1
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Lee CK, Gangadharappa C, Fahrenbach AC, Kim DJ. Harnessing Radicals: Advances in Self-Assembly and Molecular Machinery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2408271. [PMID: 39177115 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202408271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Radicals, with their unpaired electrons, exhibit unique chemical and physical properties that have long intrigued chemists. Despite early skepticism about their stability, the discovery of persistent radicals has opened new possibilities for molecular interactions. This review examines the mechanisms and applications of radically driven self-assembly, focusing on key motifs such as naphthalene diimides, tetrathiafulvalenes, and viologens, which serve as models for radical assembly. The potential of radical interactions in the development of artificial molecular machines (AMMs) are also discussed. These AMMs, powered by radical-radical interactions, represent significant advancements in non-equilibrium chemistry, mimicking the functionalities of biological systems. From molecular switches to ratchets and pumps, the versatility and unique properties of radically powered AMMs are highlighted. Additionally, the applications of radical assembly in materials science are explored, particularly in creating smart materials with redox-responsive properties. The review concludes by comparing AMMs to biological molecular machines, offering insights into future directions. This overview underscores the impact of radical chemistry on molecular assembly and its promising applications in both synthetic and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Albert C Fahrenbach
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Astrobiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Dong Jun Kim
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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2
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Ventura B, Veclani D, Venturini A, Armaroli N, Baroncini M, Ceroni P, Marchini M. Elucidating the Excited State Behavior of Pyridyl Pyridinium Systems via Computational and Transient Absorption Studies of Tetrahedral Multichromophoric Arrays and their Model Compounds. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301853. [PMID: 37563909 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The tetrahedral shape-persistent molecule 14+ , containing four identical pyridyl pyridinium units connected via a sp3 hybridized carbon atom, has been investigated in detail by means of steady-state and time resolved spectroscopy. Remarkable photophysical properties are observed, particularly in comparison with protonated and methylated analogues (1H4 8+ , 1Me4 8+ ), which exhibit substantially shorter excited state lifetimes and lower emission quantum yields. Theoretical studies have rationalized the behavior of the tetrameric molecules relative to the monomers, with DFT and TD-DFT calculations corroborating steady-state (absorption and emission) and transient absorption spectra. The behavior of the monomeric compounds (each consisting in one of the four identical subunits of the tetramers, i. e., 2+ , 2H2+ and 2Me2+ ) considerably differs from that of the tetramers, indicating a strong electronic interaction between the subunits in the tetrameric species, likely promoted by the homoconjugation through the connecting sp3 C atom. 2+ is characterized by a peculiar S1 -S2 excited state inversion, whereas the short-lived emitting S1 state of 2H2+ and 2Me2+ exhibits a partial charge-transfer character, as substantiated by spectro-electrochemical studies. Among the six investigated systems, only 14+ is a sizeable luminophore (Φem =0.15), which is related to the peculiar features of its singlet state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ventura
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniele Veclani
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Venturini
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Armaroli
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Baroncini
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISOF-CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 50, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marianna Marchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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3
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Villa M, Ceroni P, Fermi A. Tetrachromophoric Systems Based on Rigid Tetraphenylmethane (TPM) and Tetraphenylethylene (TPE) Scaffolds. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202100558. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Villa
- Universita di Bologna Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician" ITALY
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Universita di Bologna Depatment of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" ITALY
| | - Andrea Fermi
- Universita degli Studi di Bologna Dipartimento di Chimica Giacomo Ciamician Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician" via Selmi 2 40126 Bologna ITALY
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4
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Ambrose B, Kannan A, Kathiresan M. Evaluation of negolyte properties of supramolecular binary complexes based on viologen-cucurbit[7]urils. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05816a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Viologen-based redox materials have become popular as electrolytes for aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) in recent years because of their reversible nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bebin Ambrose
- Electro organic and Materials Electrochemistry Division, CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi-630003, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Arthy Kannan
- Electro organic and Materials Electrochemistry Division, CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi-630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugavel Kathiresan
- Electro organic and Materials Electrochemistry Division, CSIR-CECRI, Karaikudi-630003, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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5
