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Murali K, Machado LA, Carvalho RL, Pedrosa LF, Mukherjee R, Da Silva Júnior EN, Maiti D. Decoding Directing Groups and Their Pivotal Role in C-H Activation. Chemistry 2021; 27:12453-12508. [PMID: 34038596 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic organic chemistry has witnessed a plethora of functionalization and defunctionalization strategies. In this regard, C-H functionalization has been at the forefront due to the multifarious applications in the development of simple to complex molecular architectures and holds a brilliant prospect in drug development and discovery. Despite been explored tremendously by chemists, this functionalization strategy still enjoys the employment of novel metal catalysts as well metal-free organic ligands. Moreover, the switch to photo- and electrochemistry has widened our understanding of the alternative pathways via which a reaction can proceed and these strategies have garnered prominence when applied to C-H activation. Synthetic chemists have been foraging for new directing groups and templates for the selective activation of C-H bonds from a myriad of carbon-hydrogen bonds in aromatic as well as aliphatic systems. As a matter of fact, by varying the templates and directing groups, scientists found the answer to the challenge of distal C-H bond activation which remained an obstacle for a very long time. These templates have been frequently harnessed for selectively activating C-H bonds of natural products, drugs, and macromolecules decorated with multiple C-H bonds. This itself was a challenge before the commencement of this field as functionalization of a site other than the targeted site could modify and hamper the biological activity of the pharmacophore. Total synthesis and pharmacophore development often faces the difficulty of superfluous reaction steps towards selective functionalization. This obstacle has been solved by late-stage functionalization simply by harnessing C-H bond activation. Moreover, green chemistry and metal-free reaction conditions have seen light in the past few decades due to the rising concern about environmental issues. Therefore, metal-free catalysts or the usage of non-toxic metals have been recently showcased in a number of elegant works. Also, research groups across the world are developing rational strategies for directing group free or non-directed protocols that are just guided by ligands. This review encapsulates the research works pertinent to C-H bond activation and discusses the science devoted to it at the fundamental level. This review gives the readers a broad understanding of how these strategies work, the execution of various metal catalysts, and directing groups. This not only helps a budding scientist towards the commencement of his/her research but also helps a matured mind searching out for selective functionalization. A detailed picture of this field and its progress with time has been portrayed in lucid scientific language with a motive to inculcate and educate scientific minds about this beautiful strategy with an overview of the most relevant and significant works of this era. The unique trait of this review is the detailed description and classification of various directing groups and their utility over a wide substrate scope. This allows an experimental chemist to understand the applicability of this domain and employ it over any targeted substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunanidhi Murali
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Luana A Machado
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renato L Carvalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro F Pedrosa
- Department of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rishav Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | | | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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2
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Zhang MJ, Ge XL, Young DJ, Li HX. Recent advances in Co-catalyzed C–C and C–N bond formation via ADC and ATH reactions. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Aynetdinova D, Callens MC, Hicks HB, Poh CYX, Shennan BDA, Boyd AM, Lim ZH, Leitch JA, Dixon DJ. Installing the “magic methyl” – C–H methylation in synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5517-5563. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00973c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Following notable cases of remarkable potency increases in methylated analogues of lead compounds, this review documents the state-of-the-art in C–H methylation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniya Aynetdinova
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Mia C. Callens
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Harry B. Hicks
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Charmaine Y. X. Poh
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | | | - Alistair M. Boyd
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Zhong Hui Lim
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
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4
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Mingo MM, Rodríguez N, Arrayás RG, Carretero JC. Remote C(sp 3)–H functionalization via catalytic cyclometallation: beyond five-membered ring metallacycle intermediates. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00389e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite impressive recent momentum gained in C(sp3)–H activation, achieving high regioselectivity in molecules containing different C–H bonds with similar high energy without abusing tailored substitution remains as one of the biggest challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Martínez Mingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Fco. Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Rodríguez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Fco. Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain
| | - Ramón Gómez Arrayás
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Fco. Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain
