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Glace M, Armstrong C, Puryear N, Bailey C, Moazeni-Pourasil RS, Scott D, Abdelwahed S, Roper TD. An Automated Continuous Synthesis and Isolation for the Scalable Production of Aryl Sulfonyl Chlorides. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104213. [PMID: 37241953 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a continuous system to produce multi-hundred-gram quantities of aryl sulfonyl chlorides is described. The scheme employs multiple continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTRs) and a continuous filtration system and incorporates an automated process control scheme. The experimental process outlined is intended to safely produce the desired sulfonyl chloride at laboratory scale. Suitable reaction conditions were first determined using a batch-chemistry design of experiments (DOE) and several isolation methods. The hazards and incompatibilities of the heated chlorosulfonic acid reaction mixture were addressed by careful equipment selection, process monitoring, and automation. The approximations of the CSTR fill levels and pumping performance were measured by real-time data from gravimetric balances, ultimately leading to the incorporation of feedback controllers. The introduction of process automation demonstrated in this work resulted in significant improvements in process setpoint consistency, reliability, and spacetime yield, as demonstrated in medium- and large-scale continuous manufacturing runs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Glace
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Cameron Armstrong
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Nathan Puryear
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Colin Bailey
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | | | - Drew Scott
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Sherif Abdelwahed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Thomas D Roper
- Department of Chemical and Life Sciences Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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Development of hetero-triaryls as a new chemotype for subtype-selective and potent Sirt5 inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 240:114594. [PMID: 35853430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to other sirtuins (NAD+-dependent class III lysine deacylases), inhibition of Sirt5 is poorly investigated, yet. Our present work is based on the recently identified Sirt5 inhibitor balsalazide, an approved drug with negligible bioavailability after oral administration. After gaining first insights into its structure-activity relationship in previous work, we were able to now develop heteroaryl-triaryls as a novel chemotype of drug-like, potent and subtype-selective Sirt5 inhibitors. The unfavourable azo group of the lead structure was modified in a systematic and comprehensive manner, leading us to a few open-chained and, most importantly, five-membered heteroaromatic substitutes (isoxazole CG_209, triazole CG_220, pyrazole CG_232) with very encouraging in vitro activities (IC50 on Sirt5 in the low micromolar range, <10 μM). These advanced inhibitors were free of cytotoxicity and showed favourable pharmacokinetic properties, as confirmed by permeability into mitochondria using live cell imaging experiments. Furthermore, results from calculations of the relative free binding affinities of the analogues compared to balsalazide as reference compound agreed well with the trends for inhibitory activities obtained in the in vitro experiments. Therefore, this method can be used to predict the affinity of closely related future potential Sirt5 inhibitors. Encouraged by our findings, we employed chemoproteomic selectivity profiling to confirm Sirt5 as main target of balsalazide and one of its improved analogues. An immobilised balsalazide-analogue specifically pulled down Sirt5 from whole cell lysates and competition experiments identified glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) and nucleotide diphosphate kinase (NME4) as potential off-targets, once again confirming the selectivity of the novel balsalazide-derived Sirt5 inhibitors. In summary, a combination of targeted chemical synthesis, biological work, and computational studies led to a new generation of tailored Sirt5 inhibitors, which represent valuable chemical tools for the investigation of the physiological role of Sirt5, but could also serve as advanced lead structures for drug candidates for systemic use.
