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Joshi G, Jemmis ED. The Quest for Stable Borozene Core in Main-Group Capped Inverse Sandwich Complexes, [(HE) 2B 6H 6] 2- (E=B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl). Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402410. [PMID: 39034295 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquitous chemistry of benzene led us to explore ways to stabilise analogous borozene, by capping them with appropriate groups. The mismatch in overlap of ring-cap fragment molecular orbitals in [(HB)2B6H6]2- is overcome by replacing the two BH caps with higher congeners of boron. We calculated the relative energies of all the polyhedral structural candidates for [(HE)2B6H6]2- (E=Al-Tl) and found hexagonal bipyramid (HBP) to be more stable with Al-H caps. A global minimum search also gives HBP as the most stable structure for [Al2B6H8]2-. The capped B6H6 ring in [(HAl)2B6H6]2- has aromaticity comparable to that of benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Joshi
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Eluvathingal D Jemmis
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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2
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Widmann M, Riesinger C, Szlosek R, Balázs G, Scheer M. Electrophilic Functionalization of a Hexaphosphabenzene Ligand in [(Cp*Mo) 2(μ,η 6 : 6-P 6)]. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304183. [PMID: 38240709 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The electrophilic functionalization of the triple-decker sandwich complex [{Cp*Mo}2(μ,η6:6-P6)] (A) and its mono-oxidized counterpart [{Cp*Mo}2(μ,η6:6-P6)][SbF6] (B) with reactive main-group electrophiles as well as radical scavengers is shown to be a reliable method for the selective functionalization of the hexaphosphabenzene ligand. Depending on the electrophile used, the regioselectivity of the functionalization can be adjusted. Using group 16 electrophiles, the trisubstituted compounds [{Cp*Mo}2{(μ,η3 : 3-P3)(μ,η1 : 1 : 1 : 1-1,3-(SePh)2-2-Br-P3)}][TEF] (1), [{Cp*Mo}2(μ,η3 : 3-P3)(μ,η1 : 1 : 1 : 1-1,2,3-(EPh)3-P3)][SbF6] (E=S (2), Se (3)) as well as the side product [{Cp*Mo}2(μ,η4:4-P4)(μ,η1 : 1-P(SPh)2)][SbF6] (4) are obtained. By switching to phosphenium ions as group 15 electrophiles, the ring-inserted products [{Cp*Mo}2(μ,η3 : 3 : 2 : 2-P7R2)][TEF] (R=Cy (5), iPr (6)) are isolated, showing an unprecedented P7R2 structural motif. Furthermore, the reaction with MeOTf yields the dimeric [{Cp*Mo}4(1,4-Me2-μ4,η1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1-P6)(μ,η3 : 3-P3)2][TEF]2 (7) as the first example of a complex featuring two interconnected cyclo-P6 middle deck ligands. Finally, by combination of the methylation step with Ph2Se2, the mixed group 14/16 complex [{Cp*Mo}2{(μ,η3 : 3-P3)(μ,η1 : 1 : 1 : 11,2-(SePh)2-3-Me-P3)}][OTf] (8) is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Widmann
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Riesinger
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Szlosek
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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3
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Garbagnati A, Piesch M, Seidl M, Balázs G, Scheer M. Halogenation and Nucleophilic Quenching: Two Routes to E-X Bond Formation in Cobalt Triple-Decker Complexes (E=As, P; X=F, Cl, Br, I). Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201026. [PMID: 35575044 PMCID: PMC9400891 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of [(Cp'''Co)2 (μ,η2 : η2 -E2 )2 ] (E=As (1), P (2); Cp'''=1,2,4-tri(tert-butyl)cyclopentadienyl) with halogens or halogen sources (I2 , PBr5 , PCl5 ) was investigated. For the arsenic derivative, the ionic compounds [(Cp'''Co)2 (μ,η4 : η4 -As4 X)][Y] (X=I, Y=[As6 I8 ]0.5 (3 a), Y=[Co2 Cl6-n In ]0.5 (n=0, 2, 4; 3 b); X=Br, Y=[Co2 Br6 ]0.5 (4); X=Cl, Y=[Co2 Cl6 ]0.5 (5)) were isolated. The oxidation of the phosphorus analogue 2 with bromine and chlorine sources yielded the ionic complexes [(Cp'''Co)2 (μ-PBr2 )2 (μ-Br)][Co2 Br6 ]0.5 (6 a), [(Cp'''Co)2 (μ-PCl2 )2 (μ-Cl)][Co2 Cl6 ]0.5 (6 b) and the neutral species [(Cp'''Co)2 (μ-PCl2 )(μ-PCl)(μ,η1 : η1 -P2 Cl3 ] (7), respectively. As