1
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Reik C, Jenner LW, Schubert H, Eichele K, Wesemann L. Germaborene reactivity study - addition of carbon nucleophiles, cycloaddition reactions, coordination chemistry. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11358-11366. [PMID: 39055029 PMCID: PMC11268465 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03743j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
MeNHC substituted germaborenium cation 2 was synthesized directly in reaction of bromo-substituted germaborene 1b with MeNHC. The adamantyl isonitrile substituted germaborenium cation 4 was obtained stepwise: substitution of the chloride atom against adamantyl isonitrile at the B-Cl unit in 1a, simultaneous migration of the chloride to the germanium atom followed by chloride abstraction using Na[BArF 4] gives the germaborenium cation 4. Substitution of the bromide atom in 1b against carbon monoxide followed by bromide abstraction using Ag[Al(OtBuF)4] leads to compound 6 exhibiting a B[double bond, length as m-dash]C double bond substituted at the boron atom by a germylium cation. Treating the germaborene [Ge[double bond, length as m-dash]B-Ph] (1c) with selenium, a cycloaddition product 7 was characterised featuring a GeBSe heterocycle. Carbon dioxide reacts with 1b to give a four membered ring molecule 8 as the product of a B-C and Ge-O bond formation. In reaction of 1b with dimethylbutadiene, a product 9 of a [2 + 4] cycloaddition was isolated. Transition metal fragments [Fe(CO)4 (10), CuBr (11), AuCl (12)] show coordination at the germaborene double bond. Molecular structures of the germaborene coordination compounds 10-12 are presented and the ligand properties are discussed. After treating the germaborene [Ge[double bond, length as m-dash]B-Br] (1b) with [Cp*Al]4, insertion of a Cp*Al moiety into the B-Br bond was found (13).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reik
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Lukas W Jenner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Hartmut Schubert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Klaus Eichele
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Lars Wesemann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
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2
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Woern K, Poddel'sky AI, Mayer A, Schrenk C, Schnepf A, Klementyeva SV. A Series of Cyclopentadienyl Lanthanum Complexes with Metalloid Germanium Clusters. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 38984981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
A series of cyclopentadienyllanthanum complexes with the disilylated metalloid germanium cluster [Ge9(Hyp)2]2- [Hyp = Si(SiMe3)3] has been prepared and fully characterized. The synthetic procedure is based on the salt metathesis reaction of two different cyclopentadienyllanthanum diiodides CpLaI2 (Cp: Cp*, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl; Cpttt, 1,2,4-tri-tert-butylcyclopentadienyl) with K2[Ge9(Hyp)2] in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with a subsequent extraction with n-hexane. The composition of the obtained compounds and the mode of coordination of the germanium cluster to the rare-earth metal are strongly influenced by the steric demand of the cyclopentadienyl ligands and the crystallization conditions. The centrosymmetric dimeric compounds with the common formula [CpLa(solv)(η2,3-Ge9(Hyp)2)]2 [1, Cp = Cp*, solv-THF; 2, Cp = Cpttt, solv-NCCH2C(Me)NSiMe3] have been isolated by the slow evaporation of a n-hexane solution, while a mononuclear complex [CptttLa(THF)2(η3-Ge9(Hyp)2)] (4) was found by crystallization from THF. The repeated recrystallization of 1 from n-hexane afforded the asymmetric dimer [Cp*La(THF)(η2,3-Ge9(Hyp)2)][Cp*La(η2,3-Ge9(Hyp)2)] (3) with only one coordinated THF molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Woern
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrey I Poddel'sky
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 275, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alex Mayer
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudio Schrenk
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schnepf
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Svetlana V Klementyeva
- Chemistry Department, University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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3
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Klementyeva SV, Woern K, Schrenk C, Zhang M, Khusniyarov MM, Schnepf A. [(thf) 5Ln(Ge 9{Si(SiMe 3) 3} 2)] (Ln = Eu, Sm, Yb): Capping Metalloid Germanium Cluster with Lanthanides. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5614-5621. [PMID: 36967670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of three neutral complexes with different coordination modes of a di-silylated metalloid germanium cluster to divalent lanthanides [(thf)5Ln(ηn-Ge9(Hyp)2)] (Ln = Yb (1, n = 1); Eu (2, n = 2, 3), Sm (3, n = 2, 3); Hyp = Si(SiMe3)3) by the salt metathesis of LnI2 with K2[Ge9(Hyp)2] in THF. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance and UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In thf solution, the formation of contact or solvate-separated ion pairs depending on the concentration is assumed. Compound 2 exhibits a blue luminescence typical for Eu2+. The solid-state magnetic measurements of compounds 2 and 3 confirm the presence of divalent europium and samarium, respectively.
