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Li P, Kowalczyk D, Liessem J, Elnagar MM, Mitoraj D, Beranek R, Ziegenbalg D. Optimizing reaction conditions for the light-driven hydrogen evolution in a loop photoreactor. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:74-91. [PMID: 38264450 PMCID: PMC10804759 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic hydrogen production from water is a promising way to fulfill energy demands and attain carbon emission reduction goals effectively. In this study, a loop photoreactor with a total volume of around 500 mL is presented for the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution using a Pt-loaded polymeric carbon nitride photocatalyst under 365 nm irradiation in the presence of sacrificial reducing agents. The fluid flow pattern of the developed photoreactor was characterized experimentally and the photon flux incident to the loop photoreactor was measured by chemical actinometry. The system displayed exceptional stability, with operation sustained over 70 hours. A design of experiment (DOE) analysis was used to systematically investigate the influence of key parameters - photon flux, photocatalyst loading, stirring speed, and inert gas flow rate - on the hydrogen generation rate. Linear relationships were found between hydrogen evolution rate and photon flux as well as inert gas flow rate. Photocatalyst loading and stirring speed also showed linear correlations, but could not be correctly described by DOE analysis. Instead, linear single parameter correlations could be applied. Notably, the loop photoreactor demonstrated an external photon efficiency up to 17 times higher than reported in literature studies, while scaling the reactor size by a factor of 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Li
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Kowalczyk
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Liessem
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Mohamed M Elnagar
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Dariusz Mitoraj
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Radim Beranek
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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2
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Ziegenbalg D, Pannwitz A, Rau S, Dietzek‐Ivanšić B, Streb C. Comparative Evaluation of Light-Driven Catalysis: A Framework for Standardized Reporting of Data. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114106. [PMID: 35698245 PMCID: PMC9401044 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis require a complex interplay between light absorption, charge separation, charge transfer, and catalytic turnover. Optical and irradiation parameters as well as reaction engineering aspects play major roles in controlling catalytic performance. This multitude of factors makes it difficult to objectively compare light-driven catalysts and provide an unbiased performance assessment. This Scientific Perspective highlights the importance of collecting and reporting experimental data in homogeneous and heterogeneous light-driven catalysis. A critical analysis of the benefits and limitations of the commonly used experimental indicators is provided. Data collection and reporting according to FAIR principles is discussed in the context of future automated data analysis. The authors propose a minimum dataset as a basis for unified collecting and reporting of experimental data in homogeneous and heterogeneous light-driven catalysis. The community is encouraged to support the future development of this parameter list through an open online repository.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institute of Chemical EngineeringUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Andrea Pannwitz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek‐Ivanšić
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center of Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Department Functional InterfacesLeibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT)Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
| | - Carsten Streb
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10-1455128MainzGermany
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3
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Ziegenbalg D, Pannwitz A, Rau S, Dietzek‐Ivanšić B, Streb C. Vergleichende Evaluierung lichtgetriebener Katalyse: Ein Rahmenkonzept für das standardisierte Berichten von Daten**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institut für Chemieingenieurwesen Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Andrea Pannwitz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie I Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Sven Rau
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie I Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Benjamin Dietzek‐Ivanšić
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Center of Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Deutschland
- Department Funktionale Grenzflächen Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien Jena (IPHT) Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - Carsten Streb
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie I Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wriedt
- Ulm University Institute of Chemical Engineering Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Ulm University Institute of Chemical Engineering Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Rehm
- Division Energy & Chemical Technology / Flow Chemistry GroupFraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM Carl-Zeiss-Straße 18–20 55129 Mainz Germany
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6
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Cambié D, Dobbelaar J, Riente P, Vanderspikken J, Shen C, Seeberger PH, Gilmore K, Debije MG, Noël T. Energy-Efficient Solar Photochemistry with Luminescent Solar Concentrator Based Photomicroreactors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14374-14378. [PMID: 31386256 PMCID: PMC6790603 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201908553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The sun is the most sustainable light source available on our planet, therefore the direct use of sunlight for photochemistry is extremely appealing. Demonstrated here, for the first time, is that a diverse set of photon-driven transformations can be efficiently powered by solar irradiation with the use of solvent-resistant and cheap luminescent solar concentrator based photomicroreactors. Blue, green, and red reactors can accommodate both homogeneous and multiphase reaction conditions, including photochemical oxidations, photocatalytic trifluoromethylation chemistry, and metallaphotoredox transformations, thus spanning applications over the entire visible-light spectrum. To further illustrate the efficacy of these novel solar reactors, medicinally relevant molecules, such as ascaridole and an intermediate of artemisinin, were prepared as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cambié
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistrySustainable Process EngineeringMicro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic MethodologyEindhoven University of TechnologyHet Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Dobbelaar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistrySustainable Process EngineeringMicro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic MethodologyEindhoven University of TechnologyHet Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Paola Riente
