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Wang J, Luo MP, Gu YJ, Liu YY, Yin Q, Wang SG. Chiral Cp x Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Aziridination of Unactivated Terminal Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400502. [PMID: 38279683 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Chiral cyclopentadienyl-rhodium(III) Cpx Rh(III) catalysis has been demonstrated to be competent for catalyzing highly enantioselective aziridination of challenging unactivated terminal alkenes and nitrene sources. The chiral Cpx Rh(III) catalysis system exhibited outstanding catalytic performance and wide functional group tolerance, yielding synthetically important and highly valuable chiral aziridines with good to excellent yields and enantioselectivities (up to 99 % yield, 93 % ee). This protocol presents a novel and effective strategy for synthesizing enantioenriched aziridines from simple alkenes. Various transformations were performed on the aziridine products, illustrating the versatility and synthetic potential of this protocol for constructing highly functionalized compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mu-Peng Luo
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Jie Gu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ying Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qin Yin
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shou-Guo Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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2
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Sinka V, Fernández I, Padrón JI. Synthesis of Tetrahydroazepines through Silyl Aza-Prins Cyclization Mediated by Iron(III) Salts. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11735-11742. [PMID: 35977416 PMCID: PMC9442639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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A new methodology for the synthesis of seven-membered
unsaturated
azacycles (tetrahydroazepines) was developed. It is based on the powerful
aza-Prins cyclization in combination with the Peterson-type elimination
reaction. In a single reaction step, a C–N, C–C bond
and an endocyclic double bond are formed. Under mild reaction conditions
and using iron(III) salts as sustainable catalysts, tetrahydroazepines
with different degrees of substitution are obtained directly and efficiently.
DFT calculations supported the proposed mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sinka
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA), CSIC, 38206, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife (Spain)
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan I Padrón
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA), CSIC, 38206, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife (Spain)
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3
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Abstract
The majority of medicines contain a nitrogen atom within a five- or six- membered ring. To rapidly access both such aza-heterocycles, we sought to develop a remote C-H desaturation of amines. Inspired by the Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag synthesis of five-membered pyrrolidines, we tackled the century-old challenge of synthesizing six-membered piperidines by H-atom transfer. We present herein a double, vicinal C-H oxidation by dual catalysis, entailing Ir photocatalytic initiation of 1,5-HAT by an N-centered radical and Cu-catalyzed interception of the C-centered radical to facilitate desaturation. By this mechanism, two C-H bonds (δ and ε to N) are regioselectively removed from unbiased, remote positions of an alkyl chain. Over 50 examples illustrate efficiency, selectivity, functional group tolerance, and medicinal utility of this synthesis of both internal and terminal δ vinylic amines and aza-heterocycles. Mechanistic experiments probe the alkylcopper intermediate, as well as kinetics and regioselectivity of the HAT and elimination steps.
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4
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Earth-Abundant 3d Transition Metal Catalysts for Hydroalkoxylation and Hydroamination of Unactivated Alkenes. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11060674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the most noteworthy achievements in the field of C–O and C–N bond formation by hydroalkoxylation and hydroamination reactions on unactivated alkenes (including 1,2- and 1,3-dienes) promoted by earth-abundant 3d transition metal catalysts based on manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc. The relevant literature from 2012 until early 2021 has been covered.