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4
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Rienmüller J, Schmidt A, Yutronkie NJ, Clérac R, Werncke CG, Weigend F, Dehnen S. Reactive Solubilization of Heterometallic Clusters by Treatment of (TrBi 3 ) 2- Anions (Tr=Ga, In, Tl) with [Mn{N(SiMe 3 ) 2 } 2 ]. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210683. [PMID: 36008351 PMCID: PMC9825972 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lowering the charge of Zintl anions by (element-)organic substituents allows their use as sources of (semi)metal nanostructures in common organic solvents, as realized for group 15 anions or Ge9 4- and Sn9 4- . We developed a new strategy for other anions, using low-coordinate 3d metal complexes as electrophiles. [K(crypt-222)]+ salts of (TrBi3 )2- anions dissolved in situ in Et2 O and/or THF when reacted with [Mn(hmds)2 ]. Work-up afforded soluble [K(crypt-222)]+ salts of [{(hmds)2 Mn}2 (TlBi3 )]2- (in 1), [{(hmds)2 Mn}2 (Bi2 )]2- (in 2), and [{(hmds)Mn}4 (Bi2 )2 ]2- (in 3) (crypt-222=4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane; Tr=Ga, In, Tl; hmds=N(SiMe3 )2 ), representing rare cases of Zintl clusters with open-shell metal atoms. 1 comprises the first coordination compound of the (TlBi3 )2- anion, 2 features a diamond-shaped {Pn2 M2 } unit, and 3 is a mixed-valent MnI /MnII compound. The uncommon electronic structures in 1-3 and magnetic coupling were studied by comprehensive DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rienmüller
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW)Philipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Str. 453043MarburgGermany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW)Philipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Str. 453043MarburgGermany
| | - Nathan J. Yutronkie
- Univ. BordeauxCNRSCentre de Recherche Paul PascalCRPPUMR 503133600PessacFrance
| | - Rodolphe Clérac
- Univ. BordeauxCNRSCentre de Recherche Paul PascalCRPPUMR 503133600PessacFrance
| | - C. Gunnar Werncke
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW)Philipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Str. 453043MarburgGermany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW)Philipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Str. 453043MarburgGermany
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW)Philipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Str. 453043MarburgGermany
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5
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Rienmüller J, Schmidt A, Yutronkie NJ, Clérac R, Werncke CG, Weigend F, Dehnen S. Reactive Solubilization of Heterometallic Clusters by Treatment of (TrBi3)2– Anions (Tr = Ga, In, Tl) with [Mn{N(SiMe3)2}2]. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rienmüller
- Philipps-Universität Marburg ZMB: Philipps-Universitat Marburg Fachbereich Chemie GERMANY
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Philipps-Universität Marburg ZMB: Philipps-Universitat Marburg Fachbereich Chemie GERMANY
| | | | | | - C. Gunnar Werncke
- Philipps-Universität Marburg ZMB: Philipps-Universitat Marburg Fachbereich Chemie GERMANY
| | - Florian Weigend
- Philipps-Universität Marburg ZMB: Philipps-Universitat Marburg Fachbereich Chemie GERMANY
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Philipps-Universität Marburg: Philipps-Universitat Marburg Fachbereich Chemie Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35032 Marburg GERMANY
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6
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Klementyeva SV, Schrenk C, Schnepf A. Oxidation of [Ge 9{Si(SiMe 3) 3} 3] − with LnI 3 (Ln = Eu, Sm, Yb): Isomerism of Metalloid Germanium Clusters. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:11787-11795. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Schrenk
- Chemistry Department, University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Andreas Schnepf
- Chemistry Department, University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen Germany
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7
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Schnepf A, Gienger C. Substitution of Hyp (Hyp = Si(SiMe3)3) at metalloid [Ge9(Hyp)3]- clusters using phosphine stabilized Au(I)Cl. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:14207-14213. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01665f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present two new intermetalloid cluster compounds [(nBu3P)AuGe9(Hyp)2Au(PnBu3)]2 (1) and [Au(iPr2POC6H4OPiPr2)AuGe9(Hyp)2]2 (2) which are obtained from the reaction of KGe9(Hyp)3 (Hyp = Si(SiMe3)3) with respective Au(I) phosphine precursors. The products...
