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Kuciel T, Wieczorek P, Rajchel-Mieldzioć P, Wytrwał M, Zapotoczny S, Szuwarzyński M. Surface-grafted macromolecular nanowires with pedant fluorescein chromophores by dense non-aggregated nanoarchitectonics as versatile photoactive platforms. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 670:182-190. [PMID: 38761571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a facile method of synthesis and modification of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) brushes with 6-aminofluorescein (6AF) molecules. Polymer brushes were obtained using surface-grafted atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) and functionalized in the presence of triethylamine (TEA) acting both as a reaction catalyst and an agent preventing aggregation of chromophores. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), FTIR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to study the structure and formation of obtained photoactive platforms. UV-Vis absorption and emission spectroscopy and confocal microscopy were conducted to investigate photoactivity of chromophores within the macromolecular matrix. Owing to the simplicity of fabrication and good ordering of the chromophore in a thin nanometric layer, the proposed method may open new opportunities for obtaining light sensors, photovoltaic devices, or other light-harvesting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kuciel
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Wieczorek
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland; Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Rajchel-Mieldzioć
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wytrwał
- AGH University of Krakow, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Szczepan Zapotoczny
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland; AGH University of Krakow, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Michał Szuwarzyński
- AGH University of Krakow, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
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Csányi E, Hammond DB, Bower B, Johnson EC, Lishchuk A, Armes SP, Dong Z, Leggett GJ. XPS Depth-Profiling Studies of Chlorophyll Binding to Poly(cysteine methacrylate) Scaffolds in Pigment-Polymer Antenna Complexes Using a Gas Cluster Ion Source. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 38954522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth-profiling with an argon gas cluster ion source (GCIS) was used to characterize the spatial distribution of chlorophyll a (Chl) within a poly(cysteine methacrylate) (PCysMA) brush grown by surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) from a planar surface. The organization of Chl is controlled by adjusting the brush grafting density and polymerization time. For dense brushes, the C, N, S elemental composition remains constant throughout the 36 nm brush layer until the underlying gold substrate is approached. However, for either reduced density brushes (mean thickness ∼20 nm) or mushrooms grown with reduced grafting densities (mean thickness 6-9 nm), elemental intensities decrease continuously throughout the brush layer, because photoelectrons are less strongly attenuated for such systems. For all brushes, the fraction of positively charged nitrogen atoms (N+/N0) decreases with increasing depth. Chl binding causes a marked reduction in N+/N0 within the brushes and produces a new feature at 398.1 eV in the N1s core-line spectrum assigned to tetrapyrrole ring nitrogen atoms coordinated to Zn2+. For all grafting densities, the N/S atomic ratio remains approximately constant as a function of brush depth, which indicates a uniform distribution of Chl throughout the brush layer. However, a larger fraction of repeat units bound to Chl is observed at lower grafting densities, reflecting a progressive reduction in steric congestion that enables more uniform distribution of the bulky Chl units throughout the brush layer. In summary, XPS depth-profiling using a GCIS is a powerful tool for characterization of these complex materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Csányi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, 138634 Singapore
| | - Deborah B Hammond
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Benjamin Bower
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Edwin C Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Anna Lishchuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Steven P Armes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Zhaogang Dong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, 138634 Singapore
| | - Graham J Leggett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
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3
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Poisson J, Hudson ZM. Luminescent Surface‐Tethered Polymer Brush Materials. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200552. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jade Poisson
- Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Zachary M. Hudson
- Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
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Smenda J, Wolski K, Chajec K, Zapotoczny S. Preparation of Homopolymer, Block Copolymer, and Patterned Brushes Bearing Thiophene and Acetylene Groups Using Microliter Volumes of Reaction Mixtures. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4458. [PMID: 34961009 PMCID: PMC8704565 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of surface-grafted polymers with variable functionality requires the careful selection of polymerization methods that also enable spatially controlled grafting, which is crucial for the fabrication of, e.g., nano (micro) sensor or nanoelectronic devices. The development of versatile, simple, economical, and eco-friendly synthetic strategies is important for scaling up the production of such polymer brushes. We have recently shown that poly (3-methylthienyl methacrylate) (PMTM) and poly (3-trimethylsilyl-2-propynyl methacrylate) (PTPM) brushes with pendant thiophene and acetylene groups, respectively, could be used for the production of ladder-like conjugated brushes that are potentially useful in the mentioned applications. However, the previously developed syntheses of such brushes required the use of high volumes of reagents, elevated temperature, or high energy UV-B light. Therefore, we present here visible light-promoted metal-free surface-initiated ATRP (metal-free SI-ATRP) that allows the economical synthesis of PMTM and PTPM brushes utilizing only microliter volumes of reaction mixtures. The versatility of this approach was shown by the formation of homopolymers but also the block copolymer conjugated brushes (PMTM and PTPM blocks in both sequences) and patterned films using TEM grids serving as photomasks. A simple reaction setup with only a monomer, solvent, commercially available organic photocatalyst, and initiator decorated substrate makes the synthesis of these complex polymer structures achievable for non-experts and ready for scaling up.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karol Wolski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (K.C.); (S.Z.)