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Dalvand P, Nchimi Nono K, Shetty D, Benyettou F, Asfari Z, Platas-Iglesias C, Olson MA, Trabolsi A, Elhabiri M. Viologen–cucurbituril host/guest chemistry – redox control of dimerization versus inclusion. RSC Adv 2021; 11:29543-29554. [PMID: 35479532 PMCID: PMC9040574 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05488k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two calix[4]arene systems, C234+ and C244+ – where 2 corresponds to the number of viologen units and 3–4 corresponds to the number of carbon atoms connecting the viologen units to the macrocyclic core – have been synthesized and led to the formation of [3]pseudorotaxanes when combined with either CB[7] or CB[8]. The [3]pseudorotaxanes spontaneously dissociate upon reduction of the bipyridinium units as the result of intramolecular dimerization of the two face-to-face viologen radical cations. CB[7] and CB[8]-based [2]pseudorotaxanes containing monomeric viologen guest model compounds, MC32+ and MC4+, do not undergo decomplexation and dimerization following electrochemical reduction of their bipyridinium units. Two calix[4]arenes with two viologen units separated by 3 or 4 carbon atoms from the macrocyclic core were synthesized and led to the formation of [3]pseudorotaxanes when combined with CB[7] or CB[8].![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Dalvand
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, LIMA, UMR 7042, Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Médicinale, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Katia Nchimi Nono
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Dinesh Shetty
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Catalysis and Separation (CeCaS), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Farah Benyettou
- New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Experimental Research Building, Building C1, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zouhair Asfari
- Equipe de Synthèse Pour l'Analyse (SynPA), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), UMR 7178 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, Bâtiment R1N0, 25-rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Carlos Platas-Iglesias
- Universidade da Coruña, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, 15071 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Mark A. Olson
- Northwestern University, Department of Chemistry, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Ali Trabolsi
- New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Experimental Research Building, Building C1, Saadiyat Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mourad Elhabiri
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, LIMA, UMR 7042, Equipe Chimie Bioorganique et Médicinale, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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6
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Neira I, Domarco O, Barriada JL, Franchi P, Lucarini M, García MD, Peinador C. An electrochemically controlled supramolecular zip tie based on host-guest chemistry of CB[8]. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5228-5233. [PMID: 32602492 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01085e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Three molecular threads incorporating two viologen units attached by an oligo-ethylene glycol chain of variable length and an electron rich naphthalene moiety were prepared. The internal viologen unit is connected to the naphthalene by a rigid linker that prevents the simultaneous complexation of these systems. The axle with the shortest chain (14+) in the presence of CB[8] placed the chain inside the macrocycle in aqueous media. In contrast, the longer chains in 24+ and 34+ allow locating the terminal viologen and the electron rich unit inside the cavity. Upon reduction of the bipyridinium salts, the system behaves like a zip tie relaxing the chain as a consequence of the insertion of both radical cation moieties within the CB[8] and making these switches as potential components for molecular machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iago Neira
- Departamento de Química and Centro de Investigaciones, Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, Facultad de Ciencias, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Olaya Domarco
- Departamento de Química and Centro de Investigaciones, Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, Facultad de Ciencias, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Jose L Barriada
- Departamento de Química and Centro de Investigaciones, Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, Facultad de Ciencias, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Paola Franchi
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" - Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 11, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Lucarini
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" - Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 11, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcos D García
- Departamento de Química and Centro de Investigaciones, Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, Facultad de Ciencias, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Carlos Peinador
- Departamento de Química and Centro de Investigaciones, Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, Facultad de Ciencias, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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7
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Matsumoto K, Miki K, Tanaka R, Matsuda T, Nehira T, Hirao Y, Kurata H, Pescitelli G, Kubo T. Chiral Tetraarylmethane Derivative with Metal‐Coordinating Ability. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kouzou Matsumoto
- Institute of Natural SciencesSenshu University 2-1-1 Higashimita Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8580 Japan
| | - Kaori Miki