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8
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Gienger C, Schnepf A. Neutral R
3
PAuGe
9
(Hyp)
3
(R=Et,
n
Pr,
i
Pr,
n
Bu,
t
Bu, Cy) (Hyp=Si(SiMe
3
) Clusters give new insights into the ligand strength of the metalloid [Ge
9
(Hyp)
3
]
−
cluster. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gienger
- Chemistry Department University Tübigen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 D-72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Andreas Schnepf
- Chemistry Department University Tübigen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 D-72076 Tübingen Germany
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9
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Wallach C, Geitner FS, Fässler TF. FLP-type nitrile activation and cyclic ether ring-opening by halo-borane nonagermanide-cluster Lewis acid-base pairs. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6969-6976. [PMID: 34123324 PMCID: PMC8153081 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00811k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though homoatomic nine-atom germanium clusters are known for two decades, their chemical properties are still rarely investigated. We now discovered that Zintl ion main group-element clusters possess a reactive lone pair of electrons, and we show a new pathway to bind ligands with functional groups to the [Ge9] cluster core through Ge-C bond formation. We report on the reactivity of [Ge9{Si(TMS)3}2]2- (TMS = trimethylsilyl) towards a series of Lewis acidic bromo-boranes. The reaction of [Ge9{Si(TMS)3}2]2- and DAB o-tol-Br (DAB = 1,3,2-diazaborolidine; o-tol = 2-methylphenyl) resulted, depending on the reaction protocol, either in the formation of [Ge9{Si(TMS)3}2DAB o-tol]- (1a) with direct Ge-B interactions, or in [Ge9{Si(TMS)3}2(CH2)4O-DAB o-tol]- (2a) featuring a ring-opened thf moiety. Ring opening reactions occur for all bulkier DABR-Br [R: o-xyl (2,6-dimethylphenyl), Mes (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl), Dipp (2,6-diisopropylphenyl)], DAB(ii)Dipp-Br and acyclic ( i Pr2N)2BBr without Ge-B bond formation as shown for the structural characterization of the ring-opened products of thf (3, 4) and trimethylene oxide (5). In contrast to thf, the activation of CH3CN requires the simultaneous presence of Lewis-acid and Lewis-basic reactants allowing the formation of [Ge9{Si(TMS)3}2CH3C[double bond, length as m-dash]N-DABMes]- (6a). Within the presented compounds, 3 and 4 show an unusual substitution pattern of the three ligands at the [Ge9] core in the solid state. The [Ge9] cluster/borane systems correspond to intermolecular frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs), in which the [Ge9] cluster with several lone pairs represents the Lewis base, and the borane is the Lewis acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wallach
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching b. München Germany
| | - Felix S Geitner
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching b. München Germany
| | - Thomas F Fässler
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching b. München Germany
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10
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Townrow OPE, Weller AS, Goicoechea JM. Cluster expansion and vertex substitution pathways in nickel germanide Zintl clusters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7132-7135. [PMID: 34180473 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02912f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We describe the reactivity of the hypersilyl-functionalized Zintl cluster salt K[Ge9(Hyp)3] towards the nickel reagents Ni(COD)2 and Ni(Cp)2, which gives rise to markedly different complexes. In the case of Ni(COD)2 (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene), a dianionic sandwich-like cluster [Ni{Ge9(Hyp)3}2]2- (1) was obtained, in line with a simple ligand substitution reaction of COD by [Ge9(Hyp)3]-. By contrast, when an analogous reaction with Ni(Cp)2 (Cp = cyclopentadienyl) was performed, vertex substitution of the [Ge9(Hyp)3]- precursor was observed, giving rise to the nine-vertex nido-cluster (Cp)Ni[Ge8(Hyp)3] (2). This is the first instance of vertex substitution at a hypersilyl-functionalized Zintl cluster cage. The electrochemical behavior of these compounds was explored and showed reversible redox behaviour for both clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P E Townrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | | | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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11
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Townrow OE, Chung C, Macgregor SA, Weller AS, Goicoechea JM. A Neutral Heteroatomic Zintl Cluster for the Catalytic Hydrogenation of Cyclic Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18330-18335. [PMID: 33052653 PMCID: PMC7596751 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis of an alkane-soluble Zintl cluster, [η4-Ge9(Hyp)3]Rh(COD), that can catalytically hydrogenate cyclic alkenes such as 1,5-cyclooctadiene and cis-cyclooctene. This is the first example of a well-defined Zintl-cluster-based homogeneous catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver
P. E. Townrow
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12
Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Cheuk Chung
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12
Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Stuart A. Macgregor
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K.