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Photophysical Properties of Linked Zinc Phthalocyanine to Acryloyl Chloride: N-vinylpyrrolidone Copolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244428. [PMID: 34960979 PMCID: PMC8706078 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper focuses on the linking of zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) to N-vinylpyrrolidone (N-VP): acryloyl chloride (ClAC) copolymer. The synthesis of binary N-VP:ClAC copolymer was performed by the radical polymerization method and then grafted to ZnPc by the Friedel Crafts acylation reaction. We have developed a water-soluble ZnPc:ClAC:N-VP photosensitizer with a narrow absorption band at 970 nm, fluorescence at λem = 825 nm and the decay fluorescence profile with 3-decay relatively longer times of 1.2 µs, 4.6 µs, and 37 µs. The concentration-dependent dark cytotoxicity investigated in normal fibroblasts (NHDF), malignant melanoma (MeWo), adenocarcinoma (HeLa), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines incubated to increased concentrations of ZnPc:ClAC:N-VP (up to 40 μM) for 24 h in the dark show low cytotoxicity. Maximum cell viability in HeLa and HepG2 tumor cell lines was observed.
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6
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Szuwarzyński M, Wolski K, Kruk T, Zapotoczny S. Macromolecular strategies for transporting electrons and excitation energy in ordered polymer layers. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Araújo ARL, Tomé AC, Santos CIM, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS, Simões MMQ, Moura NMM, Abu-Orabi ST, Cavaleiro JAS. Azides and Porphyrinoids: Synthetic Approaches and Applications. Part 2-Azides, Phthalocyanines, Subphthalocyanines and Porphyrazines. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071745. [PMID: 32290240 PMCID: PMC7180445 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reaction between organic azides and alkyne derivatives via the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is an efficient strategy to combine phthalocyanines and analogues with different materials. As examples of such materials, it can be considered the following ones: graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, silica nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and quantum dots. This approach is also being relevant to conjugate phthalocyanines with carbohydrates and to obtain new sophisticated molecules; in such way, new systems with significant potential applications become available. This review highlights recent developments on the synthesis of phthalocyanine, subphthalocyanine, and porphyrazine derivatives where CuAAC reactions are the key synthetic step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R. L. Araújo
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.R.L.A.); (A.C.T.); (C.I.M.S.); (M.A.F.F.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.); (M.M.Q.S.)
| | - Augusto C. Tomé
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.R.L.A.); (A.C.T.); (C.I.M.S.); (M.A.F.F.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.); (M.M.Q.S.)
| | - Carla I. M. Santos
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.R.L.A.); (A.C.T.); (C.I.M.S.); (M.A.F.F.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.); (M.M.Q.S.)
- CQE, Centro de Química Estrutural and IN—Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology of Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria A. F. Faustino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.R.L.A.); (A.C.T.); (C.I.M.S.); (M.A.F.F.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.); (M.M.Q.S.)
| | - Maria G. P. M. S. Neves
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.R.L.A.); (A.C.T.); (C.I.M.S.); (M.A.F.F.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.); (M.M.Q.S.)
| | - Mário M. Q. Simões
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.R.L.A.); (A.C.T.); (C.I.M.S.); (M.A.F.F.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.); (M.M.Q.S.)
| | - Nuno M. M. Moura
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.R.L.A.); (A.C.T.); (C.I.M.S.); (M.A.F.F.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.); (M.M.Q.S.)
- Correspondence: (N.M.M.M.); (J.A.S.C.); Tel.: +351-234-370-717 (J.A.S.C.)
| | | | - José A. S. Cavaleiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.R.L.A.); (A.C.T.); (C.I.M.S.); (M.A.F.F.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.); (M.M.Q.S.)