| | - Juan C. Carretero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Fco. Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain
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5
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Carvalho RL, Almeida RG, Murali K, Machado LA, Pedrosa LF, Dolui P, Maiti D, da Silva Júnior EN. Removal and modification of directing groups used in metal-catalyzed C–H functionalization: the magical step of conversion into ‘conventional’ functional groups. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:525-547. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02232b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This feature review is focused on recent approaches for removing versatile directing groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato L. Carvalho
- Institute of Exact Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Renata G. Almeida
- Institute of Exact Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Karunanidhi Murali
- Institute of Exact Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Luana A. Machado
- Institute of Exact Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | | | - Pravas Dolui
- Department of Chemistry
- IIT Bombay
- Mumbai 400076
- India
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6
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Rani G, Luxami V, Paul K. Traceless directing groups: a novel strategy in regiodivergent C-H functionalization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12479-12521. [PMID: 32985634 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04863a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of functional groups as internal ligands for assisting C-H functionalization, termed the chelation assisted strategy, is emerging as one of the most powerful tools for construction of C-C and C-X bonds from inert C-H bonds. However, there are various directing groups which cannot be either removed after functionalization or require some additional steps or reagents for their removal, thereby limiting the scope of structural diversity of the products, and the step and atom economy of the system. These limitations are overcome by the use of the traceless directing group (TDG) strategy wherein functionalization of the substrate and removal of the directing group can be carried out in a one pot fashion. Traceless directing groups serve as the most ideal chelation assisted strategy with a high degree of reactivity and selectivity without any requirement for additional steps for their removal. The present review overviews the use of various functional groups such as carboxylic acids, aldehydes, N-oxides, nitrones, N-nitroso amines, amides, sulfoxonium ylides and silicon tethered directing groups for assisting transition metal catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Rani
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala-147001, India.
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7
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Beyond Friedel and Crafts: Directed Alkylation of C−H Bonds in Arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7202-7236. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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8
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Evano G, Theunissen C. Jenseits von Friedel und Crafts: dirigierte Alkylierung von C‐H‐Bindungen in Arenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie OrganiqueService de Chimie et Physico-Chimie OrganiquesUniversité libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06 1050 Brüssel Belgien
| | - Cédric Theunissen
- Laboratoire de Chimie OrganiqueService de Chimie et Physico-Chimie OrganiquesUniversité libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06 1050 Brüssel Belgien
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9
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Sambiagio C, Schönbauer D, Blieck R, Dao-Huy T, Pototschnig G, Schaaf P, Wiesinger T, Zia MF, Wencel-Delord J, Besset T, Maes BUW, Schnürch M. A comprehensive overview of directing groups applied in metal-catalysed C-H functionalisation chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:6603-6743. [PMID: 30033454 PMCID: PMC6113863 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00201k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1090] [Impact Index Per Article: 181.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present review is devoted to summarizing the recent advances (2015-2017) in the field of metal-catalysed group-directed C-H functionalisation. In order to clearly showcase the molecular diversity that can now be accessed by means of directed C-H functionalisation, the whole is organized following the directing groups installed on a substrate. Its aim is to be a comprehensive reference work, where a specific directing group can be easily found, together with the transformations which have been carried out with it. Hence, the primary format of this review is schemes accompanied with a concise explanatory text, in which the directing groups are ordered in sections according to their chemical structure. The schemes feature typical substrates used, the products obtained as well as the required reaction conditions. Importantly, each example is commented on with respect to the most important positive features and drawbacks, on aspects such as selectivity, substrate scope, reaction conditions, directing group removal, and greenness. The targeted readership are both experts in the field of C-H functionalisation chemistry (to provide a comprehensive overview of the progress made in the last years) and, even more so, all organic chemists who want to introduce the C-H functionalisation way of thinking for a design of straightforward, efficient and step-economic synthetic routes towards molecules of interest to them. Accordingly, this review should be of particular interest also for scientists from industrial R&D sector. Hence, the overall goal of this review is to promote the application of C-H functionalisation reactions outside the research groups dedicated to method development and establishing it as a valuable reaction archetype in contemporary R&D, comparable to the role cross-coupling reactions play to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Sambiagio
