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de Frémont P, Adet N, Parmentier J, Xu X, Jacques B, Dagorne S. Cationic organometallic complexes of group 12 metals: A decade of progress toward the quest of novel Lewis acidic catalysts. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2
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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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3
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Hammond M, Rauch M, Parkin G. Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of a Terminal Cadmium Hydride Compound, [κ 3-Tism PriBenz]CdH. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10553-10559. [PMID: 34236838 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The terminal cadmium hydride compound, [κ3-TismPriBenz]CdH, which features the tris[(1-isopropylbenzimidazol-2-yl)dimethylsilyl]methyl ligand, may be obtained via the reactions of either [κ3-TismPriBenz]CdN(SiMe3)2 or [TismPriBenz]CdOSiPh3 with PhSiH3. The Cd-H bond of [κ3-TismPriBenz]CdH undergoes (a) metathesis reactions with MeI, Me3SiX (X = Cl, Br, I, NCO), and Me3SnX (X = Cl, Br, I) to afford the corresponding [TismPriBenz]CdX derivative, (b) insertion with CO2 and CS2 to afford respectively [TismPriBenz]Cd(κ1-O2CH) and [TismPriBenz]Cd(κ1-S2CH), and (c) hydride abstraction with B(C6F5)3 to afford {[TismPriBenz]Cd}[HB(C6F5)3] that possesses a rare trigonal monopyramidal geometry for cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hammond
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael Rauch
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Gerard Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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4
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5
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Al Doghaither H, Elmorsy E, Al-Ghafari A, Ghulam J. Roles of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in metal-induced dysfunction of beta pancreatic cells isolated from CD1 mice. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:651-663. [PMID: 33424352 PMCID: PMC7785459 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The diabetogenic effects of metals including lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and molybdenum (Mo) have been reported with poorly identified underlying mechanisms. The current study assessed the effect of metals on the roles of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in beta pancreatic cells isolated from CD-1 mice, via different biochemical assays. Data showed that the tested metals were cytotoxic to the isolated cells with impaired glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). This was associated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes activities, active proapoptotic caspase-3 (cas-3), inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in the intoxicated cells. Furthermore, antioxidant-reduced glutathione (GSH-R), cas-3 inhibitor z-VAD-FMK, IL-6 inhibitor bazedoxifene (BZ), and TNF-α inhibitor etanercept (ET) were found to significantly decrease metal-induced cytotoxicity with improved GSIS in metals' intoxicated cells. In conclusion, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation can play roles in metals-induced diabetogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda Al Doghaither
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ekramy Elmorsy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayat Al-Ghafari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Cancer Metabolism and Epigenetics Unit, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jihan Ghulam
- General Education Department, Dar Al-Hekma University, Jeddah Saudi Arabia
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6
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Kim H, Shin HL, Yi J, Choi HS, Lee JH, Hwang H, An DK. Lithium Bromide/
HBpin
: A Mild and Effective Catalytic System for the Selective Hydroboration of Aldehydes and Ketones. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanbi Kim
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University, and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Lim Shin
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University, and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeeun Yi
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University, and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Seong Choi
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University, and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Lee
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University, and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyonseok Hwang
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University, and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Duk Keun An
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University, and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
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7
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Westmoreland DE, López-Arteaga R, Weiss EA. N-Heterocyclic Carbenes as Reversible Exciton-Delocalizing Ligands for Photoluminescent Quantum Dots. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2690-2696. [PMID: 31934758 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Delocalization of excitons within semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) into states at the interface of the inorganic core and organic ligand shell by so-called "exciton-delocalizing ligands (EDLs)" is a promising strategy to enhance coupling of QD excitons with proximate molecules, ions, or other QDs. EDLs thereby enable enhanced rates of charge carrier extraction from, and transport among, QDs and dynamic colorimetric sensing. The application of reported EDLs-which bind to the QDs through thiolates or dithiocarbamates-is however limited by the irreversibility of their binding and their low oxidation potentials, which lead to a high yield of photoluminescence-quenching hole trapping on the EDL. This article describes a new class of EDLs for QDs, 1,3-dimethyl-4,5-disubstituted imidazolylidene N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), where the 4,5-substituents are Me, H, or Cl. Postsynthetic ligand exchange of native oleate capping ligands for NHCs results in a bathochromic shift of the optical band gap of CdSe QDs (R = 1.17 nm) of up to 111 meV while the colloidal stability of the QDs is maintained. This shift is reversible for the MeNHC-capped and HNHC-capped QDs upon protonation of the NHC. The magnitude of exciton delocalization induced by the NHC (after scaling for surface coverage) increases with the increasing acidity of its π system, which depends on the substituent in the 4,5-positions of the imidazolylidene. The NHC-capped QDs maintain photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 4.2 ± 1.8% for shifts of the optical band gap as large as 106 meV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Westmoreland
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Rafael López-Arteaga
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
| | - Emily A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
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8
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Gupta A, Nigam S, Avasthi I, Sharma B, Ateeq B, Verma S. Caspase-3 mediated programmed cell death by a gold-stabilised peptide carbene. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126672. [PMID: 31570209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of novel N-heterocyclic carbene complexes derived from a tripeptide ligand (L), containing non-natural amino acid, thiazolylalanine is described here. The peptide ligand was reacted with suitable precursors to generate gold and mercury carbene complexes. The plausible structures of both complexes were predicted by spectroscopic data and DFT calculations. The binding energy data was also analyzed to predict their stability. The gold carbene complex (1A), showed activity against MCF7 breast cancer cell line due to mitochondrial triggered caspase-3 mediated programmed cell death. Its internalization inside cells could be observed due to autofluorescence. This study affords a methodology for successful generation of peptide carbene complexes for their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astha Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Shivansh Nigam
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Ilesha Avasthi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Bikramjit Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Bushra Ateeq
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Sandeep Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India.
