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Abstract
The limonoids have attracted significant attention from the synthetic community owing to their striking structural complexity and medicinal potential. Recent efforts notwithstanding, synthetic access to many intact or ring D-seco limonoids still remains elusive. Here, we report the first de novo synthesis of gedunin, a ring D-seco limonoid with HSP90 inhibitory activity, that proceeds in 13 steps. Two enabling features in our strategy are the application of modern catalytic transformations to set the key quaternary centers in the carbocyclic core and the use of biocatalytic oxidation at C3 to establish a chemical handle to access the A-ring enone motif. The strategy presented herein may provide an entry point to a wider range of oxidized limonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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2
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Luo J, Sun Y, Li Q, Kong L. Research progress of meliaceous limonoids from 2011 to 2021. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1325-1365. [PMID: 35608367 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00015f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Covering: July 2010 to December 2021Limonoids, a kind of natural tetranortriterpenoids with diverse skeletons and valuable insecticidal and medicinal bioactivities, are the characteristic metabolites of most plants of the Meliaceae family. The chemistry and bioactivities of meliaceous limonoids are a continuing hot area of natural products research; to date, about 2700 meliaceous limonoids have been identified. In particular, more than 1600, including thirty kinds of novel rearranged skeletons, have been isolated and identified in the past decade due to their wide distribution and abundant content in Meliaceae plants and active biosynthetic pathways. In addition to the discovery of new structures, many positive medicinal bioactivities of meliaceous limonoids have been investigated, and extensive achievements regarding the chemical and biological synthesis have been made. This review summarizes the recent research progress in the discovery of new structures, medicinal and agricultural bioactivities, and chem/biosynthesis of limonoids from the plants of the Meliaceae family during the past decade, with an emphasis on the discovery of limonoids with novel skeletons, the medicinal bioactivities and mechanisms, and chemical synthesis. The structures, origins, and bioactivities of other new limonoids were provided as ESI. Studies published from July 2010 to December 2021 are reviewed, and 482 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunpeng Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiurong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingyi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Li YM, Sun YT, Li BY, Qin HB. Total Synthesis of Dysifragilones A and B and Dysidavarone C. Org Lett 2021; 23:7254-7258. [PMID: 34459615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The concise synthesis of dysifragilones A and B and dysidavarones has been accomplished for the first time in a divergent way from a common intermediate. The synthetic route features an intramolecular reductive Heck reaction to construct the 6/5/6/6/-tetracycle of dysifragilones A and B and an intramolecular palladium-catalyzed α-arylation of a sterically hindered ketone to forge the tetracyclo[7.7.1.02,7.010,15]heptadecane core structure of dysidavarone C. The late-stage introduction of amino and ethoxy groups is effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming 650201, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Tong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming 650201, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bi-Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming 650201, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Bo Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China,Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming 650201, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650031, P. R. China
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4
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Williams CM, Dallaston MA. The Future of Retrosynthesis and Synthetic Planning: Algorithmic, Humanistic or the Interplay? Aust J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ch20371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The practice of deploying and teaching retrosynthesis is on the cusp of considerable change, which in turn forces practitioners and educators to contemplate whether this impending change will advance or erode the efficiency and elegance of organic synthesis in the future. A short treatise is presented herein that covers the concept of retrosynthesis, along with exemplified methods and theories, and an attempt to comprehend the impact of artificial intelligence in an era when freely and commercially available retrosynthetic and forward synthesis planning programs are increasingly prevalent. Will the computer ever compete with human retrosynthetic design and the art of organic synthesis?
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5
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Inomata K, Narita S. Novel stereoselective 1,2-rearrangement of Swaminathan ketone derivatives bearing a 7-membered ring under solvolysis conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Braga TM, Rocha L, Chung TY, Oliveira RF, Pinho C, Oliveira AI, Morgado J, Cruz A. Biological Activities of Gedunin-A Limonoid from the Meliaceae Family. Molecules 2020; 25:E493. [PMID: 31979346 PMCID: PMC7037920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gedunin is an important limonoid present in several genera of the Meliaceae family, mainly in seeds. Several biological activities have been attributed to gedunin, including antibacterial, insecticidal, antimalarial, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. The discovery of gedunin as a heat shock protein (Hsp) inhibitor represented a very important landmark for its application as a biological therapeutic agent. The current study is a critical literature review based on the several biological activities so far described for gedunin, its therapeutic effect on some human diseases, and future directions of research for this natural compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M. Braga
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (L.R.); (T.Y.C.); (R.F.O.); (C.P.); (A.I.O.)
| | - Lídia Rocha
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (L.R.); (T.Y.C.); (R.F.O.); (C.P.); (A.I.O.)
| | - Tsz Yan Chung
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (L.R.); (T.Y.C.); (R.F.O.); (C.P.); (A.I.O.)
| | - Rita F. Oliveira
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (L.R.); (T.Y.C.); (R.F.O.); (C.P.); (A.I.O.)
| | - Cláudia Pinho
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (L.R.); (T.Y.C.); (R.F.O.); (C.P.); (A.I.O.)
| | - Ana I. Oliveira
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (L.R.); (T.Y.C.); (R.F.O.); (C.P.); (A.I.O.)
| | - Joaquim Morgado
- Bio4Life4You, 4460-170 Porto, Portugal;
- World Neem Organization, Mumbai 400101, India
| | - Agostinho Cruz
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde e Ambiente, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (L.R.); (T.Y.C.); (R.F.O.); (C.P.); (A.I.O.)
