1
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Froitzheim T, Kunze L, Grimme S, Herbert JM, Mewes JM. Benchmarking Charge-Transfer Excited States in TADF Emitters: ΔDFT Outperforms TD-DFT for Emission Energies. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:6324-6335. [PMID: 39028862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Charge-transfer (CT) excited states are crucial to organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), particularly to those based on thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). However, accurately modeling CT states remains challenging, even with modern implementations of (time-dependent) density functional theory [(TD-)DFT], especially in a dielectric environment. To identify shortcomings and improve the methodology, we previously established the STGABS27 benchmark set with highly accurate experimental references for the adiabatic energy gap between the lowest singlet and triplet excited states (ΔEST). Here, we diversify this set to the STGABS27-EMS benchmark by including experimental emission energies (Eem) and use this new set to (re)-evaluate various DFT-based approaches. Surprisingly, these tests demonstrate that a state-specific (un)restricted open-shell Kohn-Sham (U/ROKS) DFT coupled with a polarizable continuum model for perturbative state-specific nonequilibrium solvation (ptSS-PCM) provides exceptional accuracy for predicting Eem over a wide range of density functionals. In contrast, the main workhorse of the field, Tamm-Dancoff-approximated TD-DFT (TDA-DFT) paired with the same ptSS-PCM, is distinctly less accurate and strongly functional-dependent. More importantly, while TDA-DFT requires the choice of two very different density functionals for good performance on either ΔEST or Eem, the time-independent U/ROKS/PCM approaches deliver excellent accuracy for both quantities with a wide variety of functionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Froitzheim
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Kunze
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jan-Michael Mewes
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- beeOLED GmbH, Niedersedlitzer Str. 75 C, 01257 Dresden, Germany
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2
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Ormazábal-Toledo R, Rezende MC, Vidal M. The Simulation of Solvent Polarizabilities and Dipolarities with Polarizable Continuum Model. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:7208-7218. [PMID: 38989920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The ability of polarizable continuum models (PCM) to simulate nonspecific solvent effects (dipolarity and polarizability) was evaluated by calculating the transition energies of 1,1,10,10-tetrabutyldecanonaene (ttbp9) and 2-N,N-dimethylamino-7-nitrofluorene (DMANF), basis of Catalán's polarizability (SP) and dipolarity (SdP) solvent scales, respectively. Time-dependent density-functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations were performed at different levels of theory, employing four basis sets in 10 different solvents, covering the full range of the normalized SP and SdP scales. Transition energies were calculated using linear response (LR) and corrected linear response (cLR2) schemes. Although these methods yielded variable mean absolute errors, the LR-PCM calculations reproduced medium polarizability and dipolarity trends. While calculated ttbp9 transition energies correlated with SP and Laurence's dispersion-induced (DI) scales, the DMANF transition energies correlated poorly with SdP or Laurence's ES dipolarity scales. This result agrees with the fact that DMANF solvatochromism is "contaminated" by solvent polarizability and HB acidity. The incorporation of SP or DI contributions led to much better (r2 > 0.95) correlations with the DMANF-calculated transitions. The results offer a clearer picture of the limitations of continuum models in simulating the behavior of solvatochromic dyes in solution by pointing out their poor performance when specific solvent effects, such as hydrogen-bond interactions, play a significant role in their solvatochromism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ormazábal-Toledo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Dr. Carlos Lorca Tobar 964, Independencia, Región Metropolitana, Casilla 233, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Marcos Caroli Rezende
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - Matías Vidal
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago 9160000, Chile
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3
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Laurence C, Legros J, Vuluga D. A Collection of Dispersion Induction DI, Electrostatic ES, and Hydrogen Bonding α 1 and β 1 Parameters for 380 Solvents and What They Say on Solvent Effects on Rates, Equilibria, and Spectra. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9521-9542. [PMID: 38965936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The solvent parameters DI, ES, α1, and β1 are intended for the description of solute-solvent intermolecular forces, i.e., dispersion-induction, electrostatic, hydrogen-bond donation, and hydrogen-bond acceptance, respectively. An up-to-date collection of these parameters is presented for 380 solvents including green solvents, ionic liquids, and deep eutectic solvents. Their determination for additional solvents requires three commercial indicators, betaine dye B(30), 4-F-phenol, and 4-F-anisole (as well as the refractive index). The chemical significance of these parameters is outlined. Their use in the linear solvation energy relationship P = P° + di DI + e ES + a α1 + b β1 for 62 physicochemical properties P (reaction rates, equilibrium constants, and IR, UV, and NMR spectra) yields determination coefficients generally greater than 0.90 and regression coefficients whose sign and relative magnitude provide consistent information on the intermolecular forces acting on these properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Laurence