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5
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Adak L, Ghosh T. Recent Progress in Iron-Catalyzed Reactions Towards the Synthesis of Bioactive Five- and Six-Membered Heterocycles. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200714102103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds are the largely diverse organic molecules and find
prevalent applications in the fine chemical industry, medicinal chemistry and agricultural
science. They are also among the most commonly bearing frameworks in numerous drugs
and pharmaceutical substances. Therefore, the development of convenient, efficient and
environmentally benign methods to produce various types of heterocyclic compounds is
an attractive area of research. For the synthesis and functionalization of heterocycles,
enormous achievements have been attributed over the past decades. Recently, ironcatalyzed
reactions have accomplished a noteworthy development in the synthesis of
heterocycles. This review highlights some remarkable achievements in the iron-catalyzed
synthesis of heterocyclic compounds published in the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laksmikanta Adak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Tubai Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Raja S C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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6
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Rodríguez‐López J, Brovetto M, Martín VS, Martín T. Enantiodivergent Cyclization by Inversion of the Reactivity in Ambiphilic Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Rodríguez‐López
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González Universidad de La Laguna Francisco Sánchez 2 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
| | - Margarita Brovetto
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González Universidad de La Laguna Francisco Sánchez 2 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
| | - Víctor S. Martín
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González Universidad de La Laguna Francisco Sánchez 2 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidad de La Laguna Francisco Sánchez s/n. Facultad de Farmacia 38200 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
| | - Tomás Martín
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González Universidad de La Laguna Francisco Sánchez 2 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología CSIC Francisco Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Tenerife Spain
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7
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Rodríguez-López J, Brovetto M, Martín VS, Martín T. Enantiodivergent Cyclization by Inversion of the Reactivity in Ambiphilic Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17077-17083. [PMID: 32573884 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Inverting the reactivity of the functional groups in ambiphilic molecules provides a new synthetic strategy to perform late-stage enantiodivergence. Both enantiomers of the final compound can be obtained from a common chiral precursor. As a proof of concept, the synthesis of substituted five- and six-membered oxacycles is described. The key step is the cyclization of an ambiphilic linear precursor bearing a propargylic alcohol and an epoxide linked through an alkyl chain. Through a slight modification of these linear precursors and employing different reaction conditions, these functional groups can inverse their chemical reactivity, producing one enantiomer or another of the final product. This enantiodivergent cyclization involves three stereogenic centers that can undergo fully controlled retention or inversion of their configuration depending on the cyclization pathway that is activated. The cyclization provides late-stage enantiodivergence, enabling the synthesis of either enantiomers of the oxacycles from a common chiral substrate with total transfer of the enantiomeric purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Rodríguez-López
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Margarita Brovetto
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Víctor S Martín
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Francisco Sánchez s/n. Facultad de Farmacia, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Tomás Martín
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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8
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Nájera C, Foubelo F, Sansano JM, Yus M. Stereodivergent routes in organic synthesis: carbohydrates, amino acids, alkaloids and terpenes. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1232-1278. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02419k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The natural occurrence of enantiomers and diastereomers is often encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Nájera
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universidad de Alicante
- E-03080 Alicante
- Spain
| | - Francisco Foubelo
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universidad de Alicante
- E-03080 Alicante
- Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
| | - José M. Sansano
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universidad de Alicante
- E-03080 Alicante
- Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
| | - Miguel Yus
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universidad de Alicante
- E-03080 Alicante
- Spain
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9
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Mishra M, Mohapatra S, Mishra NP, Jena BK, Panda P, Nayak S. Recent advances in iron(III) chloride catalyzed synthesis of heterocycles. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Marcyk PT, Cook SP. Iron-Catalyzed Hydroamination and Hydroetherification of Unactivated Alkenes. Org Lett 2019; 21:1547-1550. [PMID: 30789740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hydrofunctionalization of alkenes, explored for over 100 years, offers the potential for a direct, atom-economical approach to value-added products. While thermodynamically favored, the kinetic barrier to such processes necessitates the use of catalysts to control selectivity and reactivity. Modern variants typically rely on noble metals that require different ligands for each class of hydrofunctionalization, thereby limiting generality. This Letter describes a general iron-based system that catalyzes the hydroamination and hydroetherification of simple unactivated olefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Marcyk
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405-7102 , United States
| | - Silas P Cook
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , 800 East Kirkwood Avenue , Bloomington , Indiana 47405-7102 , United States
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11