- Correspondence: (N.M.M.M.); (J.A.S.C.); Tel.: +351-234-370-717 (J.A.S.C.)
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9
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Kopeć M, Pikiel M, Vancso GJ. Surface-grafted polyacrylonitrile brushes with aggregation-induced emission properties. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01213c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) brushes were grafted from silicon wafers by photoinduced ATRP and shown to exhibit aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Kopeć
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Marcin Pikiel
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - G. Julius Vancso
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
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10
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Górka W, Kuciel T, Nalepa P, Lachowicz D, Zapotoczny S, Szuwarzyński M. Homogeneous Embedding of Magnetic Nanoparticles into Polymer Brushes during Simultaneous Surface-Initiated Polymerization. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E456. [PMID: 30893829 PMCID: PMC6474101 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a facile and efficient method of controlled embedding of inorganic nanoparticles into an ultra-thin (<15 nm) and flat (~1.0 nm) polymeric coating that prevents unwanted aggregation. Hybrid polymer brushes-based films were obtained by simultaneous incorporation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with diameters of 8⁻10 nm into a polycationic macromolecular matrix during the surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) reaction in an ultrasonic reactor. The proposed structures characterized with homogeneous distribution of separated nanoparticles that maintain nanometric thickness and strong magnetic properties are a good alternative for commonly used layers of crosslinked nanoparticles aggregates or bulk structures. Obtained coatings were characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM) working in the magnetic mode, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Górka
- Faculty of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, S. Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Kuciel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Paula Nalepa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Dorota Lachowicz
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Szczepan Zapotoczny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Michał Szuwarzyński
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
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11
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Kopeć M, Tas S, Cirelli M, van der Pol R, de Vries I, Vancso GJ, de Beer S. Fluorescent Patterns by Selective Grafting of a Telechelic Polymer. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2019; 1:136-140. [PMID: 30923796 PMCID: PMC6433164 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.8b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of patterned ultrathin films (sub-10 nm) composed of end-anchored fluorescently labeled poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is presented. Telechelic PMMA was synthesized utilizing activator regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization and consecutively end-functionalized with alkynylated fluorescein by Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) "click" chemistry. The polymers were grafted via the α-carboxyl groups to silica or glass substrates pretreated with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES). Patterned surfaces were prepared by inkjet printing of APTES onto glass substrates and selectively grafted with fluorescently end-labeled PMMA to obtain emissive arrays on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Kopeć
- Materials Science and Technology of
Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sinem Tas
- Materials Science and Technology of
Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Cirelli
- Materials Science and Technology of
Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne van der Pol
- Materials Science and Technology of
Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse de Vries
- Materials Science and Technology of
Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sissi de Beer
- Materials Science and Technology of
Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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12
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Tas S, Kopec´ M, van der Pol R, Cirelli M, de Vries I, Bölükbas DA, Tempelman K, Benes NE, Hempenius MA, Vancso GJ, de Beer S. Chain End-Functionalized Polymer Brushes with Switchable Fluorescence Response. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Tas
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Maciej Kopec´
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Rianne van der Pol
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Marco Cirelli
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Ilse de Vries
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Deniz A. Bölükbas
- Lund University; Department of Experimental Medical Sciences; Lung Bioengineering and Regeneration; 22362 Lund Sweden
| | - Kristianne Tempelman
- Membrane Science and Technology; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Nieck E. Benes
- Membrane Science and Technology; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Hempenius
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - G. Julius Vancso
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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Wolski K, Gruszkiewicz A, Wytrwal-Sarna M, Bernasik A, Zapotoczny S. The grafting density and thickness of polythiophene-based brushes determine the orientation, conjugation length and stability of the grafted chains. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01418j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A self-templating surface-initiated method combining ATRP and oxidative polymerization leads to the formation of ladder-like polythiophene-based brushes with a 90–100 mer conjugation length.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Wolski
- Jagiellonian University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 30-387 Krakow
- Poland
| | - A. Gruszkiewicz
- Jagiellonian University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 30-387 Krakow
- Poland
| | - M. Wytrwal-Sarna
- AGH University of Science and Technology
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology
- Krakow
- Poland
| | - A. Bernasik
- AGH University of Science and Technology
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology
- Krakow
- Poland
- AGH University of Science and Technology
| | - S. Zapotoczny
- Jagiellonian University
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 30-387 Krakow
- Poland
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