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Cui CX, Peng J, Jiang J. Theoretical Study on the Mechanism of Cobalt-Catalyzed C-O Silylation and Stannylation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:23791-23798. [PMID: 37426225 PMCID: PMC10324068 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Organosilicon and organotin compounds have been widely used in many fields, such as organic synthesis, materials science, and biochemistry, because of their unique physical and electronic properties. Recently, two novel compounds containing C-Si or C-Sn bonds have been synthesized. These compounds can be used for late modification of drug-like molecules such as probenecid, duloxetine, and fluoxetine derivatives. However, the detailed reaction mechanisms and the influencing factors that determine selectivity are still unclear. Moreover, several questions remain that are valuable to investigate further, such as (1) the influence of the solvent and the lithium salt on the reaction of the Si/Sn-Zn reagent, (2) the stereoselective functionalization of C-O bonds, and (3) the differences between silylation and stannylation. In the current study, we have explored the above issues with density functional theory and have found that stereoselectivity was most likely caused by the oxidative addition of cobalt to the C-O bond of alkenyl acetate with chelation assistance and that transmetalation was most likely the rate-determining step. For Sn-Zn reagents, the transmetalation was achieved by anion and cation pairs, whereas for Si-Zn reagents, the process was facilitated by Co-Zn complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xing Cui
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Computational
Chemistry, Henan Institute of Science and
Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P. R. China
- ZhengZhou
JiShu Institute of AI Science, Zhengzhou, Henan 451162, P. R. China
| | - Jiali Peng
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Computational
Chemistry, Henan Institute of Science and
Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, P. R. China
- Engineering
Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jun Jiang
- ZhengZhou
JiShu Institute of AI Science, Zhengzhou, Henan 451162, P. R. China
- Hefei
National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry
and Materials Science, University of Science
and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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2
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Sun T, Zhang J, Fang Y, Zhou Y, Cao H, Luo G, Cao ZC. Enantioselective Alkylation of Unactivated C–O Bond: Solvent Molecule Affects Competing β-H Elimination and Reductive Elimination Dynamics. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Sun
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Jintong Zhang
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yijun Fang
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Haiqun Cao
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Gen Luo
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Cao
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
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3
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Borys AM, Hevia E. Mechanisms of the Nickel-Catalysed Hydrogenolysis and Cross-Coupling of Aryl Ethers. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1806-4513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Ni-catalysed hydrogenolysis and cross-coupling of aryl ethers has emerged as a powerful synthetic tool to transform inert phenol-derived electrophiles into functionalised aromatic molecules. This has attracted significant interest due to its potential to convert the lignin fraction of biomass into chemical feedstocks, or to enable orthogonal reactivity and late-stage synthetic modification. Although the scope of nucleophiles employed, and hence the C–C and C–heteroatom bonds that can be forged, has expanded significantly since Wenkert’s seminal work in 1979, mechanistic understanding on how these reactions operate is still uncertain since the comparatively inert Caryl–O bond of aryl ethers challenge the involvement of classical mechanisms involving direct oxidative addition to Ni(0). In this review, we document the different mechanisms that have been proposed in the Ni-catalysed hydrogenolysis and cross-coupling of aryl ethers. These include: (i) direct oxidative addition; (ii) Lewis acid assisted C–O bond cleavage; (iii) anionic nickelates, and; (iv) Ni(I) intermediates. Experimental and theoretical investigations by numerous research groups have generated a pool of knowledge that will undoubtedly facilitate future discoveries in the development of novel Ni-catalysed transformations of aryl ethers.1 Introduction2 Direct Oxidative Addition3 Hydrogenolysis of Aryl Ethers4 Lewis Acid Assisted C–O Bond Cleavage5 Anionic Nickelates6 Ni(I) Intermediates7 The ‘Naphthalene Problem’8 Conclusions and Outlook
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4
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Bell JD, Robb I, Murphy JA. Highly selective α-aryloxyalkyl C–H functionalisation of aryl alkyl ethers. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12921-12926. [DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04463c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report highly selective photocatalytic functionalisations of alkyl groups in aryl alkyl ethers with a range of electron-poor alkenes using an acridinium catalyst with a phosphate base and irradiation with visible light (456 nm or 390 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Bell
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| | - Iain Robb
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
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Hitoshio K, Yamagishi H, Shimokawa J, Yorimitsu H. Sodium silylsilanolate enables nickel-catalysed silylation of aryl chlorides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6867-6870. [PMID: 34180925 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02683f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Structurally diverse aryl chlorides were silylated with sodium silylsilanolate reagents in the presence of a Ni(cod)2 catalyst complexed with a phosphine ligand; PMe2Ph for electron-rich substrates, and PCy2Ph for electron-deficient ones. The mild reaction conditions allowed the silylation of various aryl chlorides including functionalised drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenshiro Hitoshio
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Yamagishi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Jun Shimokawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Hideki Yorimitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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6
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Zhang J, Liu S, Zhang T, Liu T, Lan Y. Oxidation of Pd(II) with disilane in a palladium-catalyzed disilylation of aryl halides: a theoretical view. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7656-7666. [PMID: 33973588 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00399b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculation has been used to reveal the mechanism of the Pd-catalyzed disilylation reaction of aryl halides. The DFT calculations indicate that the reaction starts with the oxidative addition of the C-I bond to the Pd(0) catalyst. Concerted metalation-deprotonation (CMD) can then generate a five-membered palladacycle. Insertion of Pd(ii) into the Si-Si bond in disilane followed by two sequential steps of reductive eliminations yields the disilylation product and regenerates the Pd(0) catalyst. According to the NPA charge analysis along the reaction coordinates, the formal oxidative addition of the Si-Si bond to palladium could be considered as the insertion of palladium into the Si-Si bond. However, the conventional oxidative addition of the C-I bond to palladium is exactly an oxidation process with the electron transfer from the palladium atom to the C-I bond. Therefore, electron rich Pd(0) is beneficial for the oxidation process, and Pd(ii) prone to acquire electrons is beneficial for the insertion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jining University, Qufu 273155, P. R. China.
