1
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Wang S, Liu J, Feng S, Wu J, Yuan Z, Chen B, Ling Q, Lin Z. Anionic Hydrogen-Bonded Frameworks Showing Tautomerism and Colorful Luminescence for the Ultrasensitive Detection of Acetone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400742. [PMID: 38319193 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Tautomers coexisting in an equilibrium system have significant potential for regulating luminescent properties because of their structural differences. However, separating and stabilizing tautomers at room temperature is a considerable challenge. In this study, it is found that hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) composed of Br- anions can effectively separate and stabilize two proton-transfer tautomers of triarylformamidinium bromide: namely, the nitrogen cation (BA-N) and carbon cation (BA-C). The BA-N crystal consisting of a dense anionic HOF and parallelly aligned organic cations exhibits green thermally activated delayed fluorescence and red room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP). The BA-C crystal contains acetone molecules that induce an antiparallel arrangement of the organic cations to form a loose HOF, producing blue prompt fluorescence and green RTP. Interestingly, switching of the HOFs between BA-N and BA-C can be achieved through the uptake and release of acetone, thereby dynamically adjusting multiple luminescent properties. Consequently, the HOF crystals can be used for the highly sensitive and specific sensing of acetone with a detection limit of 66.74 ppm. This study not only stabilizes tautomeric luminescent materials at room temperature, but also provides a new method for constructing smart HOFs with a sensitive response to a stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqi Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Shangwei Feng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Junyan Wu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Banglin Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Qidan Ling
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
| | - Zhenghuan Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
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2
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Price J, Tallaie T, Eisler S. Pericyclic Cascade Reactions Affording Thienyl- and Benzo[ b]thienyl-Fused Architectures: A Synthetic and Density Functional Theory Analysis of Asynchronous Diels-Alder Reactions of Thioarylmaleimides. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1379-1388. [PMID: 38215402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a series of thioarylmaleimides and their varied propensity toward highly selective domino Diels-Alder (D-A)/rearrangement, D-A/ene/elimination, and D-A/oxidation reactions to give three types of thienyl-fused architectures. Stereochemical assignment was achieved using a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies, gauge independent atomic orbital (GIAO) NMR chemical shift calculations, and DP4+ analysis. Transition-state calculations support an asynchronous concerted mechanism and provide support for rationalizing the observed regio- and stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayden Price
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Tabassom Tallaie
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Sara Eisler
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
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3
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Zhang B, Wei L, Tang X, Jiang Z, Guo S, Zou L, Xie H, Gong Y, Liu Y. Preparation and Characterization of Carbazole-Based Luminogen with Efficient Emission in Solid and Solution States. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16114193. [PMID: 37297328 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic luminescent materials with high luminescence efficiency in both solution and solid states, namely dual-state emission (DSE), have attracted considerable attention due to their promising applications in various fields. In order to enrich the variety of DSE materials, carbazole, similar to triphenylamine (TPA), was utilized to construct a novel DSE luminogen named 2-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)benzo[d]thiazole (CZ-BT). CZ-BT exhibited DSE characteristics with fluorescence quantum yields of 70, 38 and 75% in solution, amorphous and crystalline states, respectively. CZ-BT shows thermochromic and mechanochromic properties in solution and solids, respectively. Theoretical calculations show that there is a small conformational difference between the ground state and the lowest singly excited state of CZ-BT and that it exhibits a low non-radiative transition characteristic. The oscillator strength during the transition from the single excited state to the ground state reaches 1.0442. CZ-BT adopts a distorted molecular conformation with intramolecular hindrance effects. The excellent DSE properties of CZ-BT can be explained well using theoretical calculations and experimental results. In terms of application, the CZ-BT has a detection limit for the hazardous substance picric acid of 2.81 × 10-7 mol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Lingzhong Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xuansi Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zizhan Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Song Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Linmin Zou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Huihong Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yongyang Gong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yuanli Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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4
