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Shinozaki Y, Popov S, Plenio H. Fluorescent organometallic dyads and triads: establishing spatial relationships. Chem Sci 2023; 14:350-361. [PMID: 36687348 PMCID: PMC9811503 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04869h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
FRET pairs involving up to three different Bodipy dyes are utilized to provide information on the assembly/disassembly of organometallic complexes. Azolium salts tagged with chemically robust and photostable blue or green or red fluorescent Bodipy, respectively, were synthesized and the azolium salts used to prepare metal complexes [(NHC_blue)ML], [(NHC_green)ML] and [(NHC_red)ML] (ML = Pd(allyl)Cl, IrCl(cod), RhCl(cod), AuCl, Au(NTf2), CuBr). The blue and the green Bodipy and the green and the red Bodipy, respectively, were designed to allow the formation of efficient FRET pairs with minimal cross-talk. Organometallic dyads formed from two subunits enable the transfer of excitation energy from the donor dye to the acceptor dye. The blue, green and red emission provide three information channels on the formation of complexes, which is demonstrated for alkyne or sulfur bridged digold species and for ion pairing of a red fluorescent cation and a green fluorescent anion. This approach is extended to probe an assembly of three different subunits. In such a triad, each component is tagged with either a blue, a green or a red Bodipy and the energy transfer blue →green → red proves the formation of the triad. The tagging of molecular components with robust fluorophores can be a general strategy in (organometallic) chemistry to establish connectivities for binuclear catalyst resting states and binuclear catalyst decomposition products in homogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Shinozaki
- Organometallic Chemistry, Technical University of DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Str. 1264287 DarmstadtGermany
| | - Stepan Popov
- Organometallic Chemistry, Technical University of DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Str. 1264287 DarmstadtGermany
| | - Herbert Plenio
- Organometallic Chemistry, Technical University of DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Str. 1264287 DarmstadtGermany
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Popov S, Plenio H. Ligand Exchange Triggered Photosensitizers – Bodipy‐Tagged NHC‐Metal Complexes for Conversion of
3
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2
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1
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2. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Popov
- Organometallic Chemistry Technical University of Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Herbert Plenio
- Organometallic Chemistry Technical University of Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12 64287 Darmstadt Germany
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3
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Kaps A, Foro S, Plenio H. Bi- and trimetallic complexes with macrocyclic xanthene-4,5-diNHC ligands. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:2464-2479. [PMID: 35048930 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03857e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three different types of bimetallic NHC-metal complexes were synthesized, whose NHC units are attached at the 4,5-positions of xanthene. The NHC units are in close proximity and are designed such that each carbene coordinates one ML unit, while the chelation of one metal by two NHC is not possible. Several xanthene-((NHC)ML)2 complexes with ML = RhCl(cod), IrCl(cod), RhCl(CO)2, IrCl(CO)2, AuCl, AgCl, CuCl and Pd(allyl)Cl were synthesized and investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kaps
- Organometallic Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Sabine Foro
- Organometallic Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Herbert Plenio
- Organometallic Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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4
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Martynov VI, Pakhomov AA. BODIPY derivatives as fluorescent reporters of molecular activities in living cells. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Fluorescent compounds have become indispensable tools for imaging molecular activities in the living cell. 4,4-Difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) is currently one of the most popular fluorescent reporters due to its unique photophysical properties. This review provides a general survey and presents a summary of recent advances in the development of new BODIPY-based cellular biomarkers and biosensors. The review starts with the consideration of the properties of BODIPY derivatives required for their application as cellular reporters. Then review provides examples of the design of sensors for different biologically important molecules, ions, membrane potential, temperature and viscosity defining the live cell status. Special attention is payed to BODPY-based phototransformable reporters.
The bibliography includes 339 references.
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Popov S, Plenio H. Determination of Stereoelectronic Properties of NHC Ligands
via
Ion Pairing and Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Popov
- Organometallic Chemistry Technical University of Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Herbert Plenio
- Organometallic Chemistry Technical University of Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12 64287 Darmstadt Germany
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Wang D, Malmberg R, Pernik I, Prasad SKK, Roemer M, Venkatesan K, Schmidt TW, Keaveney ST, Messerle BA. Development of tethered dual catalysts: synergy between photo- and transition metal catalysts for enhanced catalysis. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6256-6267. [PMID: 32953021 PMCID: PMC7480183 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02703k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While dual photocatalysis-transition metal catalysis strategies are extensively reported, the majority of systems feature two separate catalysts, limiting the potential for synergistic interactions between the catalytic centres. In this work we synthesised a series of tethered dual catalysts allowing us to investigate this underexplored area of dual catalysis. In particular, Ir(i) or Ir(iii) complexes were tethered to a BODIPY photocatalyst through different tethering modes. Extensive characterisation, including transient absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, suggest that there are synergistic interactions between the catalysts. The tethered dual catalysts were more effective at promoting photocatalytic oxidation and Ir-catalysed dihydroalkoxylation, relative to the un-tethered species, highlighting that increases in both photocatalysis and Ir catalysis can be achieved. The potential of these catalysts was further demonstrated through novel sequential reactivity, and through switchable reactivity that is controlled by external stimuli (heat or light).
