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Baronio S, Bassotti M, Armillotta F, Frampton E, Vinogradov NA, Schio L, Floreano L, Verdini A, Vesselli E. Stabilization versus competing de-metalation, trans-metalation and (cyclo)-dehydrogenation of Pd porphyrins at a copper surface. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38895999 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00699b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Metal-porphyrins are studied intensively due their potential applications, deriving from the variety of electronic and chemical properties, tunable by selecting metal centers and functional groups. Metalation, de- and trans-metalation processes are fundamental in this sense to investigate both the synthesis and the stability of these molecular building blocks. More specifically, Pd coordination in tetrapyrroles revealed to be potentially interesting in the fields of cancer therapy, drug delivery and light harvesting. Thus, we focused on the stability of palladium tetraphenyl porphyrins (PdTPPs) on a copper surface by means of combined spectroscopy and microscopy approaches. We find that PdTPPs undergo coverage-dependent trans-metalation accompanied by steric rearrangements already at room temperature, and fully trans-metalate to CuTPPs upon mild annealing. Side reactions such as (cyclo)-dehydrogenation and structural reorganization affect the molecular layer, with Pd-Cu alloying and segregation occurring at higher temperature. Instead, oxygen passivation of the Cu support prevents the metal-involving reactions, thus preserving the layer and increasing the chemical and temperature stability of the Pd porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mattia Bassotti
- Department of Physics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Armillotta
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute of Physics Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Station 3, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Luca Schio
- CNR-IOM - Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Area Science Park, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Luca Floreano
- CNR-IOM - Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Area Science Park, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Alberto Verdini
- Department of Physics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- CNR-IOM - Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Area Science Park, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Erik Vesselli
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- CNR-IOM - Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Area Science Park, Trieste, Italy.
- Center for Energy, Environment and Transport Giacomo Ciamician, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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2
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Presel F, Kern CS, Boné TG, Schwarz F, Puschnig P, Ramsey MG, Sterrer M. Charge and adsorption height dependence of the self-metalation of porphyrins on ultrathin MgO(001) films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:28540-28547. [PMID: 36411984 PMCID: PMC9710497 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04688a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
We have experimentally determined the adsorption structure, charge state, and metalation state of porphin, the fundamental building block of porphyrins, on ultrathin Ag(001)-supported MgO(001) films by scanning tunneling microscopy and photoemission spectroscopy, supported by calculations based on density functional theory. By tuning the substrate work function to values below and above the critical work function for charging, we succeeded in the preparation of 2H-P monolayers which contain negatively charged and uncharged molecules. It is shown that the porphin molecules self-metalate at room temperature, forming the corresponding Mg-porphin, irrespective of their charge state. This is in contrast to self-metalation of tetraphenyl porphyrin (TPP), which occurs on planar MgO(001) only if the molecules are negatively charged. The different reactivity is explained by the reduced molecule-substrate distance of the planar porphin molecule compared to the bulkier TPP. The results of this study shed light on the mechanism of porphyrin self-metalation on oxides and highlight the role of the adsorption geometry on the chemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Presel
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Christian S Kern
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Thomas G Boné
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Florian Schwarz
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Peter Puschnig
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Michael G Ramsey
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Martin Sterrer
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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Schio L, Forrer D, Casarin M, Goldoni A, Rogero C, Vittadini A, Floreano L. On surface chemical reactions of free-base and titanyl porphyrins with r-TiO 2(110): a unified picture. