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Biskup D, Schnakenburg G, Boeré RT, Espinosa Ferao A, Streubel RK. Challenging an old paradigm by demonstrating transition metal-like chemistry at a neutral nonmetal center. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6456. [PMID: 37833259 PMCID: PMC10575908 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe nonmetal adducts of the phosphorus center of terminal phosphinidene complexes using classical C- and N-ligands from metal coordination chemistry. The nature of the L-P bond has been analyzed by various theoretical methods including a refined method on the variation of the Laplacian of electron density ∇2ρ along the L-P bond path. Studies on thermal stability reveal stark differences between N-ligands such as N-methyl imidazole and C-ligands such as tert-butyl isocyanide, including ligand exchange reactions and a surprising formation of white phosphorus. A milestone is the transformation of a nonmetal-bound isocyanide into phosphaguanidine or an acyclic bisaminocarbene bound to phosphorus; the latter is analogous to the chemistry of transition metal-bound isocyanides, and the former reveals the differences. This example has been studied via cutting-edge DFT calculations leading to two pathways differently favored depending on variations in steric demand. This study reveals the emergence of organometallic from coordination chemistry of a neutral nonmetal center.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Biskup
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - René T Boeré
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K3M4, Canada
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Rainer K Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
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2
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Khan AA, Kalisch T, Espinosa Ferao A, Streubel R. Dehydrogenation reaction of triethylamine by an electrophilic terminal phosphinidene complex. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:3275-3278. [PMID: 36877533 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00300k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Reaction of a transiently formed terminal phosphinidene complex with triethylamine resulted in the formation of an sp3 C-H insertion product, as revealed by 31P NMR spectroscopy, which was isolated as semi-solid compound. However, if the reaction was continued for 24 h, a primary phosphane complex was obtained eventually. The compounds were characterised by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Formation of the final products is explained by a mechanistic proposal based on DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Ali Khan
- University School of Basic & Applied Sciences, G.G.S. Indraprastha University, Dwarka, Sector-16C, New Delhi - 110078, India
| | - Tim Kalisch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Yang TT, Zhang M, Zhang QY, Wang C, Chen LH, Wei D. Transformation of 1,1′-biphosphirane-M(CO)5 (M = Mo, Cr, W) complexes: Possible mechanisms and reactivity of active intermediates. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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García Alcaraz A, Espinosa Ferao A, Streubel R. Azaphosphiridines: challenges and perspectives. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7324-7336. [PMID: 33956019 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01174j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This mini-review describes a broad spectrum of synthetic strategies to access mono- and polycyclic azaphosphiridines; properties and theoretical calculations of free and metal-ligated are discussed. These species are characterized by a highly strained (saturated) CPN ring with three differently polarized endocyclic bonds. The latter causes a high reactivity of aza-phosphiridine complexes towards ring expansion and exchange reactions. Increasing the ring strain leads to masked FLP behaviour, i.e., small molecule activation was observed. New perspectives in homogenous catalysis are also offered, e.g., a pool of novel chiral P-heterocyclic ligands, ready to be explored, if the challenge to unligate them is solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García Alcaraz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhards-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Schmer A, Junker P, Espinosa Ferao A, Streubel R. M/X Phosphinidenoid Metal Complex Chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1754-1765. [PMID: 33734678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusLike singlet carbenes and silylenes, transient electrophilic terminal phosphinidene complexes enabled highly selective synthetic transformations, but the required multistep synthetic protocols precluded widespread use of these P1 building blocks. By contrast, nucleophilic M/Cl phosphinidenoid complexes can be easily accessed in one step from [M(CO)n(RPCl2)] complexes. This advantage and the mild reaction conditions opened broad synthetic applicability that enabled access to a variety of novel compounds. The chemistry will be described in this Account, including bonding and mechanistic considerations derived from high-level density functional theory calculations.In 2007, we gained the first strong evidence for the formation of these thermally labile complexes using two different synthetic approaches: P-H deprotonation and Cl/Li exchange; the latter has become the preferred method. Intense studies revealed that steric demand of the P substituents in combination with metal complexation, a donor solvent, and/or the presence of a crown ether are necessary prerequisites for the formation and especially the usability of these intermediates as novel P1 building blocks. Solution-phase NMR spectroscopy and solid-state X-ray diffraction studies revealed the bonding situation, i.e., a solvent-separated ion pair structure, and typical 31P NMR signatures of the anions. To date, we have established the following reactivity patterns for Li/Cl phosphinidenoid complexes: self-condensations (I), electrophilic and nucleophilic reactions (II), 1,1-additions (III), [2 + 1] cycloadditions (IV), ring expansions (V), and redox reactions (VI). For example, self-condensations can yield dinuclear acyclic or polycyclic diphosphane or diphosphene complexes. Their use as nucleophiles and electrophiles can be employed to access functional phosphane ligands with mixed substitution patterns. 