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Wang
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , North Ryde , NSW 2109 , Australia . ;
| | - Robert Malmberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , North Ryde , NSW 2109 , Australia . ;
| | - Indrek Pernik
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , North Ryde , NSW 2109 , Australia . ;
| | - Shyamal K K Prasad
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science , School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Kensington , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Max Roemer
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , North Ryde , NSW 2109 , Australia . ;
| | - Koushik Venkatesan
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , North Ryde , NSW 2109 , Australia . ;
| | - Timothy W Schmidt
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science , School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Kensington , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Sinead T Keaveney
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , North Ryde , NSW 2109 , Australia . ;
| | - Barbara A Messerle
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , North Ryde , NSW 2109 , Australia . ;
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Popova M, Soboleva T, Benninghoff AD, Berreau LM. CO Sense and Release Flavonols: Progress toward the Development of an Analyte Replacement PhotoCORM for Use in Living Cells. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:10021-10033. [PMID: 32391490 PMCID: PMC7203955 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a signaling molecule in humans. Prior research suggests that therapeutic levels of CO can have beneficial effects in treating a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. To facilitate understanding of the role of CO in biology, molecules that enable fluorescence detection of CO in living systems have emerged as an important class of chemical tools. A key unmet challenge in this field is the development of fluorescent analyte replacement probes that replenish the CO that is consumed during detection. Herein, we report the first examples of CO sense and release molecules that involve combining a common CO-sensing motif with a light-triggered CO-releasing flavonol scaffold. A notable advantage of the flavonol-based CO sense and release motif is that it is trackable via fluorescence in both its pre- and postsensing (pre-CO release) forms. In vitro studies revealed that the PdCl2 and Ru(II)-containing CORM-2 used in the CO sensing step can result in metal coordination to the flavonol, which minimizes the subsequent CO release reactivity. However, CO detection followed by CO release is demonstrated in living cells, indicating that a cellular environment mitigates the flavonol/metal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Popova
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State
University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
| | - Tatiana Soboleva
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State
University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
| | - Abby D. Benninghoff
- Department
of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, United States
| | - Lisa M. Berreau
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State
University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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Liu X, Zhan S, Hu X, Zhang X. A ratio-metric fluorescent sensor design platform with red emission of Europium(III) as built-in fluorescence correction. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Tickner BJ, John RO, Roy SS, Hart SJ, Whitwood AC, Duckett SB. Using coligands to gain mechanistic insight into iridium complexes hyperpolarized with para-hydrogen. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5235-5245. [PMID: 31191878 PMCID: PMC6540910 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00444k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the formation of a series of novel [Ir(H)2(IMes)(α-13C2-carboxyimine)L] complexes in which the identity of the coligand L is varied. When examined with para-hydrogen, complexes in which L is benzylamine or phenethylamine show significant 1H hydride and 13C2 imine enhancements and may exist in 13C2 singlet spin order. Isotopic labeling techniques are used to double 13C2 enhancements (up to 750-fold) and singlet state lifetimes (up to 20 seconds) compared to those previously reported. Exchange spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory are used to investigate the stability and mechanism of rapid hydrogen exchange in these complexes, a process driven by dissociative coligand loss to form a key five coordinate intermediate. When L is pyridine or imidazole, competitive binding to such intermediates leads to novel complexes whose formation, kinetics, behaviour, structure, and hyperpolarization is investigated. The ratio of the observed PHIP enhancements were found to be affected not only by the hydrogen exchange rates but the identity of the coligands. This ligand reactivity is accompanied by decoherence of any 13C2 singlet order which can be preserved by isotopic labeling. Addition of a thiol coligand proved to yield a thiol oxidative addition product which is characterized by NMR and MS techniques. Significant 870-fold 13C enhancements of pyridine can be achieved using the Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (SABRE) process when α-carboxyimines are used to block active coordination sites. [Ir(H)2(IMes)(α-13C2-carboxyimine)L] therefore acts as unique sensors whose 1H hydride chemical shifts and corresponding hyperpolarization levels are indicative of the identity of a coligand and its binding strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Tickner
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) , University of York , Heslington , York , YO10 5NY , UK .
| | - Richard O John
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) , University of York , Heslington , York , YO10 5NY , UK .
| | - Soumya S Roy
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) , University of York , Heslington , York , YO10 5NY , UK .
| | - Sam J Hart
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , York , YO10 5DD , UK
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , York , YO10 5DD , UK
| | - Simon B Duckett
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) , University of York , Heslington , York , YO10 5NY , UK .