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire CEISAM, UMR 6230 CNRS, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Julien Legros
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Daniela Vuluga
- INSA Rouen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, PBS 76000 Rouen, France
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4
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Sobczak S, Katrusiak A. Structural insight into piezo-solvatochromism of Reichardt's dye. IUCRJ 2024; 11:528-537. [PMID: 38833319 PMCID: PMC11220889 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252524004603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
To date, accurate modelling of the solvation process is challenging, often over-simplifying the solvent-solute interactions. The interplay between the molecular arrangement associated with the solvation process and crystal nucleation has been investigated by analysis of the piezo-solvatochromic behaviour of Reichardt's dye, ET(1), in methanol, ethanol and acetone under high pressure. High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction and UV-Vis spectroscopy reveal the impact of solute-solvent interactions on the optical properties of ET(1). The study underscores the intricate relationship between solvent properties, molecular conformation and crystal packing. The connection between liquid and solid phases emphasizes the capabilities of high-pressure methods for expanding the field of crystal engineering. The high-pressure environment allowed the determination of the crystal structures reported here that are built from organic molecules fourfold solvated with ethanol or methanol: ET(1)·4CH3OH and ET(1)·4C2H5OH·H2O. The observed piezo-solvatochromic effects highlight the potential of ET(1) in nonlinear optoelectronics and expand the application of solvatochromic chemical indicators to pressure sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Sobczak
- Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, Poznań61-612, Poland
| | - Andrzej Katrusiak
- Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, Poznań61-612, Poland
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5
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Burda H, Hsieh I, Burda C, Parson WW. Entropy-Enthalpy Compensation in Electron-Transfer Processes. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:3946-3952. [PMID: 38568867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Solvent reorganization energies, free energies, and entropies are obtained for photoexcitation of three molecules that exhibit strong solvatochromism [Nile red, 5-(dimethylamino)-5'-nitro-2,2-bisthiophene, and Reichardt's dye B30] by measuring their optical absorption spectra at temperatures between 150 and 300 K in solvents with a range of polarities. Energies, free energies, and entropies of solvent reorganization are also obtained from computer simulations of three intramolecular electron-transfer reactions (charge separation and recombination in Zn-porphyrin-quinone cyclophane and charge transfer in a bis-biphenylandrostane radical anion). Entropy-enthalpy compensation in the solvent reorganization free energy for photoexcitation or electron transfer is found to be essentially complete (having nearly equal and opposite contributions from entropic and enthalpic effects) for all of the processes with solvent reorganization energies less than about 0.1 eV. Compensation becomes less complete as the reorganization energy becomes larger. A semiclassical treatment of the solvent reorganization entropy can rationalize these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Burda
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Isabelle Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Clemens Burda
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - William W Parson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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6
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Echelberry K, Burda H, Willis P, Parson WW, Burda C. Temperature-dependent solvent reorganization entropies, free energies, and transition dipole strengths for the photoexcitation of Reichardt's dye B30. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:154506. [PMID: 37861298 DOI: 10.1063/5.0164142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Absorption spectra of the solvatochromic dye 2,6-diphenyl-4-2,4,6-triphenyl-1-pyridinophenolate (B30) were measured in seven solvents of varying polarity over temperature ranging from each solvent's freezing point to 300 K. The excitation energies and their variances allowed calculations of the solvent reorganization energies, reorganization free energies and reorganization entropies as functions of temperature. The entropies of solvent packing around the chromophore are found to make major contributions to the reorganization free energies. The variances of the excitation energies depend only weakly on temperature, in disagreement with an expression that is often used for solvent reorganization free energies. Polar solvents reduce the transition dipole strength of B30's long-wavelength absorption band, probably because interactions with the solvent enhance the charge-transfer character of the transition. The dipole strength drops further at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Echelberry