an alternative approach, quenching of the dications [(Cp'''Co)2 (μ,η4 : η4 -E4 )][TEF]2 (TEF=[Al{OC(CF3 )3 }4 ]- , E=As (8), P (9)) with KI yielded [(Cp'''Co)2 (μ,η4 : η4 -As4 I)][I] (10), representing the homologue of 3, and the neutral complex [(Cp'''Co)(Cp'''CoI2 )(μ,η4 : η1 -P4 )] (11), respectively. The use of [(CH3 )4 N]F instead of KI leads to the formation of [(Cp'''Co)2 (μ-PF2 )(μ,η2 : η1 : η1 -P3 F2 )] (12) and 2, thereby revealing synthetic access to polyphosphorus compounds bearing P-F groups and avoiding the use of very strong fluorinating reagents, such as XeF2 , that are difficult to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Garbagnati
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Martin Piesch
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
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4
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Garbagnati A, Seidl M, Balázs G, Scheer M. Halogenation of the Hexaphosphabenzene Complex [(Cp*Mo) 2 (μ,η 6 :η 6 -P 6 )]: Snapshots on the Reaction Progress. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200669. [PMID: 35348263 PMCID: PMC9321898 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of [(Cp*Mo)2 (μ,η6 :η6 -P6 )] (1) with halogens or halogen sources was investigated. The iodination afforded the ionic complexes [(Cp*Mo)2 (μ,η3 :η3 -P3 )(μ,η1 :η1 :η1 :η1 -P3 I3 )][X] (X=I3 - , I- ) (2) and [(Cp*Mo)2 (μ,η4 :η4 -P4 )(μ-PI2 )][I3 ] (3), while the reaction with PBr5 led to the complexes [(Cp*Mo)2 (μ,η3 :η3 -P3 )(μ-Br)2 ][Cp*MoBr4 ] (4) [(Cp*MoBr)2 (μ,η3 :η3 -P3 )(μ,η1 -P2 Br3 )] (5) and [(Cp*Mo)2 (μ-PBr2 )(μ-PHBr)(μ-Br)2 ] (6). The reaction of 1 with the far stronger oxidizing agent PCl5 was followed via time- and temperature-dependent 31 P{1 H} NMR spectroscopy. One of the first intermediates detected at 193 K was [(Cp*Mo)2 (μ,η3 :η3 -P3 )(μ-PCl2 )2 ][PCl6 ] (8) which rearranges upon warming to [(Cp*Mo)2 (μ-PCl2 )2 (μ-Cl)2 ] (9), [(Cp*MoCl)2 (μ,η3 :η3 -P3 )(μ-PCl2 )] (10) and [(Cp*Mo)2 (μ,η4 :η4 -P4 )(μ-PCl2 )][Cp*MoCl4 ] (11), which could be isolated at room temperature. All complexes were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy and their electronic structures were elucidated by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Garbagnati
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Regensburg93040RegensburgGermany
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Garbagnati A, Seidl M, Piesch M, Balázs G, Scheer M. Halogenation of heterobimetallic triple-decker complexes containing an E5 middle deck (E = P, As). Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Alvarez S. From polygons to polyhedra through intermediate structures. A shape measures study of six-atom inorganic rings and clusters. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17101-17119. [PMID: 34779451 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03039f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Among the wealth of well-established molecular structures, inorganic rings and clusters present an overwhelming variety of geometries that chemists try to describe with a limited assortment of regular polygons and polyhedra. In the case of six-atom structures we usually employ the hexagon, the pentagonal pyramid, the trigonal prism and the octahedron. More often than not, however, real world structures deviate from those ideal geometries, and we try to cope with non-ideality by adding adjectives such as distorted, twisted, puckered or flattened, additionally nuanced by adverbs such as slightly, significantly or severely. This contribution presents a systematic structural perspective of six-atom groups in molecules by means of a continuous shape measures (CShM) analysis. The shape of a group of N points is defined by all the sets of 3 N Cartesian coordinates that can be generated by rigid translation, rotation, or isotropic scale change. Among all possible arrangements of N points in space, we select as reference shapes the corresponding regular N-vertex polygons and polyhedra, together with univocally defined combinations thereof (e.g., two coplanar or perpendicular edge-sharing squares). The present CShM study allows us to classify most of the structures not only by their closeness to a particular regular shape, but also by quantifying their position along minimal distortion interconversion pathways between two regular shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Alvarez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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7