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Huber A, Dubbert J, Scherz TD, Voskuhl J. Design Concepts for Solution and Solid-State Emitters - A Modern Viewpoint on Classical and Non-Classical Approaches. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202481. [PMID: 36193996 PMCID: PMC10099667 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
For a long time, luminescence phenomena were strictly distinguished between the emission of isolated molecules in dilute solutions or close-packed structures such as in powders or aggregates. This changed with the breakthrough observation of dual-state efficient materials, which led to a rapid boost of publications examining the influence of structural features to achieve balanced emission with disregarded molecular surroundings. Some first general structural design concepts have already been proposed based on reoccurring patterns and pivotal motifs. However, we have found another way to classify these solution and solid-state emitters (SSSEs). Hence, this minireview aims to present an overview of published structural features of SSSEs while shining light on design concepts from a more generalized perspective. Since SSSEs are believed to bridge the gap of hitherto known aggregation-sensitive compound classes, we hope to give future scientists a versatile tool in hand to efficiently design novel luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Huber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, CENIDE and ZMB, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Justin Dubbert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, CENIDE and ZMB, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Tim D Scherz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, CENIDE and ZMB, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Jens Voskuhl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, CENIDE and ZMB, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45117, Essen, Germany
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5
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Fan Z, Zou Y, Liu C, Xiang S, Zhang Z. Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Frameworks: Functionalized Construction Strategy by Nitrogen‐Containing Functional Group. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200422. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Fan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University 32 Shangsan Road Fuzhou 350007 P. R. China
| | - Yingbing Zou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University 32 Shangsan Road Fuzhou 350007 P. R. China
| | - Chulong Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University 32 Shangsan Road Fuzhou 350007 P. R. China
| | - Shengchang Xiang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University 32 Shangsan Road Fuzhou 350007 P. R. China
| | - Zhangjing Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University 32 Shangsan Road Fuzhou 350007 P. R. China
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Zhao F, Zhao J, Wang Y, Liu HT, Shang Q, Wang N, Yin X, Zheng X, Chen P. [5]Helicene-based chiral triarylboranes with large luminescence dissymmetry factors over a 10 -2 level: synthesis and design strategy via isomeric tuning of steric substitutions. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:6226-6234. [PMID: 35362491 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00677d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Constructing chiral luminescent systems with both large luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) and high luminous efficiency has been considered a great challenge. We herein describe a highly efficient approach to sterically stabilize the helical configurations of carbo[5]helicenes for improved CPL properties in a series of π-donor and π-acceptor substituted [5]helicenes (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). Enabled by the ortho-installation of methyl groups as well as the steric effects of triarylamine (Ar3N) and triarylborane (Ar3B) handles in meta-substituted [5]helicenes, their optical resolution into enantiomers has been accomplished using preparative chiral HPLC. The molecular chirality of [5]helicenes can be transferred to Ar3B and Ar3N as light emitters, which allowed further investigations of their chiroptics, including optical rotation, circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). Remarkably, 4 has been demonstrated to display dramatically enhanced CPL performance with a much larger glum (>1.2 × 10-2) and an increased emission quantum efficiency (ΦS = 0.75) compared with the other analogues, as a result of the isomeric tuning of substitutions with differential steric and electronic effects. These experimentally observed CPL activities were rationalized by TD-DFT computations for the angle (θμ,m) between electric and magnetic transition dipole moments in the excited states. In addition, the conspicuous intramolecular donor-acceptor charge transfer led to thermal responses in the emissions of 2 and 4 over a broad temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Jingyi Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Hou-Ting Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, 252059, China
| | | | - Nan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Xiaodong Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Pangkuan Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China.