| | - Andrew S. Weller
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12
Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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12
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Geitner FS, Fässler TF. Cluster Expansion versus Complex Formation: Coinage Metal Coordination to Silylated [Ge 9] Cages. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:15218-15227. [PMID: 33017536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deltahedral nine-atom tetrel element Zintl clusters are promising building blocks for the straightforward solution-based synthesis of intermetalloid clusters through the reaction with organometallic compounds. Herein we report on novel coordination sites of metal-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes to [Ge9] clusters and unexpected cluster isomerization. We present the synthesis of a series of coinage metal-NHC complexes of silylated [Ge9] clusters [NHCiPrCu(η4-Ge9{Si(TMS)3}3)] (1; TMS = trimethylsilyl) and [NHCRM(η4-Ge9{Si(TMS)3}2)]- (2a, M = Cu, R = iPr; 3a, M = Cu, R = Mes; 4a, M = Cu, R = Dipp; 5a, M = Ag, R = Dipp; 6a, M = Au, R = Dipp), in which the coinage metals coordinate to open rectangular cluster faces and act as additional cluster vertex atoms. Besides representing promising intermediates on the way to larger intermetalloid clusters, the formation of compound 1 shows that Cu-NHC fragments also coordinate to the open-square Ge faces of the tris-silylated [Ge9] clusters, contrasting the typical interactions with triangular faces of tris-silylated [Ge9] clusters. In compounds 3a and 4a bearing bulky NHC moieties, an unusual silyl group substitution pattern is observed in contrast to 2a, which corresponds to the silyl group arrangement of other metal complexes of bis-silylated [Ge9] clusters. In this context, potential silyl group migration mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix S Geitner
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Thomas F Fässler
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching b. München, Germany
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13
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Xu H, Popov IA, Tkachenko NV, Wang Z, Muñoz‐Castro A, Boldyrev AI, Sun Z. σ‐Aromaticity‐Induced Stabilization of Heterometallic Supertetrahedral Clusters [Zn
6
Ge
16
]
4−
and [Cd
6
Ge
16
]
4−. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong‐Lei Xu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry School of Materials Science and Engineering Nankai University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Ivan A. Popov
- Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Nikolay V. Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322-0300 USA
| | - Zi‐Chuan Wang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry School of Materials Science and Engineering Nankai University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Alvaro Muñoz‐Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánicay Materiales Moleculares Facultad de Ingenieria Universidad Autonoma de Chile El Llano Subercaseaux Santiago 2801 Chile
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322-0300 USA
| | - Zhong‐Ming Sun
- Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry School of Materials Science and Engineering Nankai University Tianjin 300350 China
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14
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Xu H, Popov IA, Tkachenko NV, Wang Z, Muñoz‐Castro A, Boldyrev AI, Sun Z. σ‐Aromaticity‐Induced Stabilization of Heterometallic Supertetrahedral Clusters [Zn
6
Ge
16
]
4−
and [Cd
6
Ge
16
]
4−. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17286-17290. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong‐Lei Xu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry School of Materials Science and Engineering Nankai University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Ivan A. Popov
- Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Nikolay V. Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322-0300 USA
| | - Zi‐Chuan Wang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry School of Materials Science and Engineering Nankai University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Alvaro Muñoz‐Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánicay Materiales Moleculares Facultad de Ingenieria Universidad Autonoma de Chile El Llano Subercaseaux Santiago 2801 Chile
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Utah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322-0300 USA
| | - Zhong‐Ming Sun
- Tianjin Key Lab of Rare Earth Materials and Applications State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry School of Materials Science and Engineering Nankai University Tianjin 300350 China
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15
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Schiegerl LJ, Karttunen AJ, Klein W, Fässler TF. Silicon clusters with six and seven unsubstituted vertices via a two-step reaction from elemental silicon. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9130-9139. [PMID: 31827755 PMCID: PMC6889835 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03324f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unsaturated silicon clusters with only partial substitution, and thus, "naked" Si atoms are well studied species as they are proposed intermediates in gas-phase deposition processes. Although a remarkable number of stable molecular clusters has been reported, they are typically still obtained by multi-step syntheses. Herein we introduce a newly developed synthetic approach which led to the formation of the anionic species {Si(TMS)3}3Si9 - (1a) and {Si(TMS)3}2Si9 2- (1b), and an extension of this synthetic protocol resulted in the first covalent attachment of ligands through metal atoms to these clusters, (SnCy3)3Si9 - (2a) and (SnCy3)2Si9 2- (2b). The influence of the substituents on the electron localization in the central