- Organic Synthesis (ORSY)
, Department of Chemistry
, University of Antwerp
,
Groenenborgerlaan 171
, 2020 Antwerp
, Belgium
| | - David Schönbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
, TU Wien
,
Getreidemarkt 9/163
, A-1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
| | - Remi Blieck
- Normandie Univ
, INSA Rouen
, UNIROUEN
, CNRS
, COBRA (UMR 6014)
,
76000 Rouen
, France
| | - Toan Dao-Huy
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
, TU Wien
,
Getreidemarkt 9/163
, A-1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
| | - Gerit Pototschnig
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
, TU Wien
,
Getreidemarkt 9/163
, A-1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
| | - Patricia Schaaf
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
, TU Wien
,
Getreidemarkt 9/163
, A-1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
| | - Thomas Wiesinger
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
, TU Wien
,
Getreidemarkt 9/163
, A-1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
| | - Muhammad Farooq Zia
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
, TU Wien
,
Getreidemarkt 9/163
, A-1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
| | - Joanna Wencel-Delord
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR CNRS 7509)
, Université de Strasbourg
,
ECPM 25 Rue Becquerel
, 67087 Strasbourg
, France
| | - Tatiana Besset
- Normandie Univ
, INSA Rouen
, UNIROUEN
, CNRS
, COBRA (UMR 6014)
,
76000 Rouen
, France
| | - Bert U. W. Maes
- Organic Synthesis (ORSY)
, Department of Chemistry
, University of Antwerp
,
Groenenborgerlaan 171
, 2020 Antwerp
, Belgium
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
, TU Wien
,
Getreidemarkt 9/163
, A-1060 Vienna
, Austria
.
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10
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Chen XY, Sorensen EJ. Pd-Catalyzed, ortho C-H Methylation and Fluorination of Benzaldehydes Using Orthanilic Acids as Transient Directing Groups. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2789-2792. [PMID: 29412651 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The direct, Pd-catalyzed ortho C-H methylation and fluorination of benzaldehydes have been accomplished using commercially available orthanilic acids as transient directing groups. In these reactions, the 1-fluoro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium salts can be either a bystanding F+ oxidant or an electrophilic fluorinating reagent. An X-ray crystal structure of a benzaldehyde ortho C-H palladation intermediate was obtained using triphenylphosphine as the stabilizing ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Erik J Sorensen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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11
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Gao W, Gong C, Yang Q, Yuan J, Xu L, Peng Y. Rh(III)-catalyzed oxidative ortho-C–H alkylation of 2,4-diarylquinazoline with potassium alkyltrifluoroborates. CAN J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alkyltrifluoroborates were used for Rh(III)-catalyzed ortho-alkylation of 2,4-disubstituted quinazoline via C–H bond activation. The reaction proceeded well with a broad substrate scope, providing a direct way to access high functional quinazoline core structure derivatives in yields up to 95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Province’s Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
- Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Chun Gong
- Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Province’s Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Jianjun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Province’s Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Linchu Xu
- Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, China
| | - Yiyuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Province’s Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
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12
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Parasram M, Gevorgyan V. Silicon-Tethered Strategies for C-H Functionalization Reactions. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2038-2053. [PMID: 28771325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Selective and efficient functionalization of ubiquitous C-H bonds is the Holy Grail of organic synthesis. Most advances in this area rely on employment of strongly or weakly coordinating directing groups (DGs) which have proven effective for transition-metal-catalyzed functionalization of C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H bonds. Although most directing groups are important functionalities in their own right, in certain cases, the DGs become static entities that possess very little synthetic leverage. Moreover, some of the DGs employed are cumbersome or unpractical to remove, which precludes the use of this approach in synthesis. It is believed, that development of a set of easily installable and removable/modifiable DGs for C-H functionalization would add tremendous value to the growing area of directed functionalization, and hence would promote its use in synthesis and late-stage functionalization of complex molecules. In particular, silicon tethers have long provided leverage in organic synthesis as easily installable and removable/modifiable auxiliaries for a variety of processes, including radical transformations, cycloaddition reactions, and a number of TM-catalyzed methods, including ring-closing metathesis (RCM) and cross-coupling reactions. Employment of Si-tethers is highly attractive for several reasons: (1) they are easy to handle/synthesize and are relatively stable; (2) they utilize cheap and abundant silicon precursors; and (3) Si-tethers are easily installable and removable/modifiable. Hence, development of Si-tethers for C-H functionalization reactions is appealing not only from a practical but also from a