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Wulfes J, Baumann AK, Melchert T, Schröder C, Schauermann S. Adsorption and keto-enol-tautomerisation of butanal on Pd(111). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:29480-29494. [PMID: 36448609 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04398j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Microscopic-level understanding of the interaction of hydrocarbons with transition metal surfaces is an important prerequisite for rational design of new materials with improved catalytic properties. In this report, we present a mechanistic study on the keto-enol tautomerisation of butanal on Pd(111), which was theoretically predicted to play a crucial role in low-barrier hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds. These processes were addressed by a combination of reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy, molecular beam techniques and theoretical calculations at the density functional theory level. Spectroscopic information obtained on Pd(111) suggests that butanal forms three different aldehyde species, which we indicate as A1-A3 as well as their enol counterpart E1. The electronically strongest perturbed and strongest binding species A1 is most likely related to the η2(C,O) adsorption configuration, in which both C and O atoms are involved in the bonding with the underlying metal. The species A2 weakly binds and is less electronically perturbed and can be associated with the η1(O) adsorption configuration. The third type of aldehyde species A3, which is nearly unperturbed and is found only at low temperatures, results from the formation of the butanal multilayer. Importantly, the enol form of butanal was observed on the surface, which gives rise to a new characteristic band at 1104 cm-1 related to the stretching vibration of the C-O single bond (ν(C-O)). With increasing temperature, the multi-layer related species A3 disappears from the surface above 136 K. The population of aldehyde species A1 and the enol species E1 noticeably increases with increasing temperature, while the band related to the aldehyde species A2 becomes strongly attenuated and finally completely disappears above 120 K. These observations suggest that species E1 and A1 are formed in an activated process and - in view of the strongly anti-correlated population of the species E1 and A2 - it can be concluded that enol species E1 is most likely formed from the weakly bound aldehyde species A2 (η1(O)). Finally, we discuss the possible routes to enol stabilization via intermolecular bonding and provide the possible structure of the enol-containing stabilized complex, which is compatible with all spectroscopic observations. The obtained results provide important insights into the process of keto-enol tautomerisation of simple carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wulfes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Ann-Katrin Baumann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Tobias Melchert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Carsten Schröder
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Swetlana Schauermann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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2
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Schröder C, Haugg PA, Baumann A, Schmidt MC, Smyczek J, Schauermann S. Competing Reaction Pathways in Heterogeneously Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Allyl Cyanide: The Chemical Nature of Surface Species. Chemistry 2021; 27:17240-17254. [PMID: 34608688 PMCID: PMC9297874 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We present a mechanistic study on the formation of an active ligand layer over Pd(111), turning the catalytic surface highly active and selective in partial hydrogenation of an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde acrolein. Specifically, we investigate the chemical composition of a ligand layer consisting of allyl cyanide deposited on Pd(111) and its dynamic changes under the hydrogenation conditions. On pristine surface, allyl cyanide largely retains its chemical structure and forms a layer of molecular species with the CN bond oriented nearly parallel to the underlying metal. In the presence of hydrogen, the chemical composition of allyl cyanide strongly changes. At 100 K, allyl cyanide transforms to unsaturated imine species, containing the C=C and C=N double bonds. At increasing temperatures, these species undergo two competing reaction pathways. First, the C=C bond become hydrogenated and the stable N-butylimine species are produced. In the competing pathway, the unsaturated imine reacts with hydrogen to fully hydrogenate the imine group and produce butylamine. The latter species are unstable under the hydrogenation reaction conditions and desorb from the surface, while the N-butylimine adsorbates formed in the first reaction pathway remain adsorbed and act as an active ligand layer in selective hydrogenation of acrolein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schröder
- Institute of Physical ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University KielMax-Eyth-Str. 224118KielGermany
| | - Philipp A. Haugg
- Institute of Physical ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University KielMax-Eyth-Str. 224118KielGermany
| | - Ann‐Katrin Baumann
- Institute of Physical ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University KielMax-Eyth-Str. 224118KielGermany
| | - Marvin C. Schmidt
- Institute of Physical ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University KielMax-Eyth-Str. 224118KielGermany
| | - Jan Smyczek
- Institute of Physical ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University KielMax-Eyth-Str. 224118KielGermany
| | - Swetlana Schauermann
- Institute of Physical ChemistryChristian-Albrechts-University KielMax-Eyth-Str. 224118KielGermany
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3
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Schröder C, Schmidt MC, Haugg PA, Baumann A, Smyczek J, Schauermann S. Understanding Ligand‐Directed Heterogeneous Catalysis: When the Dynamically Changing Nature of the Ligand Layer Controls the Hydrogenation Selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schröder
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel Max-Eyth-Str. 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Marvin C. Schmidt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel Max-Eyth-Str. 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Philipp A. Haugg