Si9 unit is analyzed by means of intrinsic bond orbital (IBO) analysis and partial atomic charge distribution. The IBO analyses reveal a new type of delocalization including 5-center-6-electron besides 3-center-2-electron bonds. The Raman spectra of 1b and 2b allow an assignment of the Si-Si intra-cluster vibrations by comparison to calculated (DFT-PBE0) spectra. The anions are formed in a one-step synthesis from binary K12Si17 which can easily be obtained by fusing the elements K and Si. The anions are characterized by ESI mass spectrometry and comprehensive NMR studies (1H, 13C, 29Si, 119Sn). Attempts to crystallize 1a and 2a as their (K-222crypt)+ salts yielded after the loss of one of the substituents single crystals containing 1b and 2b. The single crystal X-ray structure analyses reveal the presence of anionic siliconoids with surfaces of seven unsubstituted silicon atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz J Schiegerl
- Department of Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany .
- WACKER Institute of Silicon Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Antti J Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science , Aalto University , 00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - Wilhelm Klein
- Department of Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany .
| | - Thomas F Fässler
- Department of Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany .
- WACKER Institute of Silicon Chemistry , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstraße 4 , 85748 Garching , Germany
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16
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Wallach C, Geitner FS, Klein W, Fässler TF. Enhancing the Variability of [Ge 9 ] Cluster Chemistry through Phosphine Functionalization. Chemistry 2019; 25:12349-12356. [PMID: 31231877 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic approach towards molecules that contain Ge atoms with oxidation state 0, and which are exclusively connected to other Ge atoms, is explored by using anionic clusters extracted from binary solids. Besides providing a novel variable method for the introduction of alkenyl moieties to [Ge9 ] cluster compounds, this work expands the spectrum of mixed-functionalized [Ge9 ] cluster anions, which are suitable for the straightforward synthesis of zwitterionic compounds upon coordination to metal cations. In detail, the synthesis of a series of mixed-functionalized [Ge9 ] clusters is reported, including [Ge9 {Si(TMS)3 }3 PRRI ] (R=tBu, RI =(CH2 )3 CH=CH2 ; 2) and [Ge9 {Si(TMS)3 }2 PRRI ]- (R and RI : alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aminoalkyl; 3 a to 11 a, TMS: (trimethyl)silyl). In 2 and 3 a, pentenyl functionalization of the [Ge9 ] clusters was achieved by reaction of the novel chlorophosphine tBu{(CH2 )3 CH=CH2 }PCl (1) with silylated [Ge9 ] clusters. Furthermore, the reactivity of the cluster anions 3 a to 11 a towards NHCDipp MCl (NHCDipp =1,3-di(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolylidine; M=Cu, Ag) showed a dependency on the steric demand of the phosphine either zwitterions (3-MNHCDipp to 7-MNHCDipp ) featuring P-M interactions are formed, or Ge-M coordination (8-MNHCDipp to 11-MNHCDipp ) occurs. For M=Ag, the formation of zwitterionic complexes was unequivocally proven by NMR investigations showing 1 J(31 P-107 Ag/109 Ag) spin-spin coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wallach
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Felix S Geitner
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching b. München, Germany.,WACKER Institute for Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Klein
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Thomas F Fässler
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching b. München, Germany
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17
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Geitner FS, Klein W, Storcheva O, Tilley TD, Fässler TF. Early-Transition-Metal Complexes of Functionalized Nonagermanide Clusters: Synthesis and Characterization of [Cp2(MeCN)Ti(η1-Ge9{Si(TMS)3}3)] and K3[Cp2Ti(η1-Ge9{Si(TMS)3}2)2]. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:13293-13298. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix S. Geitner
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Klein
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Oksana Storcheva
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - T. Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
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18
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Michenfelder NC, Gienger C, Schnepf A, Unterreiner AN. The influence of the FeCp(CO) 2+ moiety on the dynamics of the metalloid [Ge 9(Si(SiMe 3) 3) 3] - cluster in thf: synthesis and characterization by time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:15577-15582. [PMID: 31347650 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02091h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A neutral tetrasubstituted Ge9 cluster with a covalently bound transition metal substituent was synthesized successfully via a salt metathesis reaction. Photoexcitation of [Ge9(Si(SiMe3)3)3FeCp(CO)2] induces excited state dynamics of the compound that was analysed by extended broadband fs absorption spectroscopy in the UV-Vis-NIR region. After UV or Vis excitation, an electron is detached from the [Ge9(Si(SiMe3)3)3]--entity and localizes within few hundred fs. Recombination of this cluster-electron-pair occurs in about 7-9 ps. Finally, a third component can be attributed to complete ground state recovery within roughly 150 ps. This is much shorter compared to a longer-lived component within Li[Ge9(Si(SiMe3)3)3], whose transient absorption exceeds the ns timescale after UV excitation. This observation emphasizes a strong influence of the Fe moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine C Michenfelder
