1
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Song T, Wang K, Yuan Q, Zhang W. Nickel-Catalyzed Hydroamination and Hydroalkoxylation of Enelactams with Unactivated Amines and Alcohols. Org Lett 2023; 25:6093-6098. [PMID: 37560920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed hydroamination and hydroalkoxylation of enelactams with unactivated amines and alcohols are reported. This method showed good functional group tolerance and delivered the corresponding hydrofunctionalized products in good to excellent yields (≤98%). Furthermore, an intramolecular hydroalkoxylation of an enelactam was also realized, giving a cyclization product in a good yield. Mechanistic studies indicated that tBuI acts as a hydride donor and radical precursor, which is crucial for the success of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Kuiyang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Qianjia Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Wanbin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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2
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Li A, Li C, Yang T, Yang Z, Liu Y, Li L, Tang K, Zhou C. Electrochemical Synthesis of Benzo[ d]imidazole via Intramolecular C(sp 3)-H Amination. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1928-1935. [PMID: 34918925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical dehydrogenative amination for the synthesis of benzimidazoles was developed. This electrosynthesis method could address the limitations of the C(sp3)-H intramolecular amination synthesis reaction and provide novel access to obtain 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles without transition metals and oxidants. Under undivided electrolytic conditions, various benzimidazole derivatives could be synthesized, exhibiting functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Li
- Province Key Laboratory for Fine Petrochemical Catalysis and Separation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P. R. China
| | - Caohui Li
- Province Key Laboratory for Fine Petrochemical Catalysis and Separation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yang
- Province Key Laboratory for Fine Petrochemical Catalysis and Separation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P. R. China
| | - Zan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Province Key Laboratory for Fine Petrochemical Catalysis and Separation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P. R. China
| | - LiJun Li
- Province Key Laboratory for Fine Petrochemical Catalysis and Separation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P. R. China
| | - KeWen Tang
- Province Key Laboratory for Fine Petrochemical Catalysis and Separation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P. R. China
| | - Congshan Zhou
- Province Key Laboratory for Fine Petrochemical Catalysis and Separation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, Hunan 414000, P. R. China
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3
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Eckhardt P, Elliot Q, Alabugin IV, Opatz T. Two Paths to Oxidative C-H Amination Under Basic Conditions: A Theoretical Case Study Reveals Hidden Opportunities Provided by Electron Upconversion. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201637. [PMID: 35880945 PMCID: PMC9804812 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) leads to C-N bond formation under basic and oxidative conditions and is proposed to proceed via a two-electron bond formation mediated by carbenium ions. However, the formation of such high-energy intermediates is only possible in the presence of strong oxidants, which may lead to undesired side reactions and poor functional group tolerance. In this work we explore if oxidation under basic conditions allows the formation of three-electron bonds (resulting in "upconverted" highly-reducing radical-anions). The benefit of this "upconversion" process is in the ability to use milder oxidants (e. g., O2 ) and to avoid high-energy intermediates. Comparison of the two- and three-electron pathways using quantum mechanical calculations reveals that not only does the absence of a strong oxidant shut down two-electron pathways in favor of a three-electron path but, paradoxically, weaker oxidants react faster with the upconverted reductants by avoiding the inverted Marcus region for electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Eckhardt
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Quintin Elliot
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFlorida 32306USA
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFlorida 32306USA
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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4
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Senboku H, Hayama M, Matsuno H. Electrochemical Friedel–Crafts-type amidomethylation of arenes by a novel electrochemical oxidation system using a quasi-divided cell and trialkylammonium tetrafluoroborate. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1040-1046. [PMID: 36105724 PMCID: PMC9443422 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical Friedel–Crafts-type amidomethylation was successfully carried out by a novel electrochemical oxidation system using a quasi-divided cell and trialkylammonium tetrafluoroborates, such as iPr2NHEtBF4. Constant current electrolysis of 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene or indoles in DMA containing 0.1 M iPr2NHEtBF4 using an undivided cell equipped with a Pt plate cathode and a Pt wire anode (a quasi-divided cell) resulted in selective formation of N-acyliminium ions of DMA at the anode, which reacted with arenes to give the corresponding amidomethylated products in good to high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Senboku
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Mizuki Hayama
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Matsuno
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
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5
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Liu L, Xu Z, Liu T, Xu C, Zhang W, Hua X, Ling F, Zhong W. Electrosynthesis of 2-Substituted Benzoxazoles via Intramolecular Shono-Type Oxidative Coupling of Glycine Derivatives. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11379-11386. [PMID: 35951541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, an atom-economical and eco-friendly electrochemical oxidation/cyclization of glycine derivatives through intramolecular Shono-type oxidative coupling is disclosed, leading to a variety of 2-substituted benzoxazoles in 51-85% yields. This oxidative cyclization proceeded in transition metal- and oxidant-free conditions and generated H2 as only a byproduct. Additionally, gram-scale reactions and a broad substrate scope demonstrated the synthetic usefulness of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People's Republic of China.,College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhui Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangqin Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqi Hua