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7
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Leonelli F, Piergentili I, Lucarelli G, Migneco LM, Marini Bettolo R. Unexpected Racemization in the Course of the Acetalization of (+)-(S)-5-Methyl-Wieland–Miescher Ketone with 1,2-Ethanediol and TsOH under Classical Experimental Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246147. [PMID: 31817544 PMCID: PMC6941009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
(+)-(S) and (−)-(R)-5-methyl-Wieland-Miescher ketone (+)-1 and (−)-1, are important synthons in the diastereo and enantioselective syntheses of biological and/or pharmacological interesting compounds. A key step in these syntheses is the chemoselective C(1)O acetalization to (+)-5 and (−)-5, respectively. Various procedures for this transformation have been described in the literature. Among them, the classical procedure based on the use of 1,2-ethanediol and TsOH in refluxing benzene in the presence of a Dean-Stark apparatus. Within our work on bioactive natural products, it occurred to us to observe the partial racemization of (+)-5 in the course of the acetalization of (+)-1 by means of the latter methodology. Aiming to investigate this drawback, which, to our best knowledge, has no precedents in the literature, we acetalized with 1,2-ethanediol and TsOH in refluxing benzene and in the presence of a Dean–Stark apparatus under various experimental conditions, enantiomerically pure (+)-1. It was found that the extent of racemization depends on the TsOH/(+)-1 and 1,2-ethanediol/(+)-1 ratios. Mechanism hypotheses for this partial and unexpected racemization are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Leonelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università degli Studi La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-64991-3197
| | - Irene Piergentili
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy; (I.P.); (G.L.); (L.M.M.); (R.M.B.)
| | - Giulio Lucarelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy; (I.P.); (G.L.); (L.M.M.); (R.M.B.)
| | - Luisa Maria Migneco
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy; (I.P.); (G.L.); (L.M.M.); (R.M.B.)
| | - Rinaldo Marini Bettolo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy; (I.P.); (G.L.); (L.M.M.); (R.M.B.)
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Pinkerton DM, Chow S, Eisa NH, Kainth K, Vanden Berg TJ, Burns JM, Guddat LW, Savage GP, Chadli A, Williams CM. Synthesis of the seco-Limonoid BCD Ring System Identifies a Hsp90 Chaperon Machinery (p23) Inhibitor. Chemistry 2018; 25:1451-1455. [PMID: 30570197 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
D-Ring-seco-limonoids (tetranortriterpenoids), such as gedunin and xylogranin B display anti-cancer activity, acting via inhibition of Hsp90 and/or associated chaperon machinery (e.g., p23). Despite this, these natural products have received relatively little attention, both in terms of an enabling synthetic approach (which would allow access to derivatives), and as a consequence their structure-activity relationship (SAR). Disclosed herein is a generally applicable synthetic route to the BCD ring system of the seco-D-ring double bond containing limonoids. Furthermore, cell based assays revealed the first skeletal fragment that exhibited inhibition of the p23 enzyme at a level which was equipotent to that of gedunin, despite being much less structurally complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Pinkerton
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sharon Chow
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nada H Eisa
- Georgia Cancer Center, Molecular Oncology Program, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.,Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Kashish Kainth
- Georgia Cancer Center, Molecular Oncology Program, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Timothy J Vanden Berg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jed M Burns
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luke W Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - G Paul Savage
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Ian Wark Laboratory, Melbourne, 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ahmed Chadli
- Georgia Cancer Center, Molecular Oncology Program, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Craig M Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia
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9
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Li T, Wu G, Feng S, Wang Z, Xie X, She X. A rapid construction of the ABC tricyclic skeleton of malabanone A. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:8491-8494. [PMID: 30383060 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02495b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The construction of the ABC tricyclic skeleton of malabanone A with the required 4 stereocenters was accomplished in a concise route starting from R-carvone. The synthesis featured an intramolecular [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction to assemble its A ring and an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction to construct its C ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China.
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10
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Pinkerton DM, Bernhardt PV, Savage GP, Williams CM. Towards the Total Synthesis of Gedunin: Construction of the Fully Elaborated ABC Ring System. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Pinkerton
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences University of Queensland St Lucia 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - Paul V. Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences University of Queensland St Lucia 4072 Queensland Australia
| | - G. Paul Savage
- CSIRO Manufacturing Clayton South 3169 Victoria Australia
| | - Craig M. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences University of Queensland St Lucia 4072 Queensland Australia
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