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Greco G, Agafonova A, Cosentino A, Cardullo N, Muccilli V, Puglia C, Anfuso CD, Sarpietro MG, Lupo G. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Encapsulating a Benzoxanthene Derivative in a Model of the Human Blood-Brain Barrier: Modulation of Angiogenic Parameters and Inflammation in Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Stimulated Angiogenesis. Molecules 2024; 29:3103. [PMID: 38999055 PMCID: PMC11243179 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Lignans, a class of secondary metabolites found in plants, along with their derivatives, exhibit diverse pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiangiogenic ones. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, is a crucial process for cancer growth and development. Several studies have elucidated the synergistic relationship between angiogenesis and inflammation in various inflammatory diseases, highlighting a correlation between inflammation and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis. Thus, the identification of novel molecules capable of modulating VEGF effects presents promising prospects for developing therapies aimed at stabilizing, reversing, or even arresting disease progression. Lignans often suffer from low aqueous solubility and, for their use, encapsulation in a delivery system is needed. In this research, a bioinspired benzoxantene has been encapsulated in solid lipid nanoparticles that have been characterized for their pharmacotechnical properties and their thermotropic behavior. The effects of these encapsulated nanoparticles on angiogenic parameters and inflammation in VEGF-induced angiogenesis were evaluated using human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) as a human blood-brain barrier model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Greco
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Aleksandra Agafonova
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessia Cosentino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Cardullo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Vera Muccilli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelo Puglia
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- NANOMED-Research Center on Nanomedicine and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelina Daniela Anfuso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Sarpietro
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- NANOMED-Research Center on Nanomedicine and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Lupo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Benzo[k,l]xanthene Lignan-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Topical Application: A Preliminary Study. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27185887. [PMID: 36144620 PMCID: PMC9503089 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Skin is the first human barrier that is daily exposed to a broad spectrum of physical and chemical agents, which can increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lead to the formation of topical disorders. Antioxidant molecules, such as benzo[k,l]xanthene lignans (BXL), are ideal candidates to eliminate or minimize the effects of ROS. Herein, we aimed to formulate BXL-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN-BXL) to improve the bioavailability and interaction with the skin, and also to investigate the protective impact against intracellular ROS generation in HFF-1 in comparison with the drug-free situation. SLN-BXL were formulated using the PIT/ultrasonication method, and then were subjected to physicochemical characterizations, i.e., average size, zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), encapsulation efficiency (%EE), thermotropic behavior, and interaction with a biomembrane model. The results show a mean size around 200 nm, PDI of 0.2, and zeta potential of about -28 mV, with values almost unchanged over a period of three months, while the EE% is ≈70%. Moreover, SLN-BXL are able to deeply interact with the biomembrane model, and to achieve a double-action release in mildly hydrophobic matrices; the results of the in vitro experiments confirm that SLN-BXL are cell-safe and capable of attenuating the IL-2-induced high ROS levels. In conclusion, based on our findings, the formulation can be proposed as a candidate for a preventive remedy against skin disorders induced by increased levels of ROS.
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Torrisi C, Cardullo N, Muccilli V, Tringali C, Castelli F, Sarpietro MG. Characterization and Interaction with Biomembrane Model of Benzo[k,l]xanthene Lignan Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060615. [PMID: 35736322 PMCID: PMC9227282 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[k,l]xanthene lignans are a group of rare natural products belonging to the class of polyphenols with promising biological activities and are studied as potential chemotherapeutic agents. The lipophilic character of a xanthene core makes these molecules difficult to be used in an aqueous medium, limiting their employment in studies for pharmaceutical applications. To overcome this problem, a drug-delivery system which is able to improve the stability and bioavailability of the compound can be used. In this study, a bioactive benzoxanthene lignan (BXL) has been included in SLN. Unloaded and BXL-loaded SLN have been prepared using the Phase Inversion Temperature method and characterized in terms of size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency and stability. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to evaluate the thermotropic behavior and ability of SLN to act as carriers for BXL. A biomembrane model, represented by multilamellar vesicles, was used to simulate the interaction of the SLN with the cellular membrane. Unloaded and loaded SLN were incubated with the MLV, and their interactions were evaluated through variations in their calorimetric curves. The results obtained suggest that SLN could be used as a delivery system for BXL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Torrisi
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (C.T.); (F.C.)
| | - Nunzio Cardullo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (N.C.); (V.M.); (C.T.)
| | - Vera Muccilli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (N.C.); (V.M.); (C.T.)
| | - Corrado Tringali
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (N.C.); (V.M.); (C.T.)
| | - Francesco Castelli
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (C.T.); (F.C.)
