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Ruoff KP, Gish MK, Song E, Douair I, Pandey P, Steger M, Johnson JC, Carroll PJ, Gau M, Chang CH, Larsen RE, Ferguson AJ, Schelter EJ. Mediating Photochemical Reaction Rates at Lewis Acidic Rare Earths by Selective Energy Loss to 4f-Electron States. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37467432 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Manifesting chemical differences in individual rare earth (RE) element complexes is challenging due to the similar sizes of the tripositive cations and the corelike 4f shell. We disclose a new strategy for differentiating between similarly sized Dy3+ and Y3+ ions through a tailored photochemical reaction of their isostructural complexes in which the f-electron states of Dy3+ act as an energy sink. Complexes RE(hfac)3(NMMO)2 (RE = Dy (2-Dy) and Y (2-Y), hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate, and NMMO = N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide) showed variable rates of oxygen atom transfer (OAT) to triphenylphosphine under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, as monitored by 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopies. Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) identified the excited state(s) responsible for the photochemical OAT reaction or lack thereof. Competing sensitization pathways leading to excited-state deactivation in 2-Dy through energy transfer to the 4f electron manifold ultimately slows the OAT reaction at this metal cation. The measured rate differences between the open-shell Dy3+ and closed-shell Y3+ complexes demonstrate that using established principles of 4f ion sensitization may deliver new, selective modalities for differentiating the RE elements that do not depend on cation size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Ruoff
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Melissa K Gish
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ellen Song
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Iskander Douair
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Pragati Pandey
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Mark Steger
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Justin C Johnson
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Patrick J Carroll
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michael Gau
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Christopher H Chang
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ross E Larsen
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Andrew J Ferguson
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Science Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Eric J Schelter
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Sample HC, Senge MO. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (S NAr) and Related Reactions of Porphyrinoids: Mechanistic and Regiochemical Aspects. European J Org Chem 2021; 2021:7-42. [PMID: 33519299 PMCID: PMC7821298 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The nucleophilic substitution of aromatic moieties (SNAr) has been known for over 150 years and found wide use for the functionalization of (hetero)aromatic systems. Currently, several "types" of SNAr reactions have been established and notably the area of porphyrinoid macrocycles has seen many uses thereof. Herein, we detail the SNAr reactions of seven types of porphyrinoids with differing number and type of pyrrole units: subporphyrins, norcorroles, corroles, porphyrins, azuliporphyrins, N-confused porphyrins, and phthalocyanines. For each we analyze the substitution dependent upon: a) the type of nucleophile and b) the site of substitution (α, β, or meso). Along with this we evaluate this route as a synthetic strategy for the generation of unsymmetrical porphyrinoids. Distinct trends can be identified for each type of porphyrinoid discussed, regardless of nucleophile. The use of nucleophilic substitution on porphyrinoids is found to often be a cost-effective procedure with the ability to yield complex substituent patterns, which can be conducted in non-anhydrous solvents with easily accessible simple porphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C. Sample
- School of ChemistryTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteThe University of Dublin152‐160 Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM‐IAS)Technical University of MunichLichtenbergstrasse 2a85748GarchingGermany
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Zhang R, Cheng M, Zhang LM, Zhu LN, Kong DM. Asymmetric Cationic Porphyrin as a New G-Quadruplex Probe with Wash-Free Cancer-Targeted Imaging Ability Under Acidic Microenvironments. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:13350-13360. [PMID: 29619818 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins are promising candidates for nucleic acid G-quadruplex-specific optical recognition. We previously demonstrated that G-quadruplex recognition specificity of porphyrins could be improved by introducing bulky side arm substituents, but the enhanced protonation tendency limits their applications in some cases, such as under acidic conditions. Here, we demonstrated that the protonation tendency of porphyrin derivatives could be efficiently overcome by increasing molecular asymmetry. To validate this, an asymmetric, water-soluble, cationic porphyrin FA-TMPipEOPP (5-{4-[2-[[(2 E)-3-[3-methoxy-4-[2-(1-methyl-1-piperidinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]-1-oxo-2-propenyl]oxy]ethoxy]phenyl},10,15,20-tri{4-[2-(1-methyl-1-piperidinyl)ethoxy]-phenyl}porphyrin) was synthesized by introducing a ferulic acid (FA) unit at one side arm, and its structure was well-characterized. Unlike its symmetric counterpart TMPipEOPP that has a tendency to protonate under acidic conditions, FA-TMPipEOPP remained in the unprotonated monomeric form under the pH range of 2.0-8.0. Correspondingly, FA-TMPipEOPP showed better G-quadruplex recognition specificity than TMPipEOPP and thus might be used as a specific optical probe for colorimetric and fluorescent recognition of G-quadruplexes under acidic conditions. The feasibility was demonstrated by two proof-of-concept studies: probing structural competition between G-quadruplexes and duplexes and label-free and wash-free cancer cell-targeted bioimaging under an acidic tumor microenvironment. As G-quadruplex optical probes, FA-TMPipEOPP works well under acidic conditions, whereas TMPipEOPP works well under neutral conditions. This finding provides useful information for G-quadruplex probe research. That is, porphyrin-based G-quadruplex probes suitable for different pH conditions might be obtained by adjusting the molecular symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P R China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 30072 , P R China
| | - Meng Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P R China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 30072 , P R China
| | - Li-Ming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P R China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 30072 , P R China
| | - Li-Na Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P R China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 30072 , P R China
| | - De-Ming Kong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 30072 , P R China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, College of Chemistry , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P R China
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Toriumi N, Asano N, Miyamoto K, Muranaka A, Uchiyama M. N-Alkynylpyridinium Salts: Highly Electrophilic Alkyne–Pyridine Conjugates as Precursors of Cationic Nitrogen-Embedded Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3858-3862. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Toriumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Norihito Asano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazunori Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Elements Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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