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:12719-12744. [PMID: 35583960 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01073a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this Perspective we present a comprehensive study of the multiple reaction products of metal-free porphyrins (2H-Ps) in contact with the rutile TiO2(110) surface. In the absence of peripheral functionalization with specific linkers, the porphyrin adsorption is driven by the coordination of the two pyrrolic nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle to two consecutive oxygen atoms of the protruding Obr rows via hydrogen bonding. This chemical interaction favours the iminic nitrogen uptake of hydrogen from near surface layers at room temperature, thus yielding a stable acidic porphyrin (4H-P). In addition, a mild annealing (∼100 °C) triggers the incorporation of a Ti atom in the porphyrin macrocycle (self-metalation). We recently demonstrated that such a low temperature reaction is driven by a Lewis base iminic attack, which lowers the energy barriers for the outdiffusion of Ti interstitial atoms (Tiint) [Kremer et al., Appl. Surf. Sci., 2021, 564, 150403]. In the monolayer (ML) range, the porphyrin adsorption site, corresponding to a TiO-TPP configuration, is extremely stable and tetraphenyl-porphyrins (TPPs) may even undergo conformational distortion (flattening) by partial cyclo-dehydrogenation, while remaining anchored to the O rows up to 450 °C [Lovat et al., Nanoscale, 2017, 9, 11694]. Here we show that, upon self-metalation, isolated molecules at low coverage may jump atop the rows of five-fold coordinated Ti atoms (Ti5f). This configuration is associated with the formation of a new coordination complex, Ti-O-Ti5f, as determined by comparison with the deposition of pristine titanyl-porphyrin (TiO-TPP) molecules. The newly established Ti-O-Ti5f anchoring configuration is found to be stable also beyond the TPP flattening reaction. The anchoring of TiO-TPP to the Ti5f rows is, however, susceptible to the cross-talk between phenyls of adjacent molecules, which ultimately drives the TiO-TPP temperature evolution in the ML range along the same pathway followed by 2H-TPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Schio
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza S.S. 14, Km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Daniel Forrer
- CNR-ICMATE and INSTM, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Casarin
- CNR-ICMATE and INSTM, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Goldoni
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Celia Rogero
- Materials Physics Center MPC, Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), E-20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Luca Floreano
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza S.S. 14, Km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
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Armillotta F, D'Incecco E, Corva M, Stredansky M, Gallet J, Bournel F, Goldoni A, Morgante A, Vesselli E, Verdini A. Self‐Metalation of Porphyrins at the Solid–Gas Interface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Armillotta
- Physics Department University of Trieste via Valerio 2 34127 Trieste Italy
- CNR-IOM, Area Science Park S.S. 14 km 163.5 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
| | - Enrico D'Incecco
- Physics Department University of Trieste via Valerio 2 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Manuel Corva
- Physics Department University of Trieste via Valerio 2 34127 Trieste Italy
- CNR-IOM, Area Science Park S.S. 14 km 163.5 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
| | - Matus Stredansky
- Physics Department University of Trieste via Valerio 2 34127 Trieste Italy
- CNR-IOM, Area Science Park S.S. 14 km 163.5 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
| | - Jean‐Jacques Gallet
- Sorbonne Université CNRS UMR7614 Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Matière et Rayonnement 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
- Synchrotron SOLEIL L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin—BP 4891192 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX France
| | - Fabrice Bournel
- Sorbonne Université CNRS UMR7614 Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Matière et Rayonnement 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
- Synchrotron SOLEIL L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin—BP 4891192 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX France
| | - Andrea Goldoni
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.S. 14 km 163.5 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
| | - Alberto Morgante
- Physics Department University of Trieste via Valerio 2 34127 Trieste Italy
- CNR-IOM, Area Science Park S.S. 14 km 163.5 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
| | - Erik Vesselli
- Physics Department University of Trieste via Valerio 2 34127 Trieste Italy
- CNR-IOM, Area Science Park S.S. 14 km 163.5 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
| | - Alberto Verdini
- CNR-IOM, Area Science Park S.S. 14 km 163.5 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
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Armillotta F, D'Incecco E, Corva M, Stredansky M, Gallet JJ, Bournel F, Goldoni A, Morgante A, Vesselli E, Verdini A. Self-Metalation of Porphyrins at the Solid-Gas Interface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25988-25993. [PMID: 34591358 PMCID: PMC9299001 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Self‐metalation is a promising route to include a single metal atom in a tetrapyrrolic macrocycle in organic frameworks supported by metal surfaces. The molecule–surface interaction may provide the charge transfer and the geometric distortion of the molecular plane necessary for metal inclusion. However, at a metal surface the presence of an activation barrier can represent an obstacle that cannot be compensated by a higher substrate temperature without affecting the layer integrity. The formation of the intermediate state can be facilitated in some cases by oxygen pre‐adsorption at the supporting metal surface, like in the case of 2H‐TPP/Pd(100). In such cases, the activation barrier can be overcome by mild annealing, yielding the formation of desorbing products and of the metalated tetrapyrrole. We show here that the self‐metalation of 2H‐TPP at the Pd(100) surface can be promoted already at room temperature by the presence of an oxygen gas phase at close‐to‐ambient conditions via an Eley–Rideal mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Armillotta