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Ling
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihui Zhong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People's Republic of China
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6
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Ravindar L, Hasbullah SA, Hassan NI, Qin HL. Cross‐Coupling of C‐H and N‐H Bonds: a Hydrogen Evolution Strategy for the Construction of C‐N Bonds. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lekkala Ravindar
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fakulti Teknologi dan Sains Maklumat Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science & Technology 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi MALAYSIA
| | - Siti Aishah Hasbullah
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science & Technology 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi MALAYSIA
| | - Nurul Izzaty Hassan
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Chemical Sciences Faculty of Science & Technology 43600 Bandar Baru Bangi MALAYSIA
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- Wuhan University of Technology School of Chemistry 430070 Hubei CHINA
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7
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Liang Y, Niu L, Liang X, Wang S, Wang P, Lei A. Electrooxidation‐Induced
C(sp
3
)‐H/ C(sp
2
)‐H
Radical‐Radical
Cross‐coupling between Xanthanes and Electron‐rich Arenes. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Liang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Linbin Niu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Xing‐An Liang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Shengchun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
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8
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Mitsudo K. Electro-Oxidative Coupling Reactions Leading to π-Conjugated Compounds. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2269-2276. [PMID: 33735536 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical reactions are rapidly gaining attention today as a powerful and environmentally benign reaction processes for organic synthesis. We found that the electro-oxidation of palladium acetate afforded cationic palladium species and thus-generated cationic Pd species were efficient mediators for electro-oxidative coupling reactions. Homo-coupling of arylboronic acids and terminal alkynes proceeded efficiently to afford biaryls and butadiyne, respectively. Cross-coupling reactions between terminal alkynes and arylboronic acids were also achieved with the use of a Ag anode. As an advantage of electrochemical reactions, we developed a sequential reaction system switched between oxidative and neutral conditions by the on/off application of electricity, and several π-extended butadiynes were obtained in one-sequence by the system. Electrochemical intramolecular C-S coupling for the synthesis of thienoacene was also developed. The use of Bu4 NBr as a halogen mediator was essential for the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Mitsudo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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9
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Deb ML, Saikia BS, Borpatra PJ, Baruah PK. α-C–H functionalization of tertiary amines catalyzed/promoted by molecular iodine/derivatives. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02695j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A recent review on the α-C–H functionalization of tertiary amines using low-cost and benign I2 or its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit L. Deb
- Department of Applied Sciences
- GUIST
- Gauhati University
- Guwahati 781014
- India
| | - B. Shriya Saikia
- Department of Applied Sciences
- GUIST
- Gauhati University
- Guwahati 781014
- India
| | - Paran J. Borpatra
- Department of Applied Sciences
- GUIST
- Gauhati University
- Guwahati 781014
- India
| | - Pranjal K. Baruah
- Department of Applied Sciences
- GUIST
- Gauhati University
- Guwahati 781014
- India
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10
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Singh M, Kant Sharma L, Dubey R, Kumar Patel M, Prakash V, Krishna Pal Singh R. An Electrochemical Approach for the Direct Synthesis of 3, 5‐Disubstituted 1, 2, 4‐Triazoles from Nitriles and Hydrazides. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Singh
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Allahabad Allahabad 211002 India
| | - Laxmi Kant Sharma
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Allahabad Allahabad 211002 India
| | - Rahul Dubey
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Allahabad Allahabad 211002 India
| | - Manoj Kumar Patel
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Allahabad Allahabad 211002 India
| | - Ved Prakash
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Allahabad Allahabad 211002 India
| | - Rana Krishna Pal Singh
- Electrochemical Laboratory of Green Synthesis, Department of ChemistryUniversity of Allahabad Allahabad 211002 India
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11
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Mitsudo K, Matsuo R, Yonezawa T, Inoue H, Mandai H, Suga S. Electrochemical Synthesis of Thienoacene Derivatives: Transition‐Metal‐Free Dehydrogenative C−S Coupling Promoted by a Halogen Mediator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Mitsudo
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Okayama University 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Ren Matsuo
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Okayama University 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Toki Yonezawa
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Okayama University 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Haruka Inoue
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Okayama University 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Hiroki Mandai
- Department of Medical Technology Gifu University of Medical Science 4-3-3 Nijigaoka, Kani Gifu 5 09-0293 Japan
| | - Seiji Suga
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Okayama University 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
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12