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel Max-Eyth-Str. 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Ann‐Katrin Baumann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel Max-Eyth-Str. 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Jan Smyczek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel Max-Eyth-Str. 2 24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Swetlana Schauermann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel Max-Eyth-Str. 2 24118 Kiel Germany
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4
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Schröder C, Schmidt MC, Haugg PA, Baumann AK, Smyczek J, Schauermann S. Understanding Ligand-Directed Heterogeneous Catalysis: When the Dynamically Changing Nature of the Ligand Layer Controls the Hydrogenation Selectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16349-16354. [PMID: 34008906 PMCID: PMC8362066 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We present a mechanistic study on the formation and dynamic changes of a ligand‐based heterogeneous Pd catalyst for chemoselective hydrogenation of α,β‐unsaturated aldehyde acrolein. Deposition of allyl cyanide as a precursor of a ligand layer renders Pd highly active and close to 100 % selective toward propenol formation by promoting acrolein adsorption in a desired configuration via the C=O end. Employing a combination of real‐space microscopic and in‐operando spectroscopic surface‐sensitive techniques, we show that an ordered active ligand layer is formed under operational conditions, consisting of stable N‐butylimine species. In a competing process, unstable amine species evolve on the surface, which desorb in the course of the reaction. Obtained atomistic‐level insights into the formation and dynamic evolution of the active ligand layer under operational conditions provide important input required for controlling chemoselectivity by purposeful surface functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schröder
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marvin C Schmidt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp A Haugg
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Baumann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Smyczek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Swetlana Schauermann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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5
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O'Brien CP. A perspective on the application of operando characterization to probe the structure, performance, and dynamics of membranes under realistic operating conditions. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Luneau M, Lim JS, Patel DA, Sykes ECH, Friend CM, Sautet P. Guidelines to Achieving High Selectivity for the Hydrogenation of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes with Bimetallic and Dilute Alloy Catalysts: A Review. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12834-12872. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Luneau
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jin Soo Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Dipna A. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - E. Charles H. Sykes
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Cynthia M. Friend
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Philippe Sautet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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7
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Evolution of surface and bulk carbon species derived from propylene and their influence on the interaction of hydrogen with palladium. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Attia S, Spadafora EJ, Hartmann J, Freund HJ, Schauermann S. Molecular beam/infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy apparatus for probing heterogeneously catalyzed reactions on functionalized and nanostructured model surfaces. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:053903. [PMID: 31153295 DOI: 10.1063/1.5093487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new custom-designed ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) apparatus combining molecular beam techniques and in situ surface spectroscopy for reactivity measurements on complex nanostructured model surfaces is described. It has been specifically designed to study the mechanisms, kinetics, and dynamics of heterogeneously catalyzed reactions over well-defined model catalysts consisting of metal nanoparticles supported on thin oxide films epitaxially grown on metal single crystals. The reactivity studies can be performed in a broad pressure range starting from UHV up to the ambient pressure conditions. The UHV system includes (i) a preparation chamber providing the experimental techniques required for the preparation and structural characterization of single-crystal based model catalysts such as oxide supported metal particles or ordered oxide surfaces and (ii) the reaction chamber containing three molecular beams-two effusive and one supersonic, which are crossed at the same point on the sample surface, infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy for the detection of surface-adsorbed species, and quadrupole mass spectrometry for gas phase analysis. The supersonic beam is generated in a pulsed supersonic expansion and can be modulated via a variable duty-cycle chopper. The effusive beams are produced by newly developed compact differentially pumped sources based on multichannel glass capillary arrays. Both effusive sources can be modulated by a vacuum-motor driven chopper and are capable of providing high flux and high purity beams. The apparatus contains an ambient pressure cell, which is connected to the preparation chamber via an in situ sample transfer system and provides an experimental possibility to study the reactivity of well-defined nanostructured model catalysts in a broad range of pressure conditions-up to ambient pressure-with the gas phase analysis based on gas chromatography. Additionally, a dedicated deposition chamber is connected to the preparation chamber, which is employed for the in situ functionalization of model surfaces with large organic molecules serving as promoters or modifiers of chemical reactions. We present a general overview of the apparatus as well as a description of the individual components and their interplay. The results of the test measurements involving the most important components are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smadar Attia