| | - Maria Grazia Sarpietro
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (C.T.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence:
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A Rare Natural Benzo[ k, l]xanthene as a Turn-Off Fluorescent Sensor for Cu 2+ Ion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186933. [PMID: 32967305 PMCID: PMC7555586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and efficient analyses of copper ions are crucial to providing key information for Cu2+ in living cells because of their biological importance. In this study, we reported one new turn-off fluorescent sensor for Cu2+ with a benzo[k,l]xanthene core, which served as an efficient cation sensor for copper ion over a wide range of other cations (Na+, K+, Ag+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, and Fe3+) owing to the catechol group in the aromatic core. The sensor showed selectivity for Cu2+ over other ions; the logKβ for Cu2+ binding to compound 1 had a value of 13.265. In the presence of Cu2+, sensor 1 provided significant fluorescence decrement; Co2+, and Ni2+ caused a fluorescence decrement when employed at a higher concentration than Cu2+, while Na+, K+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, and Mg2+ metal ions produced only minor changes in fluorescence intensity. Fluorescence experiments demonstrate that compound 1 may have an application as a fluorescent probe for detecting Cu2+ with a limit of detection of 0.574 µM.
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Tumir LM, Zonjić I, Žuna K, Brkanac SR, Jukić M, Huđek A, Durgo K, Crnolatac I, Glavaš-Obrovac L, Cardullo N, Pulvirenti L, Muccilli V, Tringali C, Stojković MR. Synthesis, DNA/RNA-interaction and biological activity of benzo[k,l]xanthene lignans. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104190. [PMID: 32919130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of two newly synthesized and six previously reported benzoxanthene lignans (BXLs), analogues of rare natural products, with DNA/RNA, G-quadruplex and HSA were evaluated by a set of spectrophotometric methods. Presence/absence of methoxy and hydroxy groups on the benzoxanthene core and minor modifications at C-1/C-2 side pendants - presence/absence of phenyl ring and presence/absence of methoxy and hydroxy groups on phenyl ring - influenced the fluorescence changes and the binding strength to double-stranded (ds-) and G-quadruplex structures. In general, compounds without phenyl ring showed stronger fluorescence changes upon binding than phenyl-substituted BXLs. On the other hand, BXLs with an unsubstituted phenyl ring showed the best stabilization effects of G-quadruplex. Circular dichroism spectroscopy results suggest mixed binding mode, groove binding and partial intercalation, to ds-DNA/RNA and end-stacking to top or bottom G-tetrads as the main binding modes of BXLs to those targets. All compounds exhibited micromolar binding affinities toward HSA and an increased protein thermal stability. Moderate to strong antiradical scavenging activity was observed for all BXLs with hydroxy groups at C-6, C-9 and C-10 positions of the benzoxanthene core, except for derivative bearing methoxy groups at these positions. BXLs with unsubstituted or low-substituted phenyl ring and one derivative without phenyl ring showed strong growth inhibition of Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. All compounds showed moderate to strong tumor cell growth-inhibitory activity and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija-Marija Tumir
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Zonjić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Žuna
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierrotijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sandra Radić Brkanac
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Rooseveltov trg 6/III, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijana Jukić
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Huttlerova 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Huđek
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierrotijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ksenija Durgo
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierrotijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivo Crnolatac
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljubica Glavaš-Obrovac
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Huttlerova 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Nunzio Cardullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Luana Pulvirenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Vera Muccilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Corrado Tringali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Marijana Radić Stojković
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Cardullo N, Barresi V, Muccilli V, Spampinato G, D’Amico M, Condorelli DF, Tringali C. Synthesis of Bisphenol Neolignans Inspired by Honokiol as Antiproliferative Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030733. [PMID: 32046220 PMCID: PMC7037512 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Honokiol (2) is a natural bisphenol neolignan showing a variety of biological properties, including antitumor activity. Some studies pointed out 2 as a potential anticancer agent in view of its antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activity towards tumor cells. As a further contribution to these studies, we report here the synthesis of a small library of bisphenol neolignans inspired by honokiol and the evaluation of their antiproliferative activity. The natural lead was hence subjected to simple chemical modifications to obtain the derivatives 3–9; further neolignans (12a-c, 13a-c, 14a-c, and 15a) were synthesized employing the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction, thus obtaining bisphenols with a substitution pattern different from honokiol. These compounds and the natural lead were subjected to antiproliferative assay towards HCT-116, HT-29, and PC3 tumor cell lines. Six of the neolignans show GI50 values lower than those of 2 towards all cell lines. Compounds 14a, 14c, and 15a are the most effective antiproliferative agents, with GI50 in the range of 3.6–19.1 µM, in some cases it is lower than those of the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil. Flow cytometry experiments performed on these neolignans showed that the inhibition of proliferation is mainly due to an apoptotic process. These results indicate that the structural modification of honokiol may open the way to obtaining antitumor neolignans more potent than the natural lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Cardullo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (N.C.); Tel.: +39-095-7385025 (C.T.)