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Mitsudo K, Matsuo R, Yonezawa T, Inoue H, Mandai H, Suga S. Electrochemical Synthesis of Thienoacene Derivatives: Transition‐Metal‐Free Dehydrogenative C−S Coupling Promoted by a Halogen Mediator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7803-7807. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Mitsudo
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Okayama University 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Ren Matsuo
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Okayama University 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Toki Yonezawa
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Okayama University 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Haruka Inoue
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Okayama University 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Hiroki Mandai
- Department of Medical Technology Gifu University of Medical Science 4-3-3 Nijigaoka, Kani Gifu 5 09-0293 Japan
| | - Seiji Suga
- Division of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Okayama University 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
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13
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Malviya BK, Jaiswal PK, Verma VP, Badsara SS, Sharma S. Electrochemical Synthesis of Carbodiimides via Metal/Oxidant-Free Oxidative Cross-Coupling of Amines and Isocyanides. Org Lett 2020; 22:2323-2327. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pradeep K. Jaiswal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, Texas, 77843, United States
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai-Jodhpuriya Road, Vanasthali, 304022, India
| | | | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
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14
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Shao X, Tian L, Wang Y. C-N Coupling of Azoles or Imides with Carbocations Generated by Electrochemical Oxidation. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Shao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS); School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering (SCME); Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing Tech University; 30 South Puzhu Road 211816 Nanjing China
| | - Lifang Tian
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS); School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering (SCME); Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing Tech University; 30 South Puzhu Road 211816 Nanjing China
| | - Yahui Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS); School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering (SCME); Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); Nanjing Tech University; 30 South Puzhu Road 211816 Nanjing China
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15
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Li F, Lin D, He T, Zhong W, Huang J. Electrochemical Decarboxylative Trifluoromethylation of
α, β‐
Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids with CF
3
SO
2
Na. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang‐Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Wushan, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510640 P.R. China
| | - Dian‐Zhao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Wushan, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510640 P.R. China
| | - Tian‐Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Wushan, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510640 P.R. China
| | - Wei‐Qiang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Wushan, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510640 P.R. China
| | - Jing‐Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology Wushan, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510640 P.R. China
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16
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Yang SM, He TJ, Lin DZ, Huang JM. Electrosynthesis of (E)-Vinyl Thiocyanates from Cinnamic Acids via Decarboxylative Coupling Reaction. Org Lett 2019; 21:1958-1962. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b04136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Tian-Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Dian-Zhao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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17
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Wang J, Qian P, Hu K, Zha Z, Wang Z. Electrocatalytic Fixation of Carbon Dioxide with Amines and Arylketones. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry & Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology & School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Peng Qian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry & Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology & School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Kangfei Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry & Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology & School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Zhenggen Zha
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry & Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology & School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry & Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology & School of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui China
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18
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Electrooxidative para-selective C-H/N-H cross-coupling with hydrogen evolution to synthesize triarylamine derivatives. Nat Commun 2019; 10:639. [PMID: 30733447 PMCID: PMC6367370 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative C–H/N–H cross-coupling is one of the most atom-economical methods for the construction of C–N bonds. However, traditional oxidative C–H/N–H cross-coupling either required the use of strong oxidants or high reaction temperature, which makes it difficult to tolerate redox active functional groups. Herein we describe an external chemical oxidant-free electrooxidative C–H/N–H cross-coupling between electron-rich arenes and diarylamine derivatives. Under undivided electrolytic conditions, a series of triarylamine derivatives are produced from electron-rich arenes and diarylamine derivatives with high functional group tolerance. Both of the coupling partners are redox active in oxidative C–H/N–H cross-coupling, which enables high regioselectivity in C–N bond formation. Exclusive para-selectivity is observed for the coupling with anilines. Oxidative C–H/N–H cross-coupling is a convenient method to construct C–N bonds, however this is rarely achieved in a sustainable manner. Here, the authors show an oxidant-free electrochemical C–H/N–H cross-coupling between electron-rich arenes and diarylamines to afford triarylamines with exclusive para-selectivity.