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7
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Wang S, Wang J, Huang Q, Zheng X, Yao Z, Xiang S, Ling Q, Lin Z. Greatness in Simplicity: Efficient Red Room-Temperature Phosphorescence from Simple Halogenated Maleimides with a 2D Layered Structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:14703-14711. [PMID: 35290015 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, two maleimide derivatives substituted by Br (DBM) and I (DIM) with a two-dimensional (2D) layered structure are found to have highly efficient red room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) at 660 nm in solid state, which is independent of their morphology (crystal, powder, and film). The red RTP of DBM and DIM is closely related to the synergism of nπ-ct-π* transitions and the 2D halogen-bonded network. Interestingly, the red RTP can be excited by visible light of 500 nm, which should be ascribed to the forbidden absorption from the ground state to the triplet state activated in the layered halogen-bonded framework. Due to the rich intermolecular interactions in the rigid layered structure, the red RTP of DBM is very stable under water or external force stimulation. Notably, Hg(II) and Cd(II) ions in a pure aqueous solution result in an opposite change in the RTP intensity of the DBM film. The detection limit of Hg(II) ion is as low as 2.5 × 10-5 nM, lesser than all reported values. The above results not only provide a new idea for the design of simple and efficient red RTP materials but also make it possible to develop solid-state phosphorescent probes for toxic heavy metal ions in environmental sewage with high sensitivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqi Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Jingwei Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices, School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Qiuqin Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Zizhu Yao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Shengchang Xiang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Qidan Ling
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Zhenghuan Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
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8
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Zeng W, Lin M, Zhu L, Lin M. A Triphenylphosphonium Functionalized
AIE
Conjugated Macrocyclic Tetramaleimide for Mitochondrial‐targeting Bioimaging. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou Fujian 350116 China
| | - Mao‐Hua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou Fujian 350116 China
| | - Ling‐Yun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou Fujian 350116 China
| | - Mei‐Jin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery, College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou Fujian 350116 China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Fuzhou University Fuzhou Fujian 350116 China
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9
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Huang Z, Tang F, He F, Kong L, Huang J, Yang J, Ding A. Pyrene and triphenylamine substituted cyanostyrene and cyanostilbene derivatives with dual-state emission for high-contrast mechanofluorochromism and cell imaging. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01192a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two α-cyanostilbene derivatives exhibiting bright emission in both well-dissolved solutions (Φ > 49%) and the solid state (Φ > 95%) have been synthesized as novel DSEgens for high-contrast mechanofluorochromism (>50 nm) and live cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Photoelectric Conversion Energy Materials and Devices Key Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, 230061, PR China
| | - Fang Tang
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Felicia He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lin Kong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Photoelectric Conversion Energy Materials and Devices Key Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, 230061, PR China
| | - Jianyan Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Photoelectric Conversion Energy Materials and Devices Key Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, 230061, PR China
| | - Jiaxiang Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Photoelectric Conversion Energy Materials and Devices Key Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, 230061, PR China
| | - Aixiang Ding
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
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10
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Wang S, Wang X, Feng S, Lv W, Lin M, Ling Q, Lin Z. Cluster-luminescent polysiloxane nanomaterials: adjustable full-color ultralong room temperature phosphorescence and a highly sensitive response to silver ions. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00914e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-conjugated polysiloxane nanomaterials with amino and urea groups show persistent cluster-induced phosphorescence regulated by doping different small molecules, and fluorescence/phosphorescence dual responses to Ag+ in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqi Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Xiaolang Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Shangwei Feng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Wei Lv
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Meijuan Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Qidan Ling
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Zhenghuan Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou, 350007, China
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11
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Riebe S, Adam S, Roy B, Maisuls I, Daniliuc CG, Dubbert J, Strassert CA, Schapiro I, Voskuhl J. Bridged Aromatic Oxo- and Thioethers with Intense Emission in Solution and the Solid State. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2307-2313. [PMID: 34155813 PMCID: PMC8456941 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, we report on a class of emitters based on bridged oxo- and/or thioethers revealing striking photoluminescence properties in fluid solution and in the solid state. In total, nine compounds were investigated concerning their photophysical properties, which were interpreted by quantum chemical calculations. To our delight, we discovered compounds possessing nearly identical photoluminescence quantum yields (ΦF ) in solution and in the solid state, which has been rarely reported so far. Besides these efforts, we shed light on the influence of polymorphism and solvent polarity on the emission properties. In addition, an in-depth X-ray diffractometric analysis was conducted to correlate molecular packing in the crystal with differences in the photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Riebe