| | - Shihan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jining University, Qufu 273155, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P. R. China. and Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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7
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Feng JJ, Mao W, Zhang L, Oestreich M. Activation of the Si–B interelement bond related to catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:2010-2073. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00965b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Covering the past seven years, this review comprehensively summarises the latest progress in the preparation and application of Si–B reagents, including the discussion of relevant reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Feng
- Institut für Chemie
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Wenbin Mao
- Institut für Chemie
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Liangliang Zhang
- Institut für Chemie
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
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8
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Qiu X, Zhou L, Wang H, Lu L, Ling Y, Zhang Y. Nickel( ii)-catalyzed reductive silylation of alkenyl methyl ethers for the synthesis of alkyl silanes. RSC Adv 2021; 11:37083-37088. [PMID: 35496447 PMCID: PMC9043817 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07238b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new one pot protocol has been developed for the reductive silylation of alkenyl methyl ethers using Et3Si–BPin and HSiEt3 with nickel(ii) catalyst. Styrene type methyl ethers, multi-substituted vinyl methyl ethers, heterocycles and unconjugated vinyl ethers are all tolerated to form alkyl silanes. Mechanistic study reveals that it is a cascade of a C–O bond silylation and vinyl double bond hydrogenation process. Internal nucleophilic substitution or oxidative addition pathways were both acceptable for C–O bond cleavage. The acquired intermediate alkenyl silanes then proceeded through an unconventional reduction process thus providing alkyl silanes. A Ni(ii)-catalyzed tandem reaction including vinyl C–O bond silylation and olefin hydrogenation has been developed providing structurally diversified alkyl silanes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Li Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Lingyi Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yong Ling
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
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9
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Dindarloo Inaloo I, Esmaeilpour M, Majnooni S, Reza Oveisi A. Nickel‐Catalyzed Synthesis of
N
‐(Hetero)aryl Carbamates from Cyanate Salts and Phenols Activated with Cyanuric Chloride. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohsen Esmaeilpour
- Chemistry Department College of Sciences Shiraz University Shiraz 71946 84795 Iran
- Chemistry and Process Engineering Department Niroo Research Institute Tehran 1468617151 Iran
| | - Sahar Majnooni
- Chemistry Department University of Isfahan Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran
| | - Ali Reza Oveisi
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences University of Zabol Zabol 98615-538 Iran
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10
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Qiu Z, Li CJ. Transformations of Less-Activated Phenols and Phenol Derivatives via C–O Cleavage. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10454-10515. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zihang Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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11
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Rand AW, Montgomery J. Catalytic reduction of aryl trialkylammonium salts to aryl silanes and arenes. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5338-5344. [PMID: 31191891 PMCID: PMC6540906 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01083a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl trialkylammonium salts serve as versatile substrates for nickel-catalyzed reductions, allowing access to functionalized arenes and aryl silanes.
A new approach for the reduction of aryl ammonium salts to arenes or aryl silanes using nickel catalysis is reported. This method displays excellent ligand-controlled selectivity based on the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand employed. Utilizing a large NHC in non-polar solvents generates aryl silanes, while small NHCs in polar solvents promote reduction to arenes. Several classes of aryl silanes can be accessed from simple aniline building blocks, including those useful for cross-couplings, oxidations, and halogenations. The reaction conditions are mild, functional group tolerant, and provide efficient access to a variety of benzene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Rand
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 N. University Ave. , Ann Arbor , MI 48109-1055 , USA .
| | - John Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 N. University Ave. , Ann Arbor , MI 48109-1055 , USA .
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12
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Kojima K, Nagashima Y, Wang C, Uchiyama M. In SituGeneration of Silyl Anion Species through Si−B Bond Activation for the Concerted Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Fluoroarenes. Chempluschem 2019; 84:277-280. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Kojima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yuki Nagashima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Chao Wang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR)Advanced Elements Chemistry LaboratoryRIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
- Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR)Advanced Elements Chemistry LaboratoryRIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bähr
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Weichao Xue
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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14
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Yang Y, Hou X, Zhang T, Ma J, Zhang W, Tang S, Sun H, Zhang J. Mechanistic Insights into the Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reaction of Benzaldehyde with Benzyl Alcohol via C–H Activation: A Theoretical Investigation. J Org Chem 2018; 83:11905-11916. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Hou
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junmei Ma
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanqiao Zhang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuwei Tang
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, Liaoning 123000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Sun
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingping Zhang
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
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Jain P, Pal S, Avasare V. Ni(COD)2-Catalyzed ipso-Silylation of 2-Methoxynaphthalene: A Density Functional Theory Study. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institution of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sourav Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institution of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Vidya Avasare
- Department of Chemistry, Sir Parashurambhau College, Pune 411030, India
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