synthetic standpoint, since the Si-tether can provide an additional handle for diversification of organic molecules post-C-H functionalization. Over the past few years, we developed a set of Si-tether approaches for C-H functionalization reactions. The developed Si-tethers can be categorized into four types: (Type-1) Si-tethers possessing a reacting group, where the reacting group is delivered to the site of functionalization; (Type-2) Si-tethers possessing a DG, designed for selective C(sp2)-H functionalization of arenes; (Type-3) reactive Si-tethers for C-H silylation of organic molecules; and finally, (Type-4) reactive Si-tethers containing a DG, developed for selective C-H silylation/hydroxylation of challenging C(sp3)-H bonds. In this Account, we outline our advances on the employment of silicon auxiliaries for directed C-H functionalization reactions. The discussion of the strategies for employment of different Si-tethers, functionalization/modification of silicon tethers, and the methodological developments on C-C, C-X, C-O, and C-Si bond forming reactions via silicon tethers will also be presented. While the work described herein presents a substantial advance for the area of C-H functionalization, challenges still remain. The use of noble metals are required for the C-H functionalization methods presented herein. Also, the need for stoichiometric use of high molecular weight silicon auxiliaries is a shortcoming of the presented concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Parasram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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13
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Cp*Rh(III)-Catalyzed Directed C−H Methylation and Arylation of Quinoline N
-Oxides at the C-8 Position. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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14
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Xie F, Xie R, Zhang JX, Jiang HF, Du L, Zhang M. Direct Reductive Quinolyl β-C–H Alkylation by Multispherical Cavity Carbon-Supported Cobalt Oxide Nanocatalysts. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xie
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular
Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Xie
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular
Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xi Zhang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular
Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan-Feng Jiang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular
Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Du
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular
Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular
Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Cobalt-Catalyzed ortho
-Methylation of Ferrocenes Bearing ortho
-Directing Groups by Catalytic Directed C-H Bond Activation. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Rayment EJ, Mekareeya A, Summerhill N, Anderson EA. Mechanistic Study of Arylsilane Oxidation through 19F NMR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6138-6145. [PMID: 28422497 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of the oxidation of arylsilanes to phenols has been investigated using 19F NMR spectroscopy. The formation of silanols in these reactions results from a rapid background equilibrium between silanol and alkoxysilane; the relative rates of reaction of these species was evaluated by modeling of concentration profiles obtained through 19F NMR spectroscopic reaction monitoring. Combining these results with a study of initial rates of phenol formation, and of substituent electronic effects, a mechanistic picture involving rapid and reversible formation of a pentavalent peroxide ate complex, prior to rate-limiting aryl migration, has evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Rayment
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Aroonroj Mekareeya
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Summerhill
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer , Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Edward A Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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17
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Wang Y, Gevorgyan V. Synthesis of Active Hexafluoroisopropyl Benzoates through a Hydrogen-Bond-Enabled Palladium(II)-Catalyzed C−H Alkoxycarbonylation Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3191-3195. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Illinois at Chicago; 845 W Taylor St., Room 4500 Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Illinois at Chicago; 845 W Taylor St., Room 4500 Chicago IL 60607 USA
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18
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Wang Y, Gevorgyan V. Synthesis of Active Hexafluoroisopropyl Benzoates through a Hydrogen-Bond-Enabled Palladium(II)-Catalyzed C−H Alkoxycarbonylation Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Illinois at Chicago; 845 W Taylor St., Room 4500 Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Illinois at Chicago; 845 W Taylor St., Room 4500 Chicago IL 60607 USA
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Lei B, Wang X, Ma L, Jiao H, Zhu L, Li Z. DDQ-promoted direct C5-alkylation of oxazoles with alkylboronic acids via palladium-catalysed C–H bond activation. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:6084-6088. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01083d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The first protocol for the direct C5-alkylation of oxazoles through transition-metal-catalysed C(5)–H bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Lei
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Xiaojiao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Lifang Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Huixuan Jiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Lisi Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Ziyuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
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