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of ScienceOsaka University 1-1 Machikaneyamacho Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Rina Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of ScienceOsaka University 1-1 Machikaneyamacho Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsuda
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and SciencesHiroshima University 1-7-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-hiroshima 739-8521 Japan
| | - Tatsuo Nehira
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for LifeHiroshima University 1-7-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-hiroshima 739-8521 Japan
| | - Yasukazu Hirao
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of ScienceOsaka University 1-1 Machikaneyamacho Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kurata
- Organization for Fundamental EducationFukui University of Technology 3-6-1 Gakuen Fukui 910-8505 Japan
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Department of Chemistry, via Moruzzi 13University of Pisa 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of ScienceOsaka University 1-1 Machikaneyamacho Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 Japan
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8
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Trovato E, Di Pietro ML, Giannetto A, Dupeyre G, Lainé PP, Nastasi F, Puntoriero F, Campagna S. Designing expanded bipyridinium as redox and optical probes for DNA. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:105-113. [PMID: 31930262 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00418a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on the light-switch behaviour of two head-to-tail expanded bipyridinium species as a function of their interaction with calf thymus DNA and polynucleotides. In particular, both DNA and polynucleotides containing exclusively adenine or guanine moieties quench the luminescence of the fused expanded bipyridinium species. This behaviour has been rationalized demonstrating that a reductive photoinduced electron transfer process takes place involving both adenine or guanine moieties. The charge separated state so produced recombines in the tens of picoseconds. These results could help in designing new organic substrates for application in DNA probing technology and lab on chip-based sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Trovato
- Chromaleont S.r.l., Università degli Studi di Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, Messina, 98168, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Di Pietro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali - ChiBioFarAm - Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Antonino Giannetto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali - ChiBioFarAm - Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Gregory Dupeyre
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Philippe P Lainé
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Francesco Nastasi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali - ChiBioFarAm - Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Fausto Puntoriero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali - ChiBioFarAm - Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, 98166, Italy.
| | - Sebastiano Campagna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali - ChiBioFarAm - Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, 98166, Italy
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9
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Madasamy K, Velayutham D, Kathiresan M. Facile Construction of a Supramolecular Organic Framework Using Naphthyl Viologen Guests and CB[8] Host via Charge-Transfer Complexation. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:8528-8538. [PMID: 31459943 PMCID: PMC6649259 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of guest-host systems comprising naphthyl-viologen-naphthyl (Np-Vio-Np) and viologen-naphthyl-viologen (Vio-Np-Vio) guest molecules and their subsequent supramolecular polymerization in the presence of a CB[8] host in water. In addition, the guest complexation of ethyl-terminated trimeric viologen (ETV) with Np-Vio-Np and CB[8] was investigated. As a result of supramolecular interactions, 2D supramolecular organic frameworks with high internal periodicity were constructed. 1H NMR studies clearly demonstrated the formation of a host-stabilized charge-transfer complex via folding back (Np-Vio-Np and Vio-Np-Vio) in the presence of CB[8]. In the case of ETV + Np-Vio-Np + CB[8], a large polymeric network was formed as indicated by the NMR titrations. UV-vis and fluorescence studies clearly confirm the formation of an inter/intra molecular CT complex upon complexation with cucurbit[8]uril. The size obtained using the dynamic light scattering (DLS) method pinpoints the formation of larger supramolecular aggregates in the order of μm through host-guest assembly, which is further complemented by FESEM and TEM. SAXS measurements indicate the formation of a 2D supramolecular polymer/polymer aggregate with long-range order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanagaraj Madasamy
- Electroorganic
Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
(AcSIR), CSIR−Central Electrochemical
Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630003 TamilNadu, India
| | - David Velayutham
- Electroorganic
Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
(AcSIR), CSIR−Central Electrochemical
Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630003 TamilNadu, India
| | - Murugavel Kathiresan
- Electroorganic
Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
(AcSIR), CSIR−Central Electrochemical
Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630003 TamilNadu, India
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10