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Heenrik Burda
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Preston Willis
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - William W Parson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Clemens Burda
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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7
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Singh P, Zhang J, Engel D, Fingerhut BP, Elsaesser T. Transient Terahertz Stark Effect: A Dynamic Probe of Electric Interactions in Polar Liquids. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:5505-5510. [PMID: 37289958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electric forces acting on molecules in liquids at ambient temperature fluctuate at terahertz (THz) frequencies with a direct impact on their electronic and optical properties. We introduce the transient THz Stark effect to modify the electronic absorption spectra of dye molecules and, thus, elucidate and determine the underlying molecular interactions and dynamics. Picosecond electric fields of megavolts/cm induce a nonequilibrium response of the prototypical Betaine-30 in polar solution that is probed via transient absorption changes. The field-induced broadening of the absorption band follows the THz intensity in time, with a minor impact of solvent dynamics. The ground and excited state dipole energies in the THz field govern this response, allowing for a quantification of electric forces in a structurally frozen molecular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Singh
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Jia Zhang
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Dieter Engel
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Benjamin P Fingerhut
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München 81377, Germany
| | - Thomas Elsaesser
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Berlin 12489, Germany
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8
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Spange S, Weiß N, Mayerhöfer TG. The Global Polarity of Alcoholic Solvents and Water - Importance of the Collectively Acting Factors Density, Refractive Index and Hydrogen Bonding Forces. ChemistryOpen 2022; 11:e202200140. [PMID: 36284211 PMCID: PMC9596611 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The DHBD quantity represents the hydroxyl group density of alcoholic solvents or water. DHBD is purely physically defined by the product of molar concentration of the solvent (N) and the factor Σn=n×f which reflects the number n and position (f-factor) of the alcoholic OH groups per molecule. Whether the hydroxyl group is either primary, secondary or tertiary is taken into account by f. Σn is clearly linearly correlated with the physical density or the refractive index of the alcohol derivative. Relationships of solvent-dependent UV/Vis absorption energies as ET (30) values, 129 Xe NMR shifts and kinetic data of 2-chloro-2-methylpropane solvolysis with DHBD are demonstrated. It can be shown that the ET (30) solvent parameter reflects the global polarity of the hydrogen bond network rather than specific H-bond acidity. Significant correlations of the log k1 rate constants of the solvolysis reaction of 2-chloro-2-methylpropane with DHBD show the physical reasoning of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Spange
- Institute of ChemistryChemnitz University of TechnologyStraße der Nationen 6209111ChemnitzGermany
| | - Nadine Weiß
- Institute of ChemistryChemnitz University of TechnologyStraße der Nationen 6209111ChemnitzGermany
| | - Thomas G. Mayerhöfer
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic TechnologyAlbert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller UniversityHelmholtzweg 4Jena07743Germany
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9
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Watanabe T, Ohashi K. Similarity and dissimilarity between water and methanol in solvent effects on the spectroscopic properties of aniline: Molecular dynamics and time-dependent DFT studies. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Luminescence of Reichardt's dye in polyelectrolyte-modified saponite colloids. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Spange S, Mayerhöfer TG. The negative solvatochromism of Reichardt`s dye B30 - a complementary study. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200100. [PMID: 35579664 PMCID: PMC9400910 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The UV/Vis spectra of a hypothetical negative solvatochromic dye in a solvent are theoretically calculated assuming the classical damped harmonic oscillator model and the Lorentz‐Lorenz relation. For the simulations, the oscillator strength of the solvent was varied, while for the solute all oscillator parameters were kept constant. As a result, a simple change of the oscillator strength of the solute can explain the redshift and intensity increase of the UV/Vis band of the solute. Simulated results are compared with measured UV/Vis spectroscopic data of 2,6‐diphenyl‐4‐(2,4,6‐triphenylpyridinium‐1‐yl) phenolate B30 (Reichardt‘s dye) Significant correlations of the absorption energy (1/λmax) with the molar absorption coefficient ϵ as function of solvent polarity are demonstrated for several derivatives of B30. The approach presented is only applicable to negative solvatochromism. Therefore, while the approach is vital to fully understand solvatochromism, it needs to be complemented by other approaches, e. g., to describe the changes of the chemical interactions based on the nature of the solvent, to explain all its various aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Spange