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and CENIDEUniversity of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 745117EssenGermany
| | - Suliman Adam
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics ResearchInstitute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem9190401JerusalemIsrael
| | - Bibhisan Roy
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and CENIDEUniversity of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 745117EssenGermany
| | - Iván Maisuls
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieCeNTechCiMICSoNWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterHeisenbergstraße 1148149MünsterGermany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätCorrensstraße 4048149MünsterGermany
| | - Justin Dubbert
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and CENIDEUniversity of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 745117EssenGermany
| | - Cristian A. Strassert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieCeNTechCiMICSoNWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterHeisenbergstraße 1148149MünsterGermany
| | - Igor Schapiro
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics ResearchInstitute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem9190401JerusalemIsrael
| | - Jens Voskuhl
- Faculty of Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) and CENIDEUniversity of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 745117EssenGermany
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12
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Ni Y, Zhang S, He X, Huang J, Kong L, Yang J, Yang J. Dual-state emission difluoroboron derivatives for selective detection of picric acid and reversible acid/base fluorescence switching. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:2830-2835. [PMID: 34079969 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00477h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel difluoroboron derivative (TPEBF) containing α-cyanostilbene and tetraphenylethylene units has been designed and synthesized. TPEBF emits strong fluorescence both in dilute solutions (ΦFL = 19.3% in THF) and in the solid state (ΦFL = 49.3%), which is significantly distinct from the case of the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) chromophores. The dual-state emission properties of the compound overcome the limitation of single-state luminescence and enable it to be used in both solid and solution states. TPEBF with strong emission in solution is utilized for sensing picric acid (PA) with high selectivity and sensitivity in THF (LOD = 497 nM) and aqueous media (LOD = 355 nM). The mechanism was described for the synergy of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and photoinduced energy transfer (PET) based on the UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectra, 1H NMR and theoretical calculations results. On the other hand, the highly efficient emission in the solid state allows the compound to be cast on paper to switch external acid/base stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyong Ni
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functional Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
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13
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He B, Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhang H, Wu X, Chen X, Kei KHS, Qin A, Sung HHY, Lam JWY, Tang BZ. Clusteroluminescence from Cluster Excitons in Small Heterocyclics Free of Aromatic Rings. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004299. [PMID: 33854902 PMCID: PMC8025018 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The study of nonconventional luminescence is important for revealing the luminescence of natural systems and has gradually drawn the attention of researchers in recent years. However, the underlying mechanism is still inexplicable. Herein, the luminescence behavior of two series of simple, heteroatom-containing small molecules without aromatic rings, i.e., maleimide and succinimide derivatives, are studied to gain further mechanistic insight into the nonconventional luminescence process. It has been unveiled that all the molecules exhibit bright and visible luminescence in concentrated solution and solid state and the formation of clusters is the root cause for such behaviors, which can effectively increase the possibility of both the nonradiative n-π* and favorable π-π* transitions and stabilize the excitons formed in the excited state. The distinctive luminescent phenomena and intriguing mechanism presented in this work will be significant for understanding the mechanism of clusteroluminescence and provide new strategies for the rational design of novel luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benzhao He
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong999077China
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering. Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionInstitute for Advanced StudyDepartment of Chemical and Biological EngineeringThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong999077China
- HKUST‐Shenzhen Research InstituteNo. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi‐tech ParkNanshanShenzhen518057China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong999077China
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering. Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionInstitute for Advanced StudyDepartment of Chemical and Biological EngineeringThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Jianyu Zhang
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong999077China
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering. Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionInstitute for Advanced StudyDepartment of Chemical and Biological EngineeringThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Haoke Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityXihu DistrictHangzhou310027China
| | - Xiuying Wu
- Center for Aggregation‐Induced EmissionSCUT‐HKUST Joint Research InstituteState Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640China
| | - Xu Chen
- Center for Aggregation‐Induced EmissionSCUT‐HKUST Joint Research InstituteState Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640China
| | - Konnie H. S. Kei