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, via Valerio 2, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,CNR-IOM, Area Science Park, S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Enrico D'Incecco
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, via Valerio 2, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Manuel Corva
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, via Valerio 2, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,CNR-IOM, Area Science Park, S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Matus Stredansky
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, via Valerio 2, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,CNR-IOM, Area Science Park, S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jean-Jacques Gallet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Matière et Rayonnement, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.,Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin-BP, 4891192, Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Fabrice Bournel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Matière et Rayonnement, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.,Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin-BP, 4891192, Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Andrea Goldoni
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Morgante
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, via Valerio 2, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,CNR-IOM, Area Science Park, S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Erik Vesselli
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, via Valerio 2, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,CNR-IOM, Area Science Park, S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Verdini
- CNR-IOM, Area Science Park, S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
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6
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Vesselli E. Stabilization and activation of molecular oxygen at biomimetic tetrapyrroles on surfaces: from UHV to near-ambient pressure. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:1319-1330. [PMID: 36132852 PMCID: PMC9417665 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00827c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of surface science methods have allowed bridging, at least partially, the pressure gap between the ultra-high vacuum environment and some applicative conditions. This step has been particularly critical for the characterization of heterogenous catalytic systems (solid-liquid, solid-gas interfaces) and, specifically, of the electronic, structural, and chemical properties of tetrapyrroles at surfaces when arranged in 2D networks. Within a biomimetic picture, in which 2D metalorganic frameworks are expected to model and reproduce in a tailored way the activity of their biochemical proteic counterparts, the fundamental investigation of the adsorption and activation of small ligands at the single-metal atom reaction sites has progressively gained increasing attention. Concerning oxygen, biology offers a variety of tetrapyrrole-based transport and reaction pockets, as e.g. in haemoglobin, myoglobin or cytochrome proteins. Binding and activation of O2 are accomplished thanks to complex charge transfer and spin realignment processes, sometimes requiring cooperative mechanisms. Within the framework of surface science at near-ambient pressure (towards and beyond the mbar regime), recent progress has unveiled novel and interesting properties of 2D metalorganic frameworks and heterostacks based on self-assembled tetrapyrroles, thus opening possible, effective applicative routes in the fields of light harvesting, heterogenous (electro-)catalysts, chemical sensing, and spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Vesselli
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste Via A. Valerio 2 34127 Trieste Italy
- CNR-IOM Area Science Park, S.S. 14 km 163.5 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
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Kuzmin SM, Chulovskaya SA, Parfenyuk VI. Structures and properties of porphyrin-based film materials part I. The films obtained via vapor-assisted methods. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 253:23-34. [PMID: 29444750 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This review is devoted to porphyrin-based film materials. Various technological and scientific applications of ones are close to surface and interface related phenomena. In the part I of review the following topics are discussed the recent progress in field of submonolayers, monolayers and multilayers films on the vapor-solid interfaces, including results on (i) conformational behavior of adsorbed molecules, (ii) aggregation and surface phases formation, (iii) on-surface coordination networks, and (iv) on-surface chemical reactions. The examples of combined approaches to developing materials and porphyrin-based film materials application are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kuzmin
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanovo, Russia; Ivanovo State Power Engineering University, Ivanovo, Russia.
| | - S A Chulovskaya
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanovo, Russia
| | - V I Parfenyuk
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanovo, Russia; Kostroma State University, Kostroma, Russia
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