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Evan J Spadafora
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jens Hartmann
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Freund
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Swetlana Schauermann
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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9
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Schauermann S. Partial Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds: Toward Ligand-Directed Heterogeneous Catalysis. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:5555-5566. [PMID: 30204444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we report on the recent progress in atomistic-level understanding of selective partial hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, particularly acrolein, toward unsaturated alcohols over model single crystalline and nanostructured Pd catalysts. This reaction was observed to proceed with nearly 100% selectivity over Pd(111) but not over supported Pd nanoparticles. The origin of the high selectivity was related to formation of a dense overlayer of oxopropyl surface species occurring at the early reaction stages via partial hydrogenation of the C=C bond in acrolein with only one H atom. This oxopropyl overlayer strongly modifies the adsorption and reactive properties of Pd(111), turning it 100% selective toward C=O bond hydrogenation. The underlying reaction mechanism represents a particular case of ligand-directed heterogeneous catalysis, in which the surface adsorbates do not directly participate in the catalytic process as the reaction intermediates but strongly affect the elementary reaction steps via specific adsorbate-adsorbate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetlana Schauermann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel , Max-Eyth-Strasse 2 , 24118 Kiel , Germany
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10
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Dong Y, Zaera F. Selectivity in Hydrogenation Catalysis with Unsaturated Aldehydes: Parallel versus Sequential Steps. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:1301-1306. [PMID: 29498288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A high-flux molecular beam setup has been used to characterize the kinetics of the steady-state catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated aldehydes, specifically of crotonaldehyde, promoted by platinum surfaces under single-collision conditions. Surprisingly, in addition to the hydrogenation of the individual single bonds, to yield the saturated aldehyde and the unsaturated alcohol, the formation of the saturated alcohol, the product of the hydrogenation of both C═C and C═O bonds, was detected as well. This indicates that the dual hydrogenation reaction is a primary pathway and not the result of secondary hydrogenation of the other products as commonly assumed. Moreover, an increase in the partial pressure of the reactant was found to shift the reaction selectivity from the saturated alcohol to the saturated aldehyde without significantly affecting the selectivity toward the production of the unsaturated alcohol. We explain these observations by proposing a mechanism involving the parallel formation of several monohydrogenated intermediates on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujung Dong
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
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11
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Zhang MJ, Tan DW, Li HX, Young DJ, Wang HF, Li HY, Lang JP. Switchable Chemoselective Transfer Hydrogenations of Unsaturated Carbonyls Using Copper(I) N-Donor Thiolate Clusters. J Org Chem 2018; 83:1204-1215. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Juan Zhang
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Da-Wei Tan
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xi Li
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - David James Young
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore
DC, Queensland 4558, Australia
| | - Hui-Fang Wang
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yan Li
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Lang
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Dostert KH, O’Brien CP, Mirabella F, Ivars-Barceló F, Attia S, Spadafora E, Schauermann S, Freund HJ. Selective Partial Hydrogenation of Acrolein on Pd: A Mechanistic Study. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Dostert
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Casey P. O’Brien
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesca Mirabella
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Smadar Attia
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße
2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Evan Spadafora
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße
2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Swetlana Schauermann
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße
2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Freund
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Chen S, Meng L, Chen B, Chen W, Duan X, Huang X, Zhang B, Fu H, Wan Y. Poison Tolerance to the Selective Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde in Water over an Ordered Mesoporous Carbonaceous Composite Supported Pd Catalyst. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangjun Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Department
of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Meng
- Key
Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Department
of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingxu Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenyao Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuezhi Duan
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing Huang
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4−6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bingsen Zhang
- Shenyang
National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haibin Fu
- Key
Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Department
of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Wan
- Key
Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Department
of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, People’s Republic of China
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