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Organometallic polyphosphorus complexes as diversified building blocks in coordination chemistry. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Piesch M, Reichl S, Riesinger C, Seidl M, Balazs G, Scheer M. Redox Chemistry of Heterobimetallic Polypnictogen Triple-Decker Complexes - Rearrangement, Fragmentation and Transfer. Chemistry 2021; 27:9129-9140. [PMID: 33857335 PMCID: PMC8360055 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The redox chemistry of the heterobimetallic triple‐decker complexes [(Cp*Fe)(Cp′′′Co)(μ,η5:η4‐E5)] (E=P (1), As (2), Cp*=1,2,3,4,5‐pentamethyl‐cyclopentadienyl, Cp′′′=1,2,4‐tri‐tertbutyl‐cyclopentadienyl) and [(Cp′′′Co)(Cp′′′Ni)(μ,η3:η3‐E3)] (E=P (10), As (11)) was investigated. Compound 1 and 2 could be oxidized to the monocations 3 and 4 and further to the dications 5 and 6, while the initially folded cyclo‐E5 ligand planarizes upon oxidation. The reduction leads to an opposite change in the geometry of the middle deck, which is now folded stronger into the direction of the other metal fragment (formation of monoanions 7 and 8). For the arsenic compound 8, a different behavior is found since a fragmentation into an As6 (9) and As3 ligand complex occurs. The Co and Ni triple‐decker complexes 10 and 11 can be oxidized initially to the heterometallic monocations 12 and 13, which are not stable in solution and convert selectively into the homometallic nickel complexes 14 and 15 and the cobalt complexes 16 and 17. This behavior was further proven by the oxidation of [(Cp′′′Co)(Cp′′Ni)(μ,η3:η2‐P3)] (19, Cp′′=1,3‐di‐tertbutyl‐cyclopentadienyl) comprising two different Cp ligands. The transfer of {CpRM} fragments can be suppressed when a {W(CO)5} unit is coordinated to the P3 ligand (20) prior to the oxidation and the mixed cobalt and nickel cation 21 can be isolated. The reduction of 10 and 11 yields the heterometallic monoanions 22 and 23, where no transfer of the {CpRM} fragments is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Piesch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Reichl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Riesinger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gabor Balazs
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
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9
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Abstract
A systematic study of diverse halogenation reactions of the tetrahedral Mo2P2 ligand complex [{CpMo(CO)2}2(μ,η2:η2-P2)] (1) is reported. By reacting 1 with different halogenating agents, a series of complexes such as [(CpMo)4(μ4-P)(μ3-PI)2(μ-I)(I)3(I3)] (2), [{CpMo(CO)2}2(μ-PBr2)2] (3a), [{CpMo(CO)2}(CpMoBr2)(μ-PBr2)2] (4a), [{CpMo(CO)2}2(μ-PCl2)2] (3b), and [{CpMo(CO)2}(CpMoCl2)(μ-PCl2)2] (4b) were obtained. Whereas the reaction of 1 toward various bromine and chlorine sources leads to similar results, a different behavior is observed in the reaction with iodine in which 2 is formed. The products were comprehensively characterized by spectroscopic methods and single crystal X-ray diffraction, and the electronic structures of 2, 3a, and 4a were elucidated by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Garbagnati
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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10
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Abstract