| | - Vincenza Barresi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (V.B.); (G.S.); (M.D.); (D.F.C.)
| | - Vera Muccilli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giorgia Spampinato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (V.B.); (G.S.); (M.D.); (D.F.C.)
| | - Morgana D’Amico
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (V.B.); (G.S.); (M.D.); (D.F.C.)
| | - Daniele Filippo Condorelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (V.B.); (G.S.); (M.D.); (D.F.C.)
| | - Corrado Tringali
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (N.C.); Tel.: +39-095-7385025 (C.T.)
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Das SK, Chatterjee S, Mondal S, Bhaumik A. A new triazine-thiophene based porous organic polymer as efficient catalyst for the synthesis of chromenes via multicomponent coupling and catalyst support for facile synthesis of HMF from carbohydrates. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.110483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Amara R, Awad H, Chaker D, Bentabed‐Ababsa G, Lassagne F, Erb W, Chevallier F, Roisnel T, Dorcet V, Fajloun Z, Vidal J, Mongin F. Conversion of Isatins to Tryptanthrins, Heterocycles Endowed with a Myriad of Bioactivities. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rim Amara
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Appliquée Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella BP 1524 El M'Naouer 31000 Oran Algeria
| | - Haçan Awad
- Faculty of Sciences 3 Lebanese University Campus El‐Kobbeh Tripoli Lebanon
| | - Diana Chaker
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, EDST Lebanese University 1300 Tripoli Lebanon
| | - Ghenia Bentabed‐Ababsa
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Appliquée Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella BP 1524 El M'Naouer 31000 Oran Algeria
| | - Frédéric Lassagne
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - William Erb
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Floris Chevallier
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Vincent Dorcet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Ziad Fajloun
- Faculty of Sciences 3 Lebanese University Campus El‐Kobbeh Tripoli Lebanon
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, EDST Lebanese University 1300 Tripoli Lebanon
| | - Joëlle Vidal
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Florence Mongin
- Univ Rennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) ‐ UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
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Del Gaudio F, Pollastro F, Mozzicafreddo M, Riccio R, Minassi A, Monti MC. Chemoproteomic fishing identifies arzanol as a positive modulator of brain glycogen phosphorylase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:12863-12866. [PMID: 30375590 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07692h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The interactome of arzanol was investigated by MS-based chemical proteomics, a pioneering technology for small molecule target discovery. Brain glycogen phosphorylase (bGP), a key regulator of glucose metabolism so far refractory to small molecule modulation, was identified as the main high-affinity target of arzanol. Competitive affinity-based proteomics, DARTS, molecular docking, surface plasmon resonance and in vitro biological assays provided molecular mechanistic insights into the arzanol-enzyme interaction, qualifying this positive modulator of bGP for further studies in the realm of neurodegeneration and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Del Gaudio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
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Genovese C, Pulvirenti L, Cardullo N, Muccilli V, Tempera G, Nicolosi D, Tringali C. Bioinspired benzoxanthene lignans as a new class of antimycotic agents: synthesis and Candida spp. growth inhibition. Nat Prod Res 2018; 34:1653-1662. [PMID: 30422685 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1525375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work we synthetized the bioinspired benzoxanthene lignans (BXLs) 3, 14-22, and the phenazine derivative 23 as potential antimycotic agents. MICs and MFCs against Candida strains were determined. In a preliminary screening, compounds 3, 15, 20, 21, 22 were substantially inactive. Compounds 14 and 17 showed antifungal activity, being able to inhibit the growth of the majority of Candida strains with MIC values in the range 4.6-19.2 µM (14) and 26.0-104.3 µM (17); for three strains, the MICs were lower than those obtained using the antimycotic drug fluconazole. The three BXLs 18, 19 and 23 showed some MIC values lower than that of fluconazole; 18 was also active against two non-albicans Candida strains resistant to fluconazole. Phenazine 23, although active only against one strain (MIC = 1.3 µM), was one order of magnitude more potent than fluconazole. All the BXLs were fungicidal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Genovese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Microbiology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Luana Pulvirenti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Cardullo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Vera Muccilli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gianna Tempera
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Microbiology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Daria Nicolosi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Microbiology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Corrado Tringali
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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