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Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF. How to Stabilize Large Soluble (Hetero-)Acenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16937-16949. [PMID: 38862130 PMCID: PMC11212629 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The higher acenes and azaacenes (>(aza)heptacenes) are fascinating, yet elusive materials. Their reactivity and sensitivity increases concomitantly with their size. In recent years, confinement techniques, that is isolation of acenes in matrices and on surfaces, has surpassed solution-based chemistry with respect to accessing the larger (hetero)acenes at the price of the accessibility of no more than a couple thousands of molecules. Isolating acenes in bulk quantities and in processable form is vital for applications in organic electronics as well as from a viewpoint from basic research. In this Perspective, we will discuss after a short historical outline their degradation pathways, and then will selectively highlight recent efforts in stabilizing soluble (aza)acenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Freudenberg
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Zong W, Hippchen N, Zeitter N, Maier S, Ludwig P, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF. Stabilizing Azaheptacenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5793-5798. [PMID: 38413006 PMCID: PMC10921409 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The symmetrical 7,16-diaza-6,8,15,17-tetrakis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)heptacene was obtained by a Pd-catalyzed reaction of a 2,3-diamino-1,4-diethynylanthracene with a 2,3-dibromo-1,4-diethynyl anthracene. Positioning the TIPS-ethynyl groups adjacent to the central ring suppresses dimerization via [4+4] cycloadditions and Diels-Alder reactions; the middle pyrazine ring renders this species stable to oxidation. A single crystal structure was obtained, and thin film transistors with μn = 0.042 cm2 V-1 s-1 were produced. Transposition of the alkynyl groups into the 5,8,15,18-positions with a quinoxaline unit in the center of the heptacene decreases the stability, as does the introduction of two more nitrogen atoms into the 5,18-positions. The hydrocarbon 6,8,15,17-tetrakis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)heptacene is reasonably stable with a half-life of 25 h in solution. Four correctly placed TIPS-ethynyl groups protect heptacene cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wansheng Zong
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolai Hippchen
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nico Zeitter
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Maier
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Ludwig
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Maier S, Heckershoff R, Hippchen N, Brödner K, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Hashmi ASK, Bunz UHF. Substituted Cyclopentannulated Tetraazapentacenes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201842. [PMID: 35983676 PMCID: PMC9826220 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Brominated pentannulated dihydrotetraazapentacenes were prepared by gold- or palladium-catalyzed 5-endo-dig cyclization of TIPS-ethynylated dihydrotetraazaacenes (TIPS = triisopropylsilyl). Post-functionalization was demonstrated by Sonogashira alkynylation and Rosenmund-von Braun cyanation. Calculations predict these species to act as n-type semiconductors, which was verified for two derivates through characterization in organic field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Maier
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut (OCI)Heidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Robin Heckershoff
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut (OCI)Heidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Nikolai Hippchen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut (OCI)Heidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Kerstin Brödner
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut (OCI)Heidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut (OCI)Heidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut (OCI)Heidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut (OCI)Heidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut (OCI)Heidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced Materials (CAM)Heidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
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4
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Kotwica K, Wielgus I, Proń A. Azaacenes Based Electroactive Materials: Preparation, Structure, Electrochemistry, Spectroscopy and Applications-A Critical Review. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14185155. [PMID: 34576378 PMCID: PMC8472324 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This short critical review is devoted to the synthesis and functionalization of various types of azaacenes, organic semiconducting compounds which can be considered as promising materials for the fabrication of n-channel or ambipolar field effect transistors (FETs), components of active layers in light emitting diodes (LEDs), components of organic memory devices and others. Emphasis is put on the diversity of azaacenes preparation methods and the possibility of tuning their redox and spectroscopic properties by changing the C/N ratio, modifying the nitrogen atoms distribution mode, functionalization with electroaccepting or electrodonating groups and changing their molecular shape. Processability, structural features and degradation pathways of these compounds are also discussed. A unique feature of this review concerns the listed redox potentials of all discussed compounds which were normalized vs. Fc/Fc+. This required, in frequent cases, recalculation of the originally reported data in which these potentials were determined against different types of reference electrodes. The same applied to all reported electron affinities (EAs). EA values calculated using different methods were recalculated by applying the method of Sworakowski and co-workers (Org. Electron. 2016, 33, 300-310) to yield, for the first time, a set of normalized data, which could be directly compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kotwica
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ireneusz Wielgus
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warszawa, Poland; (I.W.); (A.P.)
| | - Adam Proń
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warszawa, Poland; (I.W.); (A.P.)