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10
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Halter O, Spielmann J, Kanai Y, Plenio H. Monitoring Ligand Substitution in (Catalytically Active) Metal Complexes with Bodipy-Tagged Diimines and NHC Ligands. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Halter
- Organometallic Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jonas Spielmann
- Organometallic Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Yuki Kanai
- Organometallic Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Herbert Plenio
- Organometallic Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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11
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12
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Zhu XY, Yao HW, Fu YJ, Guo XF, Wang H. Effect of substituents on Stokes shift of BODIPY and its application in designing bioimaging probes. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1048:194-203. [PMID: 30598150 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BODIPY-based probes have excellent fluorescence properties. However, small Stokes shifts approximately 5-15 nm greatly affect their detection sensitivity. In this study, we compared the Stokes shifts of reported BODIPY-based probes with various of substituents, and found that the phenyl groups on the specific position of BODIPY core could expand the Stokes shift of BODIPY-based probes, and methoxy groups on these phenyl substituents could enhance such effects. Then, by quantum chemical calculations, we found that the number of methoxy groups might also have obvious effect on the Stokes shift of BODIPY. Taking nitric oxide (NO) as analyte, 4,4-difluoro-8-(3,4-diaminophenyl)-3,5-bis(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indancene (DMOPB) with diaminophenyl substituents has been designed and synthesized. Compared with monomethoxy-phenyl substituted BODIPY-based probes (MOPBs) in our previous work, Stokes shift of DMOPB was expanded by 10 nm when using dimethoxyphenyl instead of monomethoxyphenyl, which is basically consistent with the quantum chemistry calculation of 11 nm. DMOPB can react with NO in only 2 min to form the triazole DMOPB-T with a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.32. An excellent linear relationship was observed in the range of NO concentration from 0.5 μM to 4 μM and the detection limit was 1 nM. The experimental results indicate that DMOPB with high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, low toxicity and dark background can be a great candidate for imaging NO in cells and tissues. Considering the lack of practical way to increase Stokes shift of small-molecule fluorescent probes based on specific fluorophore, the proposed strategy has great potential for the designing of probes with large Stokes shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hui-Wen Yao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yu-Jia Fu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Halter O, Plenio H. Fluorescent Dyes in Organometallic Chemistry: Coumarin‐Tagged NHC–Metal Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Halter
- Organometallic Chemistry TU Darmstadt Alarich‐Weiss‐Str.12 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Herbert Plenio
- Organometallic Chemistry TU Darmstadt Alarich‐Weiss‐Str.12 64287 Darmstadt Germany
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14
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Bergmann M, Plenio H. Giving an Odor to Carbon Monoxide: Malodorogenic Sensing of Carbon Monoxide via [IrCl(cod)(NHC)] Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Bergmann
- Organometallic Chemistry Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich‐Weiss‐Str. 12, TU Darmstadt 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Herbert Plenio
- Organometallic Chemistry Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich‐Weiss‐Str. 12, TU Darmstadt 64287 Darmstadt Germany
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15
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Li GY, Han KL. The sensing mechanism studies of the fluorescent probes with electronically excited state calculations. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
- College of Chemical Engineering; North China University of Science and Technology; Tangshan China
| | - Ke-Li Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
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16
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Bergmann M, Egert M, Plenio H. Malodorogenic Sensing of Carbon Monoxide. Chemistry 2017; 23:13328-13331. [PMID: 28800168 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A thin film of poly-([IrCl(cod)(NHC-onbe)]n -(propyl-onbe)m ) (onbe=oxanorbornene) coated on filter paper reacts quantitatively with CO to yield 1,5-cyclooctadiene, the unpleasant smell of which can be detected by the human olfactory system with very high sensitivity. Odorless, but toxic CO is thus "translated" into the distinct smell of 1,5-cyclooctadiene. Based on malodorogenic sensing it is possible to smell the presence of CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Bergmann
- Organometallic Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Meike Egert
- Organometallic Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Herbert Plenio
- Organometallic Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 12, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
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Halter O, Plenio H. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) for the verification of dual gold catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:12461-12464. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc07018g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two gold complexes with different bodipy-tagged N-heterocyclic carbene ligands, which are a potential FRET pair, were synthesized. It was shown, that the formation of dinuclear intermediates in alkyne transformations (“dual gold catalysis”) are characterized by a FRET signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Halter
- Organometallic Chemistry
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - H. Plenio
- Organometallic Chemistry
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
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