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Christian Gienger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schnepf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas-Neil Unterreiner
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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19
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Tkachenko NV, Boldyrev AI. Multiple local σ-aromaticity of nonagermanide clusters. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5761-5765. [PMID: 31293762 PMCID: PMC6568043 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00929a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonagermanide clusters are widely used in inorganic synthesis and are actively studied by experimentalists and theoreticians. However, chemical bonding of such versatile species is still not completely understood. In our work we deciphered a bonding pattern for various experimentally obtained nonagermanide species. We localized the electron density via the AdNDP algorithm for the model structures ([Ge9]4-, [Ge9{P(NH2)2}3]-, Cu[Ge9{P(NH2)2}3] and Cu(NHC)[Ge9{P(NH2)2}3]) and obtained a simple and chemically intuitive bonding pattern which can explain the variety of active sites and the existence of both D 3h and C 4v geometries for such clusters. Moreover, the [Ge9]4- core is found to be a unique example of an inorganic Zintl cluster with multiple local σ-aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Utah State University , 0300 Old Main Hill , Logan , UT 84322-0300 , USA .
| | - Alexander I Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Utah State University , 0300 Old Main Hill , Logan , UT 84322-0300 , USA .
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20
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Wilson RJ, Lichtenberger N, Weinert B, Dehnen S. Intermetalloid and Heterometallic Clusters Combining p-Block (Semi)Metals with d- or f-Block Metals. Chem Rev 2019; 119:8506-8554. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Wilson
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Niels Lichtenberger
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Weinert
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Fachbereich Chemie und Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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21
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22
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Kysliak O, Schnepf A. [Ge 9
{Si(SiMe 3
) 3
} 2
{Ge(SiMe 3
) 3
}] -
: The Mixed Substituted Metalloid Germanium Cluster and the Intermetalloid Cluster [ZnGe 18
{Si(SiMe 3
) 3
} 4
{Ge(SiMe 3
) 3
} 2
]. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Kysliak
- Chemistry Department; University Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Andreas Schnepf
- Chemistry Department; University Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
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23
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Schiegerl LJ, Melaimi M, Tolentino DR, Klein W, Bertrand G, Fässler TF. Silylated Ge9 Clusters as New Ligands for Cyclic (Alkyl)amino and Mesoionic Carbene Copper Complexes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:3256-3264. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz J. Schiegerl
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München (TUM), Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Mohand Melaimi
- UCSD−CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), University of California—San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0353, United States
| | - Daniel R. Tolentino
- UCSD−CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), University of California—San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0353, United States
| | - Wilhelm Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München (TUM), Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD−CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), University of California—San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0353, United States
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München (TUM), Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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24
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Mayer K, Klein W, Fässler TF. Zinc as a versatile connecting atom for zintl cluster oligomers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12156-12159. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06388a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Homoatomic cluster aggregation is a versatile route to build up atom-precise nano structures. In this work, we present first structures representing building motifs of hypothetical ZnGe9 networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Mayer
- Department Chemie
- Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4
- 85747 Garching
- Germany
| | - Wilhelm Klein
- Department Chemie
- Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4
- 85747 Garching
- Germany
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Department Chemie
- Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4
- 85747 Garching
- Germany
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25
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Frischhut S, Kaiser F, Klein W, Drees M, Kühn FE, Fässler TF. Capping nido-Nonagermanide Clusters with M-PPh3 and Dynamics in Solution: Synthesis and Structure of closo-[(Me3Si)3Si]3Et[Ge9M](PPh3) (M = Ni, Pt). Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Frischhut
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Felix Kaiser
- Professur für Molekulare Katalyse, Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Klein
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Drees
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische und Metallorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Fritz E. Kühn
- Professur für Molekulare Katalyse, Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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26