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong999077China
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering. Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionInstitute for Advanced StudyDepartment of Chemical and Biological EngineeringThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Anjun Qin
- Center for Aggregation‐Induced EmissionSCUT‐HKUST Joint Research InstituteState Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640China
| | - Herman H. Y. Sung
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong999077China
| | - Jacky W. Y. Lam
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong999077China
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering. Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionInstitute for Advanced StudyDepartment of Chemical and Biological EngineeringThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong999077China
- HKUST‐Shenzhen Research InstituteNo. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi‐tech ParkNanshanShenzhen518057China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong999077China
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering. Research Center for Tissue Restoration and ReconstructionInstitute for Advanced StudyDepartment of Chemical and Biological EngineeringThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong999077China
- HKUST‐Shenzhen Research InstituteNo. 9 Yuexing 1st RD, South Area, Hi‐tech ParkNanshanShenzhen518057China
- Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityXihu DistrictHangzhou310027China
- Center for Aggregation‐Induced EmissionSCUT‐HKUST Joint Research InstituteState Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640China
- AIE InstituteGuangzhou Development DistrictHuangpuGuangzhou510530China
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14
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Zhu ZH, Wang HL, Zou HH, Liang FP. Metal hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks: structure and performance. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:10708-10723. [PMID: 32672293 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01998d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although great progress has been made in the design, synthesis, and performance expansion of porous materials, new porous materials with stable structures still need to be explored further. In recent years, porous molecular crystals formed by intermolecular interactions have attracted wide attention from chemists, especially metal hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (M-HOFs) formed by connecting metal complexes through hydrogen bonds. Metal complexes with specific properties (e.g., magnetism, luminescence, sensing, and catalysis) can expand and develop the application of M-HOFs further. However, the huge volume, irregular shape, complex coordination modes, and interference of coordination bonds pose certain challenges in the synthesis and performance expansion of M-HOFs. In this frontier, we summarize the latest progress in the use of 3d, 4d, and 4f metal complexes for the synthesis of M-HOFs, and briefly introduce the performance expansion of these M-HOFs, which is expected to help expand new porous materials with stable structures and specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China.
| | - Hai-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China.
| | - Hua-Hong Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China.
| | - Fu-Pei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China. and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
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15
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Qiu Q, Xu P, Zhu Y, Yu J, Wei M, Xi W, Feng H, Chen J, Qian Z. Rational Design of Dual-State Emission Luminogens with Solvatochromism by Combining a Partially Shared Donor-Acceptor Pattern and Twisted Structures. Chemistry 2019; 25:15983-15987. [PMID: 31536145 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We report a general design strategy for a new class of luminogens with dual-state emission (DSEgens) that are brightly emissive in both the solution and solid state, with solvatochromism properties, by constructing a partially shared donor-acceptor pattern based on a twisted molecule. The DSEgens with bright fluorescence emission in both the solid and solution state demonstrate a unique solvatochromism behaviour depending on solvent polarity and thus may have applications in anti-counterfeiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Road 688, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Road 688, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Yanjun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Road 688, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Junru Yu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Road 688, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Mengru Wei
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Road 688, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Xi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Road 688, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Road 688, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Jianrong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Road 688, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Zhaosheng Qian
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Yingbin Road 688, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
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16
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Price J, Albright E, Decken A, Eisler S. Thioarylmaleimides: accessible, tunable, and strongly emissive building blocks. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9562-9566. [PMID: 31497835 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01741k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of thioarylmaleimides was synthesized to investigate how variation of the thioaryl group can be used to control absorption and emission properties in solution and in the solid-state. Fine-tuning of the photochemical properties was found to be possible using this strategy, and a rainbow of colours and emission wavelengths are accessible in a single step from commercially available compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayden Price
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, CanadaE3B 5A3.
| | - Emily Albright
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, CanadaE3B 5A3.
| | - Andreas Decken
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, CanadaE3B 5A3.
| | - Sara Eisler
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, CanadaE3B 5A3.