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Costa BZ, Galman JL, Slabu I, France SP, Marsaioli AJ, Turner NJ. Synthesis of 2,5-Disubstituted Pyrrolidine Alkaloids via
A One-Pot Cascade Using Transaminase and Reductive Aminase Biocatalysts. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Z. Costa
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester, M1 7DN (UK)
- Chemistry Institute; University of Campinas Rua Monteiro Lobato, 277. Barão Geraldo Campinas - SP.; 13083-970 Brazil
| | - James L. Galman
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester, M1 7DN (UK)
| | - Iustina Slabu
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester, M1 7DN (UK)
| | - Scott P. France
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester, M1 7DN (UK)
| | - Anita J. Marsaioli
- Chemistry Institute; University of Campinas Rua Monteiro Lobato, 277. Barão Geraldo Campinas - SP.; 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Nicholas J. Turner
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester Manchester Institute of Biotechnology; 131 Princess Street Manchester, M1 7DN (UK)
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12
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Metal-catalyzed synthesis of five-membered ring N-heterocycles. A recent update. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-018-2260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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13
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Qi C, Hasenmaile F, Gandon V, Lebœuf D. Calcium(II)-Catalyzed Intra- and Intermolecular Hydroamidation of Unactivated Alkenes in Hexafluoroisopropanol. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b04271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxiao Qi
- Institut
de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay
(ICMMO), CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, 91405 Orsay
cedex, France
| | - Felix Hasenmaile
- Institut
de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay
(ICMMO), CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, 91405 Orsay
cedex, France
| | - Vincent Gandon
- Institut
de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay
(ICMMO), CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, 91405 Orsay
cedex, France
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM), CNRS UMR 9168, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - David Lebœuf
- Institut
de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay
(ICMMO), CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, 91405 Orsay
cedex, France
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14
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Valdomir G, Fernández MDLÁ, Lagunes I, Padrón JI, Martín VS, Padrón JM, Davyt D. Oxa/thiazole-tetrahydropyran triazole-linked hybrids with selective antiproliferative activity against human tumour cells. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj02388c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by marine bioactive compounds, the principle of molecular hybridization was applied combining diverse heterocyclic systems by a triazole ring, to produce new and more active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Valdomir
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- UdelaR
- 11800 Montevideo
- Uruguay
| | | | - Irene Lagunes
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” (IUBO-AG)
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN)
- Universidad de La Laguna
- 38206 La Laguna
- Spain
| | - Juan I. Padrón
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” (IUBO-AG)
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN)
- Universidad de La Laguna
- 38206 La Laguna
- Spain
| | - Víctor S. Martín
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” (IUBO-AG)
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN)
- Universidad de La Laguna
- 38206 La Laguna
- Spain
| | - José M. Padrón
- Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González” (IUBO-AG)
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN)
- Universidad de La Laguna
- 38206 La Laguna
- Spain
| | - Danilo Davyt
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- UdelaR
- 11800 Montevideo
- Uruguay
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15
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Ferrand L, Tang Y, Aubert C, Fensterbank L, Mouriès-Mansuy V, Petit M, Amatore M. Niobium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Addition of O-H and N-H Bonds to Alkenes: A Tool for Hydrofunctionalization. Org Lett 2017; 19:2062-2065. [PMID: 28387512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A convenient, versatile, and easy to handle intramolecular hydrofunctionalization of alkenes (C-O and C-N bonds formation) is reported using a novel niobium-based catalytic system. This atom economic and eco-friendly methodology provides an additional synthetic tool for the straightforward formation of valuable building blocks enabling molecular complexity. Various pyran, furan, pyrrolidine, piperidine, lactone, and lactam derivatives as well as spirocyclic compounds are produced in high yields and selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferrand
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 8232 , Case 229, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Yue Tang
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 8232 , Case 229, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Corinne Aubert
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 8232 , Case 229, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Louis Fensterbank
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 8232 , Case 229, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Virginie Mouriès-Mansuy
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 8232 , Case 229, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Marc Petit
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 8232 , Case 229, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Muriel Amatore
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR CNRS 8232 , Case 229, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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16
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Shibuya M, Fujita S, Abe M, Yamamoto Y. Brønsted Acid/Silane Catalytic System for Intramolecular Hydroalkoxylation and Hydroamination of Unactivated Alkynes. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Shibuya
- Department of Basic Medicinal
Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shoji Fujita
- Department of Basic Medicinal
Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masanori Abe
- Department of Basic Medicinal
Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Yamamoto
- Department of Basic Medicinal
Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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