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Komatsu N. Poly(Glycerol)-Based Biomedical Nanodevices Constructed by Functional Programming on Inorganic Nanoparticles for Cancer Nanomedicine. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:106-116. [PMID: 36602954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is promising to improve conventional cancer medicine by making diagnosis and therapy more accurate and more effective in a more personalized manner. A key of the cancer nanomedicine is construction of medical nanodevices by programming various requisite functions to nanoparticles (NPs). As compared to that of soft NPs, including organic micelles and polymers, fabrication of an inorganic NP based nanodevice is still challenging; the approved nanoformulations have been confined to the limited number of superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPIONs). The major challenges lie in how to program the requisite functions to inorganic NPs. In spite the much denser and less hydrophilic properties of inorganic NPs, most of the following functions have to be programmed for their in vivo applications: (A) high dispersibility in a physiological environment, (B) high stealth efficiency to slip through the trap by liver and spleen, (C) high targeting efficiency to cancer tissue, (D) clear visualization of cancer for diagnosis, and (E) high anticancer activity for treatment.In our approach, poly(glycerol) (PG), containing a hydroxy group at every monomer unit, was found as a better alternative to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), the most commonly used hydrophilic polymer, giving (A) high dispersibility to inorganic NPs. Although most of the inorganic NPs are not dense in functional groups, the hyperbranched structure with many hydroxy groups in PG turns the less functional surface into highly functional one, imparting not only good hydrophilicity but also (B) high stealth efficiency as we reported recently. In addition, a number of hydroxy groups in PG afford the structural or functional extensibility to introduce the additional layer or function. This enables us to design and construct a three-layer architecture consisting of a core inorganic NP, a hydrophilic and stealthy PG layer, and a functional molecule layer, where their interfaces are connected firmly by covalent bonds. The three-layered nanodevice is very flexible in its design for the following reasons: The PG coating can be applied to a wide variety of inorganic NPs with various functions, and various functional moieties can be introduced on the PG layer as a functional molecule layer. Owing to the versatility of the three-layer model, the rest of the above functions (C)-(E) can be programed in the NP core and/or the outmost layer in nanodevices.In this Account, the author described first the methodology for precise construction and quantitative characterization of various biomedical nanodevices. This fundamental aspect of this research has been achieved by "applying organic chemistry to nanomaterials" which is the concept of our research. That is, the rich chemistry in synthesis and characterization of organic compounds has been applied to the nanodevice fabrication and characterization. Second, evaluation of the functions programmed in the nanodevices is described in terms of stealth and targeting efficiencies, cancer diagnosis and therapy, and biomedical sensing. This stage in our research made us more interdisciplinary from chemistry and nanoscience to biology and medicine. The following research spiral has been established in our group to strongly promote the improvement of our biomedical nanodevices; nanodevice design → precise construction → quantitative characterization → functional evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Komatsu
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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2
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Azuma R, Yamasaki T, Emoto MC, Sato-Akaba H, Sano K, Munekane M, Fujii HG, Mukai T. Effect of relative configuration of TEMPO-type nitroxides on ascorbate reduction. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 194:114-122. [PMID: 36442586 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-N-oxyl (TEMPO)-type nitroxides are susceptible to bioreduction, leading to a loss of radical properties. Although it has been reported that the steric and electronic environments around the N-O moiety of nitroxides affect the reduction, how the relative configuration of nitroxide derivatives alters it is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of diastereomers on the radical properties of C2- and C4-disubstituted TEMPO-type nitroxides. We succeeded in isolating the diastereomers of the studied nitroxides for the first time. In addition, we compared the reactivities of nitroxide derivatives with different substituents at the C2 and C4 positions toward ascorbate reduction. We found that the bulky substituents at both C2 and C4 and the electronic effect of C4 affected the reduction of the isomers. C2- and C4-disubstituted nitroxides were administered to mice for electron spin resonance imaging to assess bioreduction in the brain. Similar to the reactivity to reduction in vitro, a difference in the bioreduction of diastereomers was observed in brain tissues. Our research strongly indicates that bioreduction can be controlled by changing the relative configuration, which can be used in the design of nitroxide derivatives for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Azuma
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Miho C Emoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, School of Medical Technology, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 002-8072, Japan
| | - Hideo Sato-Akaba
- Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kohei Sano
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Masayuki Munekane
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hirotada G Fujii
- Advanced Research Promotion Center, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Takahiro Mukai
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan.