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Challenges in chemical synthesis at the border of solution-based and solid-state chemistry—Synthesis and structure of [CH3CH2Ge9{Si(SiMe3)3}]2−. CR CHIM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Mayer K, Weßing J, Fässler TF, Fischer RA. Intermetalloid Clusters: Molecules and Solids in a Dialogue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14372-14393. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Mayer
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry with Focus on Novel Materials; Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Jana Weßing
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry with Focus on Novel Materials; Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Roland A. Fischer
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Germany
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28
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Mayer K, Weßing J, Fässler TF, Fischer RA. Intermetalloide Cluster: Moleküle und Festkörper im Dialog. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Mayer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien; Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Jana Weßing
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische und Metallorganische Chemie; Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien; Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Roland A. Fischer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische und Metallorganische Chemie; Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
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29
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Geitner FS, Klein W, Fässler TF. Synthesis and Reactivity of Multiple Phosphine-Functionalized Nonagermanide Clusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14509-14513. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix S. Geitner
- Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching b. München Germany
- WACKER Institute for Silicon Chemistry; Germany
| | - Wilhelm Klein
- Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching b. München Germany
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching b. München Germany
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30
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Geitner FS, Klein W, Fässler TF. Synthesis and Reactivity of Multiple Phosphine-Functionalized Nonagermanide Clusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix S. Geitner
- Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching b. München Germany
- WACKER Institute for Silicon Chemistry; Germany
| | - Wilhelm Klein
- Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching b. München Germany
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching b. München Germany
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31
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Abstract
This review article provides a survey of contemporary investigations on main group metal cluster formation, addressing homo- and heterometallic clusters (including small numbers of transition metal atoms), with or without an external ligand shell, thereby excluding clusters with non-metal atoms as bridging ligands. Most of the studies reflected herein represent insights into the formation of intermediates from the starting material, or the final cluster formation from established intermediates. In rare cases, the entire process was suggested as a result of comprehensive, multi-method elucidations. The article is to be understood as a state-of-the-art report, as the subject matter is currently a rising field of research, which is still in its infancy, despite some early activities that date back to the 1980s. At the same time, the article intends to point toward both the importance and the feasibility of according studies, in order to encourage researchers to gain even more knowledge in this field. Only deep understanding of cluster formation will allow for design, and ultimately control, of their syntheses, with the long-term goal of their optimization and purposeful application in catalysis or novel material synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Weinert
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für, Materialwissenschaften der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Mitzinger
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für, Materialwissenschaften der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dehnen
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für, Materialwissenschaften der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
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32
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Geitner FS, Wallach C, Fässler TF. On the Variable Reactivity of Phosphine-Functionalized [Ge9
] Clusters: Zintl
Cluster-Substituted Phosphines or Phosphine-Substituted Zintl
Clusters. Chemistry 2018; 24:4103-4110. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix S. Geitner
- WACKER Institute for Silicon Chemistry and Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching b. München Germany
| | - Christoph Wallach
- Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching b. München Germany
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Department Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching b. München Germany
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33
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Frischhut S, Fässler TF. Synthesis of low-oxidation-state germanium clusters comprising a functional anchor group – synthesis and characterization of [(Ge0)5(Ge-R)3(Ge-(CH2)n-CHCH2)] with R = Si(SiMe3)3. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:3223-3226. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00321a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The first alkenyl-functionalized, uncharged deltahedral germanium clusters [{Si(SiMe3)3}3Ge9(CH2)nCHCH2] (n = 1 or 3) comprising five Ge0 atoms are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Frischhut