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Elter M, Ahrens L, Luo SM, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Cao DD, Bunz UHF. Cata-Annulated Azaacene Bisimides. Chemistry 2021; 27:12284-12288. [PMID: 34196059 PMCID: PMC8457205 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ultra‐electron‐deficient azaacenes were synthesized via Buchwald‐Hartwig coupling of ortho‐diaminoarenes with chlorinated mellophanic diimide followed by oxidation of the intermediate N,N’‐dihydro compounds with MnO2 or PbO2. The resulting cata‐annulated bisimide azaacenes have ultrahigh electron affinities with first reduction potentials as low as −0.35 V recorded for a tetraazapentacene. Attempts to prepare a tetrakis(dicarboximide)tetraazaheptacene resulted in the formation of a symmetric butterfly dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Elter
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Ahrens
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stella M Luo
- Chemistry Department, Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN, 55105, USA
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dennis D Cao
- Chemistry Department, Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN, 55105, USA
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Yuan Y, Lo KC, Szeto L, Chan WK. Synthesis of Pyrazinopyrazine-Fused Azaacenes through Direct Condensation Reactions between Quinoxalinediamine and Diketones. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6372-6379. [PMID: 32312048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a new type of pyrazinopyrazine-fused azaacene molecules by a simple and versatile procedure. 6,9-Dihexyldithieno[3,2-f:2',3'-h]quinoxaline-2,3-diamine was synthesized through the condensation between 2,7-dihexylbenzo[1,2-b:6,5-b']dithiophene-4,5-diamine and bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) oximidate. A series of derivatized molecules with extended two-dimensional aromatic fused-ring structures could be obtained by simple condensation reactions between the quinoxalinediamine intermediate and various diketones. The reaction was proved to be effective for the construction of tetrazaacene derivatives with extended heterocyclic aromatic ring systems. The molecules obtained exhibit low-lying LUMO levels that can be fine-tuned by modifying the molecular structure. Crystallographic results showed that in a solid state, the molecules form "brick wall" structures with a close π-π stacking mode. The stacking between the π-ring systems in the molecules could be further enhanced by expanding the large 2D planar-conjugated structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Kin-Cheung Lo
- Department of Chemistry, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Lap Szeto
- Department of Chemistry, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Wai-Kin Chan
- Department of Chemistry, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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7
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Zhao K, Liu W, Yu F, Long G, Said AA, Wang Z, Gao W, Zhang Q. Imide‐Fused Diazatetracenes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in Perovskite Solar Cells. Chemistry 2020; 26:4220-4225. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kexiang Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798 Singapore Singapore
| | - Wenbo Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798 Singapore Singapore
| | - Fei Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798 Singapore Singapore
| | - Guankui Long
- Division of Physics & Applied Physics School of Physical and Mathematics Science Nanyang Technological University 639798 Singapore Singapore
| | - Ahmed Ali Said
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798 Singapore Singapore
| | - Zongrui Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798 Singapore Singapore
| | - Weibo Gao
- Division of Physics & Applied Physics School of Physical and Mathematics Science Nanyang Technological University 639798 Singapore Singapore
| | - Qichun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798 Singapore Singapore
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8
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Dhondge AP, Chen JY, Lin T, Yen FM, Li KW, Hsieh HC, Kuo MY. Di-2-(2-oxindolin-3-ylidene)malononitrile Derivatives for N-Type Air-Stable Organic Field-Effect Transistors. Org Lett 2017; 20:40-43. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Attrimuni P. Dhondge
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, No. 1 University Road, 54561 Puli, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Jian-You Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, No. 1 University Road, 54561 Puli, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Ta Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, No. 1 University Road, 54561 Puli, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Ming Yen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, No. 1 University Road, 54561 Puli, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Kan-Wei Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, No. 1 University Road, 54561 Puli, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chun Hsieh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, No. 1 University Road, 54561 Puli, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yu Kuo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, No. 1 University Road, 54561 Puli, Nantou, Taiwan
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