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17
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Pucci A. Mechanochromic Fluorescent Polymers with Aggregation-Induced Emission Features. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E4969. [PMID: 31739634 PMCID: PMC6891766 DOI: 10.3390/s19224969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochromic polymers are defined as materials that are able to detect a mechanical stress through an optical output. This feature has evoked a growing interest in the last decades, thanks to the progress of chromogenic molecules whose optical characteristics and chemical functionalities allow their effective insertion in many thermoplastic and thermoset matrices. Among the different types of fluorogenic probes able to detect mechanical solicitations, those with aggregation-induced emission (i.e., AIEgens) have attracted tremendous interest since their discovery in 2001. In the present review, the main principles behind the AIEgens working behavior are introduced along with the current state of knowledge concerning the design and preparation of the derived mechanochromic fluorescent polymers. Examples are provided concerning the most ingenious solution for the preparation of chromogenic materials, starting from different types of commodity plastics or synthetic polymers and combined with the latest AIE technology to provide the most sensitive response to mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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18
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Singh DK, Jang K, Kim J, Lee J, Kim I. Intramolecular Electrophilic Cyclization Approach to 6-Substituted Naphtho[2,1- b]benzofurans: Novel Dual-State Emissive Fluorophores with Blue Emission. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2019; 21:408-416. [PMID: 30925043 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.9b00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A regiospecific synthesis of naphtho[2,1- b]benzofurans with a substituent at the C6 position was achieved via intramolecular 6-endo-dig electrophilic cyclization under acidic conditions to construct the central aromatic C ring. Screening of the synthesized compounds using a high-content imaging system enabled us to discover novel dual state emissive compounds 2{ 1,6}, 2{ 1,8}, and 2{ 4,3}, which are highly emissive with blue emission in their solid states as well as in solution states in most solvents. In addition, the compounds 2{ 4,3}, 2{ 4,12}, and 2{ 5,13} were found to be the most cell permeable in HeLa cells for live cell imaging with negligible phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Kumar Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungkuk Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhwang Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyeon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ikyon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
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19
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Wang L, Zhou H, Yang T, Ke H, Tu Y, Yao H, Jiang W. Bis‐Naphthalene Cleft with Aggregation‐Induced Emission Properties through Lone‐Pair⋅⋅⋅π Interactions. Chemistry 2018; 24:16757-16761. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Li Wang
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Xueyuan Blvd 1088 Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Xueyuan Blvd 1088 Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Ti‐Long Yang
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Xueyuan Blvd 1088 Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Hua Ke
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Xueyuan Blvd 1088 Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Kuan Tu
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Xueyuan Blvd 1088 Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Huan Yao
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Xueyuan Blvd 1088 Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Xueyuan Blvd 1088 Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
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20
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Panda MK, Ravi N, Asha P, Prakasham AP. High contrast mechanochromic and thermochromic luminescence switching by a deep red emitting organic crystal. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00696b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report a deep red emissive organic crystal that displays high contrast fluorescence switching under mechanical and thermal stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas K. Panda
- Photosciences & Photonics Section
- Chemical Science & Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram
- India
| | - Nayana Ravi
- Photosciences & Photonics Section
- Chemical Science & Technology Division
- CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram
- India
| | - P. Asha
- School of Chemistry
- Indian Institute for Science and Educational Research
- Thiruvananthapuram
- India
| | - A. P. Prakasham
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai-400076
- India
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