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Kahlfuss C, Grüber R, Dumont E, Royal G, Chevallier F, Cobo S, Saint-Aman E, Bucher C. Dynamic Molecular Metamorphism Involving Palladium-Assisted Dimerization of π-Cation Radicals. Chemistry 2019; 25:1573-1580. [PMID: 30428127 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A dynamic supramolecular approach is developed to promote the π-dimerization of viologen radicals at room temperature and in standard concentration ranges. The approach involves cis- or trans-protected palladium centers serving as inorganic hinges linking two functionalized viologens endowed with metal-ion coordinating properties. Based on detailed spectroscopic, electrochemical and computational data, we show that the one-electron electrochemical reduction of the viologen units in different dynamic metal/ligand mixtures leads to the formation of the same intramolecular π-dimer, regardless of the initial environment around the metallic precursor and of the relative ratio between metal and ligand initially introduced in solution. The large-scale electron-triggered reorganization of the building blocks introduced in solution thus involves drastic changes in the stoichiometry and stereochemistry of the palladium/viologen complexes proceeding in some cases through a palladium centered trans→cis isomerization of the coordinated ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Kahlfuss
- Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, CNRS-Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69342, Lyon, France
| | - Raymond Grüber
- Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, CNRS-Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69342, Lyon, France
| | - Elise Dumont
- Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, CNRS-Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69342, Lyon, France
| | - Guy Royal
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR 5250), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Floris Chevallier
- Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, CNRS-Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69342, Lyon, France
| | - Saioa Cobo
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR 5250), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Saint-Aman
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR 5250), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Bucher
- Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182, CNRS-Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69342, Lyon, France
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11
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Kahlfuss C, Gibaud T, Denis-Quanquin S, Chowdhury S, Royal G, Chevallier F, Saint-Aman E, Bucher C. Redox-Induced Molecular Metamorphism Promoting a Sol/Gel Phase Transition in a Viologen-Based Coordination Polymer. Chemistry 2018; 24:13009-13019. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Kahlfuss
- Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182; CNRS-Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon; Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1 F69342 Lyon France
| | - Thomas Gibaud
- Laboratoire de Physique, UMR 5672; CNRS-Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon; Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1 69342 Lyon France
| | - Sandrine Denis-Quanquin
- Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182; CNRS-Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon; Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1 F69342 Lyon France
| | - Shagor Chowdhury
- Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182; CNRS-Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon; Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1 F69342 Lyon France
| | - Guy Royal
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS; Département de Chimie Moléculaire; 38400 Grenoble France
| | - Floris Chevallier
- Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182; CNRS-Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon; Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1 F69342 Lyon France
| | - Eric Saint-Aman
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS; Département de Chimie Moléculaire; 38400 Grenoble France
| | - Christophe Bucher
- Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182; CNRS-Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon; Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1 F69342 Lyon France
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12
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Madasamy K, Shanmugam VM, Velayutham D, Kathiresan M. Reversible 2D Supramolecular Organic Frameworks encompassing Viologen Cation Radicals and CB[8]. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1354. [PMID: 29358634 PMCID: PMC5778010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19739-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible 2D supramolecular organic frameworks encompassing branched viologen architectures and cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) were constructed and investigated. UV-vis investigation clearly indicates the formation and intermolecular dimerization of monocation radicals and their encapsulation into the hydrophobic CB[8] cavity which is further complemented by EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) spectroscopy. Particle size measurements by dynamic light scattering method showed particle sizes in the range of several µm indicating larger aggregates. Zeta potential measurements suggested the instability of these particles and their tendency to form aggregates. TEM (transmission electron microscope) analysis further revealed the formation of supramolecular polymer (monocation radical with cucurbit[8]uril) whose diameter were in the range of several µm as indicated by DLS measurements; however the oxidized form, i.e., the viologen dication with cucurbit[8]uril showed dotted spots in the range of sub nanometer level. The internal periodicities of the supramolecular polymers were analyzed by SAXs (small angle X-ray scattering) measurements. Additionally, we have demonstrated that these supramolecular organic frameworks can be depolymerized by oxidation in air and again can be polymerized (intermolecular radical dimerization) by reduction under inert atmosphere demonstrating that these systems will be of broad interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanagaraj Madasamy
- Electroorganic Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - David Velayutham
- Electroorganic Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugavel Kathiresan
- Electroorganic Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.
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