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Uchida Y, Sakaguchi T, Oki S, Shimono S, Park J, Sugiyama M, Sato S, Zaytseva E, Mazhukin DG, Tamura R. Magnetically Manipulable Ionic Liquid Crystals Incorporating Neutral Radical Moiety. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100352. [PMID: 34636499 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
With a view to fabricating a new remote input-output system by applying functional ionic liquid crystalline (ILC) materials, we have developed novel ILC compounds containing a nitroxide radical unit in the organic cations, which show an enantiotropic smectic A (SmA) phase. We have implemented the magnetic manipulation of a droplet of one of the ILC compounds on the basis of the intermolecular magnetic interactions between radical moieties. This ILC monoradical compound shows a 55 % larger increase in paramagnetic susceptibility at the solid-to-LC melting point in the first heating process than the non-ionic LC monoradical compounds. It is most likely owing to the nanosegregation of strongly bonded ionic and non-ionic moieties. The increased molar magnetic susceptibility is preserved not only in the SmA phase but also in the isotropic liquid and solid phases during the first cooling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Uchida
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Sakaguchi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Oki
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shimono
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jayeong Park
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue, Shimane, 690-8504, Japan
| | - Masahito Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shuichi Sato
- Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-114, Japan
| | - Elena Zaytseva
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitrii G Mazhukin
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 9 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Rui Tamura
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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2-Butyl-2-tert-butyl-5,5-diethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyls: Synthesis and Properties. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040845. [PMID: 32075085 PMCID: PMC7070904 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroxides are broadly used as molecular probes and labels in biophysics, structural biology, and biomedical research. Resistance of a nitroxide group bearing an unpaired electron to chemical reduction with low-molecular-weight antioxidants and enzymatic systems is of critical importance for these applications. The redox properties of nitroxides are known to depend on the ring size (for cyclic nitroxides) and electronic and steric effects of the substituents. Here, two highly strained nitroxides, 5-(tert-butyl)-5-butyl-2,2-diethyl-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-oxyl (4) and 2-(tert-butyl)-2-butyl-5,5-diethyl-3,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-oxyl (5), were prepared via a reaction of the corresponding 2-tert-butyl-1-pyrroline 1-oxides with butyllithium. Thermal stability and kinetics of reduction of the new nitroxides by ascorbic acid were studied. Nitroxide 5 showed the highest resistance to reduction.
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5
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Nagura K, Bogdanov A, Chumakova N, Vorobiev AK, Moronaga S, Imai H, Matsuda T, Noda Y, Maeda T, Koizumi S, Sakamoto K, Amano T, Yoshino F, Kato T, Komatsu N, Tamura R. Size-tunable MRI-visible nitroxide-based magnetic mixed micelles: preparation, stability, and theranostic application. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:224002. [PMID: 30743248 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab0627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Metal-free magnetic mixed micelles (mean diameter: 16 nm) composed of biocompatible surfactant Tween 80 and hydrophobic pyrrolidine-N-oxyl radical were prepared by mixing them in phosphate-buffered saline. The magnetic mixed micelles were characterized by dynamic light scattering and small angle neutron scattering measurements. The stability of the micelles is found to depend on the length of alkyl side chain in the nitroxide compounds and degree of unsaturation in the hydrophobic chain in the surfactant. The size of the mixed micelle can be tuned by changing the molar ratio of Tween 80 and nitroxyl radical. In view of theranostic application of the micelle, the cytotoxicity and stability in a physiological environment was investigated; the mixed micelle exhibited no cytotoxicity, high colloidal stability and high resistance towards reduction by large excess ascorbic acid. The in vitro and in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed sufficient contrast enhancement in the proton longitudinal relaxation time (T 1) weighted images. In addition, hydrophobic fluorophores and an anticancer drug are stably encapsulated in the mixed micelles and showed fluorescence (FL) upon reduction by ascorbic acid and cytotoxicity to cancer cells, respectively. For example, the paclitaxel-loaded mixed micelles efficiently suppressed cancer cell growth. Furthermore, they were found to give higher MRI contrast (higher r 1 value) in vitro than the micelles without paclitaxel. The magnetic mixed micelles presented here are promising theranostic agents in nanomedicine due to their high biocompatibility and high resistivity towards reduction as well as functioning as a drug carrier in therapy and MR or FL imaging probe in diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Nagura
