. Synthesis and characterization of multicyclic oxadiazoles and 1-hydroxytetrazoles as energetic materials. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-017-2122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Kumar D, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. N
‐Acetonitrile Functionalized Nitropyrazoles: Precursors to Insensitive Asymmetric
N
‐Methylene‐C Linked Azoles. Chemistry 2017; 23:7876-7881. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry University of Idaho Moscow ID 83844-2343 USA
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Avenue Washington, D.C. USA
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Avenue Washington, D.C. USA
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36
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Kumar D, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Resolving synthetic challenges faced in the syntheses of asymmetric N,N′-ethylene-bridged energetic compounds. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00327g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic challenges faced during the syntheses of asymmetric N,N′-ethylene-bridged energetic compounds due to the differences in the reactivity and stability of various types of energetic rings are addressed.
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37
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Kumar D, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. A Highly Stable and Insensitive Fused Triazolo-Triazine Explosive (TTX). Chemistry 2016; 23:1743-1747. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry; University of Idaho; Moscow Idaho 83844-2343 USA
| | - Gregory H. Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6030; Washington D.C. 20375-5001 USA
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6030; Washington D.C. 20375-5001 USA
| | - Jean'ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry; University of Idaho; Moscow Idaho 83844-2343 USA
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