- Chemnitz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Chemnitz, Institute of Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Thomas Günter Mayerhöfer
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Spectroscopy/Imaging, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, GERMANY
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12
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Laurence C, Mansour S, Vuluga D, Sraïdi K, Legros J. Theoretical, Semiempirical, and Experimental Solvatochromic Comparison Methods for the Construction of the α 1 Scale of Hydrogen-Bond Donation of Solvents. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6273-6287. [PMID: 35467876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Today, the hydrogen bonding donation (HBD) ability parameter of new solvents, α, is generally determined either by the Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic comparison of two probes, Reichardt betaine dye B(30) and 4-nitroanisole, or by the measurement of a single probe (e.g., solvatochromism of an iron coordination complex). This work highlights the shortcomings of these probes and recommends three replacement methods: (a) the theoretical comparison of the experimental and PCM-TD-DFT calculated transition energies ET(30) of B(30), (b) the semiempirical comparison of the experimental and McRae calculated ET(30), and, (c) for ionic liquids, the experimental comparison of ET(30) and ET(33) lying on the lower basicity of the betaine dye B(33) compared to B(30). These methods yield a new HBD parameter, α1, for 101 molecular solvents and 30 ionic liquids. The novelty is emblematic for water, with α1 = 1.54 instead of α (Kamlet-Taft) = 1.17. The solvent parameter α1 is not equivalent to the solute hydrogen-bond acidity parameter α2H, partly because of the self-association of HBD solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Laurence
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire CEISAM, UMR 6230 CNRS, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Sergui Mansour
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Daniela Vuluga
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, PBS 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Khadija Sraïdi
- Université Chouaîb Doukkali, Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, Faculté des Sciences, 24000 El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Julien Legros
- Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, COBRA, 76000 Rouen, France
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13
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Abstract
This short overview describes the historical development of the physics and chemistry of organic solvents and solutions from the alchemist era until the present time based on some carefully selected examples that can be considered landmarks in the history of solution chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichardt
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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14
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Plenert AC, Mendez-Vega E, Sander W. Micro- vs Macrosolvation in Reichardt's Dyes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13156-13166. [PMID: 34387472 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Solvation is a complex phenomenon involving electrostatic and van der Waals forces as well as chemically more specific effects such as hydrogen bonding. To disentangle global solvent effects (macrosolvation) from local solvent effects (microsolvation), we studied the UV-vis and IR spectra of a solvatochromic pyridinium-N-phenolate dye (a derivative of Reichardt's dye) in rare gas matrices, in mixtures of argon and water, and in water ice. The π-π* transition of the betaine dye in the visible region and its C-O stretching vibration in the IR region are highly sensitive to solvent effects. By annealing argon matrices of the betaine dye doped with low concentrations of water, we were able to synthesize 1:1 water-dye complexes. Formation of hydrogen-bonded complexes leads to small shifts of the π-π* transition only, as long as the global polarity of the matrix environment does not change. In contrast, changes of the global polarity result in large spectral band shifts. Hydrogen-bonded complexes of the betaine dye are more sensitive to global polarity changes than the dye itself, explaining why ET values determined with Reichardt's dyes are very different for protic and nonprotic solvents, even if the relative permittivities of these solvents are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Plenert
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Enrique Mendez-Vega
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sander
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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15