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Nagura K, Takemoto Y, Yoshino F, Bogdanov A, Chumakova N, Vorobiev AK, Imai H, Matsuda T, Shimono S, Kato T, Komatsu N, Tamura R. Magnetic Mixed Micelles Composed of a Non-Ionic Surfactant and Nitroxide Radicals Containing a D-Glucosamine Unit: Preparation, Stability, and Biomedical Application. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E42. [PMID: 30669485 PMCID: PMC6359449 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-free magnetic mixed micelles (mean diameter: < 20 nm) were prepared by mixing the biocompatible non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 and the non-toxic, hydrophobic pyrrolidine-N-oxyl radicals bearing a D-glucosamine unit in pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The time-course stability and in vitro magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast ability of the mixed micelles was found to depend on the length of the alkyl chain in the nitroxide radicals. It was also confirmed that the mixed micelles exhibited no toxicity in vivo and in vitro and high stability in the presence of a large excess of ascorbic acid. The in vivo MRI experiment revealed that one of these mixed micelles showed much higher contrast enhancement in the proton longitudinal relaxation time (T₁) weighted images than other magnetic mixed micelles that we have reported previously. Thus, the magnetic mixed micelles presented here are expected to serve as a promising contrast agent for theranostic nanomedicines, such as MRI-visible targeted drug delivery carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Nagura
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Yusa Takemoto
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Fumi Yoshino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Alexey Bogdanov
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Natalia Chumakova
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Andrey Kh Vorobiev
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Hirohiko Imai
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Matsuda
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Shimono
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Tatsuhisa Kato
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Naoki Komatsu
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Rui Tamura
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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7
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Takemoto Y, Zaytseva E, Suzuki K, Yoshioka N, Takanishi Y, Funahashi M, Uchida Y, Akita T, Park J, Sato S, Clevers S, Coquerel G, Mazhukin DG, Shimono S, Sugiyama M, Takahashi H, Yamauchi J, Tamura R. Unique Superparamagnetic-like Behavior Observed in Non-π-delocalized Nitroxide Diradical Compounds Showing Discotic Liquid Crystalline Phase. Chemistry 2018; 24:17293-17302. [PMID: 30378204 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A unique superparamagnetic-like behavior and a large "positive magneto-LC effect" were observed in the solid phases and the hexagonal columnar (Colh ) liquid crystalline (LC) phase, respectively, of novel achiral non-π-delocalized nitroxide diradical compounds (R,S)-1, which showed polymorphism in the solid phases (solids I and II). The SQUID magnetization measurement revealed that (1) (R,S)-1 containing a small amount of racemic diastereomers (R*,R*)-1 possessed an unusual and large temperature-independent magnetic susceptibility (χTIM >0) component in the original nanocrystalline solid I that was responsible for the observed superparamagnetic-like behavior under low magnetic fields and did not arise from the contamination by extrinsic magnetic metal or metal ion impurities, besides ordinary temperature-dependent paramagnetic susceptibility (χpara >0) and temperature-independent diamagnetic susceptibility (χdia <0) components, (2) a large increase in molar magnetic susceptibility (χM ) (positive magneto-LC effect) that occurred at the solid I-to-liquid crystal transition upon heating was preserved as an additional χTIM increase in the resulting polymorphic nanocrystalline solid II by cooling, and (3) such unique magnetic phenomena were induced by thermal processing for (R,S)-1 or by adding a small amount of (R*,R*)-1 to (R,S)-1 as the impurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusa Takemoto
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Elena Zaytseva
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 9 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk 630090 (Russia), 2 Pirogova St., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Yoshioka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takanishi
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masahiro Funahashi
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, 761-0396, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Uchida
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Takuya Akita
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Jayeong Park
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shuichi Sato
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Simon Clevers
- Normandie Université, SMS, EA 3233, Univ Rouen, Crystal Genesis Unit, 76821, Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Gérard Coquerel
- Normandie Université, SMS, EA 3233, Univ Rouen, Crystal Genesis Unit, 76821, Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Dmitrii G Mazhukin
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 9 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk 630090 (Russia), 2 Pirogova St., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Satoshi Shimono
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahito Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Jun Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Rui Tamura
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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