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9
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Ma DH, Jaladi AK, Lee JH, Kim TS, Shin WK, Hwang H, An DK. Catalytic Hydroboration of Aldehydes, Ketones, and Alkenes Using Potassium Carbonate: A Small Key to Big Transformation. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:15893-15903. [PMID: 31592459 PMCID: PMC6776975 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An efficient transition-metal-free protocol for the hydroboration of aldehydes and ketones (reduction) was developed. The hydroboration of a wide range of aldehydes and ketones with pinacolborane (HBpin) under the K2CO3 catalyst has been studied. The reaction system is practical and reliable and proceeds under extremely mild and operationally simple conditions. No prior preparation of the complex metal catalyst was required, and hydroboration occurred stoichiometrically. Further, the chemoselective reduction of aldehydes over ketones was carried out. Moreover, we demonstrated the use of K2CO3 as an efficient catalyst for the hydroboration of alkenes. The operational simplicity, inexpensive and transition-metal-free catalyst, and the applicability to gram-scale synthesis strengthen its potential applications for hydroboration (reduction) at an industrial scale.
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10
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Syntheses and characterization of neutral and cationic cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene mercury [cAAC-Hg(II)] complexes. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Sinhababu S, Singh D, Sharma MK, Siwatch RK, Mahawar P, Nagendran S. Ge(ii) cation catalyzed hydroboration of aldehydes and ketones. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:4094-4100. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt05121f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic utility of a germylene cation 4 is reported. In the presence of compound 4, a variety of aldehydes and ketones can be hydroborylated using HBpin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Sinhababu
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi 110 016
- India
| | - Dharmendra Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi 110 016
- India
| | | | - Rahul Kumar Siwatch
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi 110 016
- India
| | - Pritam Mahawar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi 110 016
- India
| | - Selvarajan Nagendran
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi 110 016
- India
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12
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Shegavi ML, Bose SK. Recent advances in the catalytic hydroboration of carbonyl compounds. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00807a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The latest development in the catalytic hydroboration of CO groups is summarized in this review. Access to borate ester intermediates provides a pathway to convert them into the corresponding valuable functionalized alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadev L. Shegavi
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences (CNMS)
- JAIN (Deemed-to-be University)
- Jain Global Campus
- Bangalore-562112
- India
| | - Shubhankar Kumar Bose
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences (CNMS)
- JAIN (Deemed-to-be University)
- Jain Global Campus
- Bangalore-562112
- India
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13
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Shin WK, Kim H, Jaladi AK, An DK. Catalytic hydroboration of aldehydes and ketones with sodium hydride: Application to chemoselective reduction of aldehydes over ketones. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Roy MMD, Fujimori S, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Tokitoh N, Rivard E. Neutral, Cationic and Hydride-substituted Siloxygermylenes. Chemistry 2018; 24:14392-14399. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. D. Roy
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Shiori Fujimori
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; 11227 Saskatchewan Dr. Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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15
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Zhu Z, Wu X, Xu X, Wu Z, Xue M, Yao Y, Shen Q, Bao X. n-Butyllithium Catalyzed Selective Hydroboration of Aldehydes and Ketones. J Org Chem 2018; 83:10677-10683. [PMID: 30070486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Highly efficient and selective hydroboration of aldehydes and ketones with HBpin is achieved by using the simple and convenient n-BuLi as a catalyst. The reaction proceeds rapidly with low catalyst loading (0.1-0.5 mol %) under mild conditions. Key features include the high catalytic efficiency, exceptional functional group compatibility, ample substrate scope, and high selectivity for aldehydes over ketones. Computational studies were carried out to provide a mechanistic insight into the n-BuLi catalyzed hydroboration of aldehydes/ketones with HBpin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangye Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xueli Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , People's Republic of China
| | - Mingqiang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yingming Yao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , People's Republic of China
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16
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Baishya A, Baruah S, Geetharani K. Efficient hydroboration of carbonyls by an iron(ii) amide catalyst. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:9231-9236. [PMID: 29953166 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01998c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An easily prepared iron(ii) amide precatalyst enables the selective hydroboration of carbonyls with HBpin (pinacolborane) in the absence of any additive. The reactions proceed with low catalytic loading (1-3 mol%) under mild reaction conditions and display wide functional group compatibility. Aldehydes are selectively hydroborated in the presence of other reducible functional groups, such as ketones, alkenes, nitriles, esters, amides, acids and halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashim Baishya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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17
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Lui MW, Shynkaruk O, Oakley MS, Sinelnikov R, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Meldrum A, Klobukowski M, Rivard E. Engaging dual donor sites within an N-heterocyclic olefin phosphine ligand. Dalton Trans 2018; 46:5946-5954. [PMID: 28418418 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00398f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By investigating the coordination chemistry of a neutral N-heterocyclic olefin phosphine ligand, a new digold(i) chloride complex was discovered, demonstrating that mixed element (P/C) donor sites can be accessed at the same time. However attempts to extend this strategy for the preparation of heterobimetallic complexes featuring copper(i) and gold(i) centers with this mixed donor ligand were unsuccessful. The related monometallic copper(i) and gold(i) iodide complexes were discovered to be emissive in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie W Lui
- Department of Chemistry, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G2.