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Hofmann L, Altmann LM, Fischer O, Prusko L, Xiao G, Westwood NJ, Heinrich MR. Cleavage of Organosolv Lignin to Phenols Using Nitrogen Monoxide and Hydrazine. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:19400-19408. [PMID: 34368527 PMCID: PMC8340100 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
From the variety of methods known for the depolymerization of organosolv lignin, a broad range of diversely substituted aromatic compounds are available today. In the present work, a novel two-step reaction sequence is reported, which is focused on the formation of phenols. While the first step of the depolymerization strategy comprises the 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ)-catalyzed oxidation of organosolv lignin with nitrogen monoxide so that two waste materials are combined, cleavage to the phenolic target compounds is achieved in the second step employing hydrazine and potassium hydroxide under Wolff-Kishner-type conditions. Besides the fact that the novel strategy proceeds via an untypical form of oxidized organosolv lignin, the two-step sequence is further able to provide phenols as cleavage products, which bear no substituent at the 4-position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura
Elena Hofmann
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa-Marie Altmann
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Fischer
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lea Prusko
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ganyuan Xiao
- School
of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews and EaStCHEM North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Westwood
- School
of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews and EaStCHEM North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Markus R. Heinrich
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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4
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Identification of the subtype-selective Sirt5 inhibitor balsalazide through systematic SAR analysis and rationalization via theoretical investigations. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112676. [PMID: 32858418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report here an extensive structure-activity relationship study of balsalazide, which was previously identified in a high-throughput screening as an inhibitor of Sirt5. To get a closer understanding why this compound is able to inhibit Sirt5, we initially performed docking experiments comparing the binding mode of a succinylated peptide as the natural substrate and balsalazide with Sirt5 in the presence of NAD+. Based on the evidence gathered here, we designed and synthesized 13 analogues of balsalazide, in which single functional groups were either deleted or slightly altered to investigate which of them are mandatory for high inhibitory activity. Our study confirms that balsalazide with all its given functional groups is an inhibitor of Sirt5 in the low micromolar concentration range and structural modifications presented in this study did not increase potency. While changes on the N-aroyl-β-alanine side chain eliminated potency, the introduction of a truncated salicylic acid part minimally altered potency. Calculations of the associated reaction paths showed that the inhibition potency is very likely dominated by the stability of the inhibitor-enzyme complex and not the type of inhibition (covalent vs. non-covalent). Further in-vitro characterization in a trypsin coupled assay determined that the tested inhibitors showed no competition towards NAD+ or the synthetic substrate analogue ZKsA. In addition, investigations for subtype selectivity revealed that balsalazide is a subtype-selective Sirt5 inhibitor, and our initial SAR and docking studies pave the way for further optimization.
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Hofmann LE, Hofmann D, Prusko L, Altmann L, Heinrich MR. Sequential Cleavage of Lignin Systems by Nitrogen Monoxide and Hydrazine. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elena Hofmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 91058 Erlangen
| | - Dagmar Hofmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 91058 Erlangen
| | - Lea Prusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 91058 Erlangen
| | - Lisa‐Marie Altmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 91058 Erlangen
| | - Markus R. Heinrich
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 91058 Erlangen
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Wagner-Wysiecka E, Łukasik N, Biernat JF, Luboch E. Azo group(s) in selected macrocyclic compounds. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2018; 90:189-257. [PMID: 29568230 PMCID: PMC5845695 DOI: 10.1007/s10847-017-0779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene derivatives due to their photo- and electroactive properties are an important group of compounds finding applications in diverse fields. Due to the possibility of controlling the trans-cis isomerization, azo-bearing structures are ideal building blocks for development of e.g. nanomaterials, smart polymers, molecular containers, photoswitches, and sensors. Important role play also macrocyclic compounds well known for their interesting binding properties. In this article selected macrocyclic compounds bearing azo group(s) are comprehensively described. Here, the relationship between compounds' structure and their properties (as e.g. ability to guest complexation, supramolecular structure formation, switching and motion) is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Wagner-Wysiecka
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Natalia Łukasik
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jan F Biernat
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Luboch
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Hofmann LE, Mach L, Heinrich MR. Nitrogen Oxides and Nitric Acid Enable the Sustainable Hydroxylation and Nitrohydroxylation of Benzenes under Visible Light Irradiation. J Org Chem 2017; 83:431-436. [PMID: 29171756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A new type of waste recycling strategy is described in which nitrogen oxides or nitric acid are directly employed in photocatalyzed hydroxylations and nitrohydroxylations of benzenes. Through these transformations, otherwise costly denitrification can be combined with the synthesis of valuable compounds for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elena Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leonard Mach
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus R Heinrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Hofmann J, Gans E, Clark T, Heinrich MR. Radical Arylation of Anilines and Pyrroles via Aryldiazotates. Chemistry 2017; 23:9647-9656. [PMID: 28440884 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The radical arylation of anilines and pyrroles can be achieved under transition-metal- and catalyst-free conditions by using aryldiazotates in strongly alkaline aqueous solutions. The aryldiazotates act as protected diazonium ions, which do not undergo azo coupling with electron-rich aromatic substrates, but can still serve as an aryl radical source at slightly elevated temperatures. Based on an improved preparation of aryldiazotates in aqueous solution, homolytic aromatic substitutions of anilines and pyrroles were conducted with good overall yields and high regioselectivity. Moreover, DFT calculations provided further mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 19, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Gans
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 19, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus R Heinrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schuhstraße 19, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
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