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Mera-Adasme R, Rezende MC, Domínguez M. On the physical-chemical nature of solvent polarizability and dipolarity. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 229:118008. [PMID: 31923787 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.118008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The positive solvatochromism of three dyes, with a spectral behavior strongly dependents on the medium dipolarity/polarizability, was studied theoretically. Both a polarizable continuum-solvent model (CSM) and explicit solvent molecules were employed to model solvent effects. The CSM approach, coupled with ten different TDDFT methods, yielded unsatisfactory results in eleven solvents. The explicit-solvation calculations, thought of much higher computational cost, yielded excellent results. As CSM schemes are known correctly model non-specific electrostatic effects, our results indicate that the traditionally considered non-specific nature of solvent dipolarity needs to be reconsidered, requiring the explicit consideration of the solute-solvent interactions for their accurate theoretical description.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Mera-Adasme
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Chile
| | - Marcos Caroli Rezende
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Chile
| | - Moisés Domínguez
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Chile.
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16
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Laurence C, Mansour S, Vuluga D, Legros J. Correlation analysis of solvent effects on solvolysis rates: What can the empirical parameters of solvents actually say? J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergui Mansour
- CNRS, COBRANormandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN Rouen France
| | - Daniela Vuluga
- CNRS, PBSNormandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN Rouen France
| | - Julien Legros
- CNRS, COBRANormandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN Rouen France
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17
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Mera-Adasme R, Domínguez M. A computationally-derived model for the solvatochromism of p-phenolates with high predictive power. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:18127-18132. [PMID: 29938260 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02424c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We report that the positive, reverse or negative solvatochromism of p-phenolate-based dyes is highly correlated with the multireferential (MR) character of their ground-state wave function, with negative compounds presenting the highest degeneracy. CASSCF/NEVPT2 calculations show that the high MR character of the wave-function in negative dyes allows those systems to increase the dipole moment of the ground state by breaking the degeneracy as a response to the field of a polar solvent. The resulting stabilization of the ground-state with increasing solvent polarity leads to the observed negative solvatochromic behavior. A computational indicator based on our results has been successfully used for determining the direction of the solvatochromic shift of 24 dyes. Thus, our work sheds light on the physical-chemical basis for solvatochromism while providing experimental chemists with a practical tool for the design of novel negative, positive or reverse solvatochromic dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Mera-Adasme
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Qúímica y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Chile.
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18
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Catalán J, Reichardt C. Solvation by Glycerol at Temperatures from 353 to 77 K: Its Solvatochromic Characterization and Use to Block the Molecular Structure of Conformationally Flexible Structures. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:7114-7120. [PMID: 28857568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b06027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycerol is UV/vis spectroscopically characterized by using suitable solvatochromic polarity probes spanning a wide temperature range of 353 to 77 K. For the first time we find experimental evidence that, when the solvent preserves its internal structure in a broad range of temperatures, all solvatochromically derived solvent parameters (i.e., SP, SdP, SA, and SB) also maintain their values unchanged. On the basis of these solvatochromic measurements, it is shown that, below 180 K, glycerol efficiently blocks the molecular structure of conformationally flexible solutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Catalán
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Reichardt
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität , Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Brandão I, Franco LR, Fonseca TL, Castro MA, Georg HC. Confirming the relationship between first hyperpolarizability and the bond length alternation coordinate for merocyanine dyes. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:224505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4985672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Idney Brandão
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Leandro R. Franco
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Tertius L. Fonseca
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marcos A. Castro
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Herbert C. Georg
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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