1,1-Addition reactions were a puzzling discovery because the resulting products resembled classical P-C π-bond structures but the bonding was more of a donor-to-phosphorus adduct with significant differences in bonding parameters. Into the same category and also surprising fall formal E-H insertion reactions leading to 1,1'-bifunctional phosphane complexes. To date, the most important synthetic impact was achieved in the chemistry of strained P-heterocyclic ligands such as oxaphosphiranes and azaphosphiridines, obtained via [2 + 1] cycloadditions of the title compounds with carbonyls and imines, respectively. Ring expansions have been shown to yield 1,2-oxaphosphetanes and 1,2-thiaphosphetanes, and because of the pool of industrially important epoxides, this provides straightforward and affordable access to these novel P-heterocyclic ligands, which also promise to be of interest in catalytic applications. Recent developments describe redox transformations of Li/Cl phosphinidenoid complexes into new reactive intermediates such as complexes with open-shell P-functional phosphanyl ligands via oxidative single electron transfer reactions or into terminal electrophilic phosphinidene complexes via chloride elimination. The latter is clearly restricted to P-amino derivatives because of their enhanced π-donation capability, as evidenced in a recent study on umpolung of these reactive intermediates. While our efforts to expand M/X phosphinidenoid complex chemistry are ongoing, we want to emphasize that the development of new reactive intermediates not only improves our understanding of bonding and reactivity but also opens new perspectives in organoelement chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Philip Junker
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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Junker P, Qu ZW, Kalisch T, Schnakenburg G, Espinosa Ferao A, Streubel R. A case study on the conversion of Li/Cl phosphinidenoid into phosphinidene complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:739-745. [PMID: 33346304 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03884a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
N,N-Diphenylamino- and N,N-dicyclohexylamino-substituted dichlorophosphane W(CO)5 complexes 1a,b were used to generate thermally very labile Li/Cl phospinidenoid W(CO)5 complexes 2a,b. The formation of transient complex 2a was confirmed via low-temperature 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy, but further strong evidence for the formation of transient complexes 2a,b was obtained from reactions with methanol and methylamine as formal E-H insertions (E = O, N) furnished complexes 3a,b and 4a. By using toluene in the absence of donor ligands, the primarily nucleophilic complexes 2a,b were converted into electrophilic terminal phosphinidene complexes 5a,b which was deduced from specific trapping reactions using tolane, 1-pentene and 1-hexene and thus obtained 1H-phosphirene 6 and phosphirane complexes 7 and8. The state-of-the-art DFT calculations reveal insights into the possible reaction pathways and exclude a direct reaction of 2a,b with alkene trapping reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Junker
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Zheng-Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Tim Kalisch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica. Facultad de Química. Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Espinosa Ferao A, García Alcaraz A, Zaragoza Noguera S, Streubel R. Terminal Phosphinidene Complex Adducts with Neutral and Anionic O-Donors and Halides and the Search for a Differentiating Bonding Descriptor. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12829-12841. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio García Alcaraz
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Salvador Zaragoza Noguera
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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Schmer A, Terschüren T, Schnakenburg G, Espinosa Ferao A, Streubel R. Access to 1,1′‐Bifunctional Phosphane Iron(0) Complexes via P–N Bond‐Forming Reactions and Selective P‐Functionalizations. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schmer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Bonn Gerhard‐Domagk Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Tatjana Terschüren
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Bonn Gerhard‐Domagk Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Gregor Schnakenburg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Bonn Gerhard‐Domagk Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Química Universidad de Murcia Campus de Espinardo 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University of Bonn Gerhard‐Domagk Str. 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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Zauliczny M, Ordyszewska A, Pikies J, Grubba R. Bonding in Phosphanylphosphinidene Complexes of Transition Metals and their Correlation with Structures,
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P NMR Spectra, and Reactivities. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Zauliczny
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Chemical Faculty Gdansk University of Technology 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 80‐233 Gdansk Poland
| | - Anna Ordyszewska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Chemical Faculty Gdansk University of Technology 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 80‐233 Gdansk Poland
| | - Jerzy Pikies
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Chemical Faculty Gdansk University of Technology 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 80‐233 Gdansk Poland
| | - Rafał Grubba
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Chemical Faculty Gdansk University of Technology 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Str. 80‐233 Gdansk Poland
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Espinosa Ferao A. On the Mechanism of Trimethylphosphine-Mediated Reductive Dimerization of Ketones. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:8058-8064. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain
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