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19
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Xu Z, Zheng Y, Wang Z, Shao X, Tian L, Wang Y. Triphenylphosphine-assisted dehydroxylative Csp3–N bond formation via electrochemical oxidation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:15089-15092. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08622f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A dehydroxylative Csp3–N coupling by electrochemical oxidation with readily available alcohols as substrates and a wide variety of azoles and amides as N-nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Xu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Xiaoqing Shao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Lifang Tian
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Yahui Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
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20
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Nath AR, Chee CF, Rahman NA. Application of Electrochemical Cross-Dehydrogenative Couplings in the Syntheses of Heterocycles. HETEROCYCLES VIA CROSS DEHYDROGENATIVE COUPLING 2019:445-494. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9144-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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21
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Tang S, Zeng L, Lei A. Oxidative R 1-H/R 2-H Cross-Coupling with Hydrogen Evolution. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13128-13135. [PMID: 30260638 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative R1-H/R2-H cross-coupling with hydrogen evolution serves as one of the most atom-economical methods for constructing new chemical bonds. This reaction strategy avoids substrate prefunctionalization steps in traditional cross-coupling reactions. Besides, hydrogen gas, which is recognized as a source of green energy, is the only byproduct during the reaction process. The major challenge in this reaction strategy is to achieve selective bond formation and hydrogen evolution at the same time. Over the past few years, novel synthetic techniques especially photochemistry and electrochemistry have provided possibilities for oxidative cross-coupling with H2 liberation. Both C-C and C-X bonds can be constructed without the use of any sacrificial reagents. In this perspective, we will discuss the concept of this reaction strategy and give an overview of its recent development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Tang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , People's Republic of China.,National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis , Jiangxi Normal University , Nanchang 330027 , People's Republic of China
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22
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Kärkäs MD. Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5786-5865. [PMID: 29911724 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Ma C, Fang P, Mei TS. Recent Advances in C–H Functionalization Using Electrochemical Transition Metal Catalysis. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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24
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Abstract
An electrochemical bisindolylation of ethers was developed. Carried out under ambient conditions and in the absence of any chemical oxidants, this reaction exhibits a broad substrate scope and good functional group compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Si Du
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , China
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25
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Li J, Huang W, Chen J, He L, Cheng X, Li G. Electrochemical Aziridination by Alkene Activation Using a Sulfamate as the Nitrogen Source. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wenhao Huang
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jingzhi Chen
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Lingfeng He
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Texas Tech University; Lubbock, TX USA
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26
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Li J, Huang W, Chen J, He L, Cheng X, Li G. Electrochemical Aziridination by Alkene Activation Using a Sulfamate as the Nitrogen Source. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5695-5698. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wenhao Huang
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jingzhi Chen
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Lingfeng He
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine; Nanjing China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Texas Tech University; Lubbock, TX USA
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27
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Lin DZ, Huang JM. Electrochemical N-Formylation of Amines via Decarboxylation of Glyoxylic Acid. Org Lett 2018; 20:2112-2115. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Zhao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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28
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Yang QL, Fang P, Mei TS. Recent Advances in Organic Electrochemical C-H Functionalization. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201700740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Liang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu; Shanghai 200032 China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu; Shanghai 200032 China
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29
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Li Y, Zou H. A Simple and Facile Synthesis of 4-Phenylquinoline-fused Pyrrolidin-2-ones. J Heterocycl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- College of Land and Environmental Science; Shenyang Agricultural University; Shenyang 110866 China
| | - Hongtao Zou
- College of Land and Environmental Science; Shenyang Agricultural University; Shenyang 110866 China
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30
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Yan M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13230-13319. [PMID: 28991454 PMCID: PMC5786875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1892] [Impact Index Per Article: 270.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry represents one of the most intimate ways of interacting with molecules. This review discusses advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry since 2000. Enabling methods and synthetic applications are analyzed alongside innate advantages as well as future challenges of electroorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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31
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Zhao Y, Lai YL, Du KS, Lin DZ, Huang JM. Electrochemical Decarboxylative Sulfonylation of Cinnamic Acids with Aromatic Sulfonylhydrazides to Vinyl Sulfones. J Org Chem 2017; 82:9655-9661. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Yin-Long Lai
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Ke-Si Du
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Dian-Zhao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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32
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Qian P, Su JH, Wang Y, Bi M, Zha Z, Wang Z. Electrocatalytic C–H/N–H Coupling of 2′-Aminoacetophenones for the Synthesis of Isatins. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6434-6440. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology and ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Hu Su
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology and ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yukang Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology and ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Meixiang Bi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology and ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhenggen Zha
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology and ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology and ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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