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18
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Webb DJ, Fitchett CM, Lein M, Fulton JR. Carbodiimides as catalysts for the reduction of a cadmium hydride complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:460-462. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08393a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A rare terminal cadmium hydride complex has been synthesised. Reduction to the cadmium(i) dimer complex was achieved upon treatment with carbodiimides.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Webb
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- PO Box 600
- Wellington
- New Zealand
| | - C. M. Fitchett
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Canterbury
- P.B. 4800
- Christchurch 8041
- New Zealand
| | - M. Lein
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- PO Box 600
- Wellington
- New Zealand
| | - J. R. Fulton
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- PO Box 600
- Wellington
- New Zealand
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19
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Roy MMD, Rivard E. Pushing Chemical Boundaries with N-Heterocyclic Olefins (NHOs): From Catalysis to Main Group Element Chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2017-2025. [PMID: 28777537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) have gone from the topic of a few scattered (but important) reports in the early 1990s to very recently being a ligand/reagent of choice in the far-reaching research fields of organocatalysis, olefin and heterocycle polymerization, and low oxidation state main group element chemistry. NHOs are formally derived by appending an alkylidene (CR2) unit onto an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), and their pronounced ylidic character leads to high nucleophilicity and soft Lewis basic character at the ligating carbon atom. These olefinic donors can also be structurally derived from imidazole, triazole, and thiazole-based heterocyclic carbenes and, as a result, have highly tunable electronic and steric properties. In this Account, we will focus on various synthetic routes to imidazole-2-ylidene derived NHOs (sometimes referred to as deoxy-Breslow intermediates) followed by a discussion of the electron-donor ability of this structurally tunable ligand group. It should be mentioned that NHOs have a close structural analogy with Breslow-type intermediates, N-heterocyclic ketene aminals, and β-azolium ylides; while these latter species play important roles in advancing synthetic organic chemistry, discussion in this Account will be confined mostly to imidazole-2-ylidene derived NHOs. In addition, we will cover selected examples from the literature where NHOs and their anionic counterparts, N-heterocyclic vinylenes, are used to access reactive main group species not attainable using traditional ligands. Added motivation for these studies comes from the emerging number of low coordinate main group element based compounds that display reactivity once reserved for precious metal complexes (such as H-H and C-H bond activation). Moreover, NHOs are versatile precursors to new mixed element (P/C and N/C), and potentially bidentate, ligand constructs of great potential in catalysis, where various metal oxidation states and coordination environments need to be stabilized during a catalytic cycle. The most active area of recent growth for NHOs is their use as nucleophiles to promote efficient organocatalytic transformations, including transesterification, carbonyl reduction, and the conversion of CO2 into value added products. Polyesters have also been generated through the NHO-promoted ring-opening polymerization of lactones, and the highly tunable nature of NHO organocatalysts allows for the rapid screening and enhancement of catalytic performance. Therefore, the growing utility of NHOs in the realm of organic and polymer chemistry can be viewed as evidence of the widespread impact of N-heterocyclic olefins on the chemical community. It is hoped that through this Account others will join this flourishing research domain and that the rapid recent growth of NHO chemistry is sustained for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. D. Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta Canada, T6G 2G2
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta Canada, T6G 2G2
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20
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Swarnakar AK, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Rivard E. Azido- and amido-substituted gallium hydrides supported by N-heterocyclic carbenes. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:1406-1412. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt04595b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of azido- and amido-gallanes supported by hindered N-heterocyclic carbene donors is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada T6G 2G2
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21
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Hering-Junghans C, Watson IC, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Rivard E. Organocatalytic hydroborylation promoted by N-heterocyclic olefins. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:7150-7153. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01303e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic olefins (NHO) effectively catalyze the hydroborylation of selected ketones and aldehydes under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian C. Watson
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
| | | | | | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
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