The reactivity of the cyclo-P4 ligand complex [Cp′′′Co(η4-P4)] (1) (Cp′′′ = 1,2,4-tri-tert-butyl-cyclopentadienyl) towards reduction and main group nucleophiles was investigated. By using K[CpFe(CO)2], a selective reduction to the dianionic complex [(Cp′′′Co)2(μ,η3:η3-P8)]2− (2) was achieved. The reaction of 1 with tBuLi and LiCH2SiMe3 as carbon-based nucleophiles yielded [Cp′′′Co(η3-P4R)]− (R = tBu (4), CH2SiMe3 (7)), which, depending on the reaction conditions, undergo subsequent reactions with another equivalent of 1 to form [(Cp′′′Co)2(μ,η3:η3-P8R)]− (R = tBu (5), CH2SiMe3 (8)). In the case of 4, a different pathway was observed, namely a dimerisation followed by a fragmentation into [Cp′′′Co(η3-P5tBu2)]− (6) and [Cp′′′Co(η3-P3)]− (3). With OH− as an oxygen-based nucleophile, the synthesis of [Cp′′′Co(η3-P4(O)H)]− (9) was achieved. All compounds were characterized by X-ray crystal structure analysis, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Their electronic structures and reaction behavior were elucidated by DFT calculations. The reactivity of the cyclo-P4 ligand complex [Cp′′′Co(η4-P4)] (1) (Cp′′′ = 1,2,4-tri-tert-butyl-cyclopentadienyl) towards reduction and main group nucleophiles was investigated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Piesch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany https://www.uni-regensburg.de/chemie-pharmazie/anorganische-chemie-scheer/
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany https://www.uni-regensburg.de/chemie-pharmazie/anorganische-chemie-scheer/
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Germany https://www.uni-regensburg.de/chemie-pharmazie/anorganische-chemie-scheer/
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Piesch M, Graßl C, Scheer M. Element-Element Bond Formation upon Oxidation and Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7154-7160. [PMID: 32017349 PMCID: PMC7216884 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The redox chemistry of [(Cp′′′Co)2(μ,η2:η2‐E2)2] (E=P (1), As (2); Cp′′′=1,2,4‐tri(tert‐butyl)cyclopentadienyl) was investigated. Both compounds can be oxidized and reduced twice. That way, the monocations [(Cp′′′Co)2(μ,η4:η4‐E4)][X] (E=P, X=BF4 (3 a), [FAl] (3 b); E=As, X=BF4 (4 a), [FAl] (4 b)), the dications [(Cp′′′Co)2(μ,η4:η4‐E4)][TEF]2 (E=P (5), As (6)), and the monoanions [K(18‐c‐6)(dme)2][(Cp′′′Co)2(μ,η4:η4‐E4)] (E=P (7), As (8)) were isolated. Further reduction of 7 leads to the dianionic complex [K(18‐c‐6)(dme)2][K(18‐c‐6)][(Cp′′′Co)2(μ,η3:η3‐P4)] (9), in which the cyclo‐P4 ligand has rearranged to a chain‐like P4 ligand. Further reduction of 8 can be achieved with an excess of potassium under the formation of [K(dme)4][(Cp′′′Co)2(μ,η3:η3‐As3)] (10) and the elimination of an As1 unit. Compound 10 represents the first example of an allylic As3 ligand incorporated into a triple‐decker complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Piesch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Graßl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
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12
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Piesch M, Graßl C, Scheer M. Element‐Element‐Bindungsbildung durch Oxidation und Reduktion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Piesch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Christian Graßl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Regensburg 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
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Abstract
The generation and handling of the light-sensitive and metastable yellow arsenic (As4) is extremely challenging. In view of recent breakthroughs in synthesizing As4 storage materials and transfer reagents, the more intensive use of yellow arsenic as a source for further reactions can be expected. Given these aspects, the current stage of knowledge of the direct use of As4 is comprehensively summarized in the present review, which lists the activation of As4 by main group elements as well as transition metal compounds (including the f-block elements). Moreover, it also partly compares the reaction outcomes in relation to the corresponding reactions of P4. The possibility of using alternative sources for generating arsenic moieties and compounds is also discussed. The release of As4 molecules from precursor compounds and the use of transfer reagents for polyarsenic entities open up new synthetic pathways to avoid the direct generation of yellow arsenic solutions and to ensure its smooth usage for subsequent reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Seidl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , 93043 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , 93043 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , 93043 Regensburg , Germany
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