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistrySustainable Process EngineeringMicro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic MethodologyEindhoven University of TechnologyHet Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Jochen Vanderspikken
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistrySustainable Process EngineeringMicro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic MethodologyEindhoven University of TechnologyHet Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Chong Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistrySustainable Process EngineeringMicro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic MethodologyEindhoven University of TechnologyHet Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax-Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax-Planck Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Michael G. Debije
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryStimuli-responsive Functional Materials and DevicesEindhoven University of TechnologyHet Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ChemistrySustainable Process EngineeringMicro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic MethodologyEindhoven University of TechnologyHet Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix5600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
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7
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Cambié D, Dobbelaar J, Riente P, Vanderspikken J, Shen C, Seeberger PH, Gilmore K, Debije MG, Noël T. Energy‐Efficient Solar Photochemistry with Luminescent Solar Concentrator Based Photomicroreactors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201908553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cambié
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Sustainable Process Engineering Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic Methodology Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Dobbelaar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Sustainable Process Engineering Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic Methodology Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Paola Riente
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Sustainable Process Engineering Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic Methodology Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Jochen Vanderspikken
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Sustainable Process Engineering Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic Methodology Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Chong Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Sustainable Process Engineering Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic Methodology Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Michael G. Debije
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials and Devices Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Sustainable Process Engineering Micro Flow Chemistry & Synthetic Methodology Eindhoven University of Technology Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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8
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Guba F, Tastan Ü, Gugeler K, Buntrock M, Rommel T, Ziegenbalg D. Rapid Prototyping for Photochemical Reaction Engineering. CHEM-ING-TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201800035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Guba
- Universität UlmInstitut für Chemieingenieurwesen Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Ümit Tastan
- Universität UlmInstitut für Chemieingenieurwesen Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Katrin Gugeler
- Universität StuttgartInstitut für Technische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Melanie Buntrock
- Universität StuttgartInstitut für Technische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Tobias Rommel
- Universität StuttgartInstitut für Technische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Universität UlmInstitut für Chemieingenieurwesen Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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9
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Katagiri K, Hayashi Y, Yoshiyuki R, Inumaru K, Uchiyama T, Nagata N, Uchimoto Y, Miyoshi A, Maeda K. Mechanistic Insight on the Formation of GaN:ZnO Solid Solution from Zn-Ga Layered Double Hydroxide Using Urea as the Nitriding Agent. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:13953-13962. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyofumi Katagiri
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Yuki Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Risa Yoshiyuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Kei Inumaru
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Tomoki Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nagata
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Uchimoto
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akinobu Miyoshi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-NE-2 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-NE-2 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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10
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Grützner T, Ziegenbalg D, Güttel R. Process Intensification - An Unbroken Trend in Chemical Engineering. CHEM-ING-TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201800032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Grützner
- Universität Ulm; Institut für Chemieingenieurwesen; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Universität Ulm; Institut für Chemieingenieurwesen; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Robert Güttel
- Universität Ulm; Institut für Chemieingenieurwesen; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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11
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Synthesis of carboxylated chlorophyll derivatives and their activities in dye-sensitized solar cells. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Reim I, Wriedt B, Tastan Ü, Ziegenbalg D, Karnahl M. Impact of the Type of Reactor and the Catalytic Conditions on the Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen Using a Fully Noble-Metal-Free System. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Immanuel Reim
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Benjamin Wriedt
- Institute of Chemical Technology; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Ümit Tastan
- Institute of Chemical Technology; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institute of Chemical Technology; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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13
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Sender M, Ziegenbalg D. Light Sources for Photochemical Processes - Estimation of Technological Potentials. CHEM-ING-TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201600191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Sender
- University of Stuttgart; Institute of Chemical Technology; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- University of Stuttgart; Institute of Chemical Technology; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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