- Technische Universität München
- Department Chemie
- 85747 Garching
- Germany
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Technische Universität München
- Department Chemie
- 85747 Garching
- Germany
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34
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Perla LG, Muñoz-Castro A, Sevov SC. Eclipsed- and Staggered-[Ge 18Pd 3{E iPr 3} 6] 2- (E = Si, Sn): Positional Isomerism in Deltahedral Zintl Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15176-15181. [PMID: 28976192 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of the cluster anions [Ge18Pd3{SiiPr3}6]2- (1) with a core of face-fused twinned icosahedra, Ge18Pd3, and two sets of three iPr3Si-substituents positioned in "eclipsed" geometry. The new anion is a positional isomer of the recently reported "staggered" stannyl-ligated counterpart [Ge18Pd3{SniPr3}6]2- (2), showing the possibility to find such positional isomerism in Zintl clusters. Both anions are characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, 1H and 13C NMR, and negative-ion ESI-MS. Using relativistic DFT calculations, we elucidate and discuss the reasons for the different positioning of the ligands in the stannyl- and silyl-functionalized species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G Perla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Lab de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Universidad Autonoma de Chile , Llano Subercaceaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago 8910060, Chile.,Doctorado en FisicoQuimica Molecular, Universidad Andres Bello , Av. Republica 275, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Slavi C Sevov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Geitner FS, Dums JV, Fässler TF. Derivatization of Phosphine Ligands with Bulky Deltahedral Zintl Clusters—Synthesis of Charge Neutral Zwitterionic Tetrel Cluster Compounds [(Ge9{Si(TMS)3}2)tBu2P]M(NHCDipp) (M: Cu, Ag, Au). J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11933-11940. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix S. Geitner
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
- WACKER Institute for Silicon Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Jasmin V. Dums
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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N-Heterocyclic Carbene Coinage Metal Complexes of the Germanium-Rich Metalloid Clusters [Ge₉R₃] - and [Ge₉R I₂]² - with R = Si( iPr)₃ and R I = Si(TMS)₃. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071204. [PMID: 28753928 PMCID: PMC6152075 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the synthesis of novel coinage metal NHC (N-heterocyclic carbene) compounds of the germanium-rich metalloid clusters [Ge₉R₃]- and [Ge₉RI₂]²- with R = Si(iPr)₃ and RI = Si(TMS)₃. NHCDippCu{η³Ge₉R₃} with R = Si(iPr)₃ (1) represents a less bulky silyl group-substituted derivative of the known analogous compounds with R = Si(iBu)₃ or Si(TMS)₃. The coordination of the [NHCDippCu]⁺ moiety to the cluster unit occurs via one triangular face of the tri-capped trigonal prismatic [Ge₉] cluster. Furthermore, a series of novel Zintl cluster coinage metal NHC compounds of the type (NHCM)₂{η³Ge₉RI₂} (RI = Si(TMS)₃ M = Cu, Ag and Au; NHC = NHCDipp or NHCMes) is presented. These novel compounds represent a new class of neutral dinuclear Zintl cluster coinage metal NHC compounds, which are obtained either by the stepwise reaction of a suspension of K12Ge17 with Si(TMS)₃Cl and the coinage metal carbene complexes NHCMCl (M = Cu, Ag, Au), or via a homogenous reaction using the preformed bis-silylated cluster K₂[Ge₉(Si(TMS)₃)₂] and the corresponding NHCMCl (M = Cu, Ag, Au) complex. The molecular structures of NHCDippCu{η³Ge₉(Si(iPr)₃)₃} (1) and (NHCDippCu)₂{η³-Ge₉(Si(TMS)₃)₂} (2) were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. In 2, the coordination of the [NHCDippCu]⁺ moieties to the cluster unit takes place via both open triangular faces of the [Ge₉] entity. Furthermore, all compounds were characterized by means of NMR spectroscopy (¹H, 13C, 29Si) and ESI-MS.
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Liu C, Li LJ, Pan QJ, Sun ZM. [Ge5Ni2(CO)3]2−: the first functionalized cluster of closo-[Ge5]2−. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:6315-6318. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02917a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A functionalized cluster derivative of closo-[Ge5]2− has been prepared and structurally characterized for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Lei-Jiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Qing-Jiang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Education Ministry
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Heilongjiang University
- Harbin 150080
- P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- P. R. China
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Mayer K, Schiegerl LJ, Kratky T, Günther S, Fässler TF. Targeted attachment of functional groups at Ge9 clusters via silylation reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:11798-11801. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc06622h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A metalloid Ge clusters receives reactive substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Mayer
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München
- 85747 Garching
- Germany
| | - L. J. Schiegerl
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München
- 85747 Garching
- Germany
| | - T. Kratky
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München
- 85747 Garching
- Germany
| | - S. Günther
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München
- 85747 Garching
- Germany
| | - T. F. Fässler
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München
- 85747 Garching
- Germany
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