1
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Würdemann MS, Kühn S, Bötel T, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. Phospha-bicyclohexene-germylenes exhibiting unexpected reactivity. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04034a. [PMID: 39129781 PMCID: PMC11310892 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04034a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introducing phospha-bicyclohexene (BCH)-germylenes (BCHGe's) as a novel, multifunctional compound class: the title compounds 15-18 are obtained from simple salt metathesis reactions of dipotassium germacyclopentadienediides K2[1] with phosphorusdichlorides. The BCHGe's 15-18 are stabilized by homoconjugation of the germanium(ii) centre with the remote C[double bond, length as m-dash]C double bond. Despite substantial thermodynamic stabilization, phospha-BCHGe's are reactive and undergo a reductive elimination of elemental germanium to give the corresponding phospholes. The elimination is a nucleophilic, bimolecular process and is prevented by large substituents. The reaction of phospha-BCHGe's with small electrophiles gives the corresponding phosphonium salts. Oxidation with chalcogens takes place at both the germanium and the phosphorus atom, and after elimination of germanium chalcogenides the corresponding phosphole chalcogenides were isolated. The introduced germylenes exhibit strong nucleophilic but also non-neglectable electrophilic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Sophie Würdemann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Steffen Kühn
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Tobias Bötel
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Federal Republic of Germany
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2
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Liu C, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. A Bis(silylene)silole - synthesis, properties and reactivity. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:10446-10452. [PMID: 38855883 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01112k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
A 1,1-bis(silylene)silole has been synthesised by a double salt-metathesis reaction from potassium silacyclopentadienediide, K2[1], and an amidinato-stabilized silylene chloride in a 1 : 2 ratio. The red colour of the title compound is due to the lp(Si)/π*(silole) transition. This band is bathochromically shifted compared to that of other 1,1-bissilylsiloles suggesting enhanced conjugation between the silole π-system and the newly formed Si(II)-Si(IV)-Si(II) group. The bissilylene is easily oxidised by the elemental chalcogens S, Se, and Te and forms a bissilaimide by reaction with an arylazide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghuan Liu
- Institut für Chemie, Carl Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, European Union.
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie, Carl Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, European Union.
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Carl Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, European Union.
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3
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Bührmann L, Albers L, Beuße M, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. Aluminagerma[5]pyramidanes-Formation and Skeletal Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401467. [PMID: 38470087 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The salt metathesis reaction of dipotassium germacyclopentadienediide with aluminum(III) dichlorides provides either half-sandwich alumole complexes of germanium(II) or aluminylene germole complexes. Their molecular structure and the delocalized bonding situation, revealed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, are equally described as isomeric aluminagerma[5]pyramidanes with either the germanium or the aluminum atom in the apical position of the pentagonal pyramid. The product formation and the selectivity of the reaction depends on the third substituent of the aluminum dichloride. Aryl-substituents favor the formation of alumole complexes and Cp*-substituents that of the isomeric germole complexes. With amino-substituents at the aluminum atom mixtures of both isomers are formed and the positional exchange of the two heteroatoms is shown by NMR spectroscopy. The alumole complexes of germanium(II) undergo facile reductive elimination of germanium and form the corresponding alumoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Bührmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D. 26129, Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, EU
| | - Lena Albers
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D. 26129, Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, EU
| | - Maximilian Beuße
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D. 26129, Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, EU
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D. 26129, Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, EU
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D. 26129, Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, EU
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4
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Nishino R, Tokitoh N, Sasayama R, Waterman R, Mizuhata Y. Unusual nuclear exchange within a germanium-containing aromatic ring that results in germanium atom transfer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4519. [PMID: 37507362 PMCID: PMC10382490 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40188-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The delivery of single atoms is highly desirable for the straightforward synthesis of complex molecules, however this approach is limited by a lack of suitable atomic transfer reagents. Here, we report a germanium atom transfer reaction employing a germanium analogue of the phenyl anion. The reaction yields a germanium-substituted benzene, along with a germanium atom which can be transferred to other chemical species. The transfer of atomic germanium is demonstrated by the formation of well-defined germanium doped molecules. Furthermore, computational studies reveal that the reaction mechanism proceeds via the first example of an aromatic-to-aromatic nuclear germanium replacement reaction on the germabenzene ring. This unusual reaction pathway was further probed by the reaction of our aromatic germanium anion with a molecular silicon species, which selectively yielded the corresponding silicon-substituted benzene derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Nishino
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Ryuto Sasayama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Rory Waterman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405-0125, USA
| | - Yoshiyuki Mizuhata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
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5
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Imagawa T, Giarrana L, Andrada DM, Morgenstern B, Nakamoto M, Scheschkewitz D. Stable Silapyramidanes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4757-4764. [PMID: 36787446 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Starting from tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutadiene and an amidinate-supported silylene of the Roesky-type, a sequence of addition and reduction cleanly gives the elusive silapyramidane via an isolable cyclobutene intermediate with an exocyclic Si═C bond. The silapyramidane features an unusually shielded 29Si NMR resonance at -448.3 ppm for the apex silicon atom. Treatment with Fe2(CO)9 results in the formation of the corresponding silapyramidane-iron complex. Silapyramidane also reacts with the cyclobutadiene starting material to cleanly afford a fluorescent spirobis(silole).
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Imagawa
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 739-8526 Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Luisa Giarrana
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Service Center X-ray Diffraction, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Masaaki Nakamoto
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 739-8526 Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - David Scheschkewitz
- Krupp-Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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6
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Sun X, Münzfeld L, Jin D, Hauser A, Roesky PW. Silole and germole complexes of lanthanum and cerium. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7976-7979. [PMID: 35758854 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02810g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using dianionic metallole ligands (silole or germole) and the cyclooctatetraendiide dianion, heteroleptic lanthanide multi-decker complexes have been prepared. Due to the heteroatom of the metallole ligands intermolecular bridging between the sandwich complexes takes place. Our work highlights that different combinations of the lanthanide and heterocycle lead to different intermolecular interactions including a dimeric La-silole sandwich complex, a La-germole ladder-type polymeric species and a Ce-germole coordination polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Sun
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Luca Münzfeld
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Da Jin
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Adrian Hauser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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7
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Cramer HH, Bührmann L, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. A phenyl-substituted germole dianion and its reaction with hafnocene dichloride. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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8
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Abstract
Structurally authenticated free B-alkyl boroles are presented and electronic implications of alkyl substitution were assessed. Deprotonation of a boron-bound exocyclic methyl group in a B-methyl borole yields the first 5-boratafulvene anion-an isomer to boratabenzene. Boratafulvene was structurally characterized and its electronic structure probed by DFT calculations. The pKa value of the exocyclic B-CH3 in a set of boroles was computationally approximated and confirmed a pronounced acidic character caused by the boron atom embedded in an anti-aromatic moiety. The non-aromatic boratafulvene reacts as a C-centered nucleophile with the mild electrophile Me3 SnCl to give a stannylmethyl borole, regenerating the anti-aromaticity. As nucleophilic synthons for boroles, boratafulvenes thus open an entirely new avenue for synthetic strategies toward this highly reactive class of heterocycles. Boratafulvene reacts as a methylene transfer reagent in a bora-Wittig-type reaction generating a borole oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Heitkemper
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Leonard Naß
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Christian P. Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstrasse 437077GöttingenGermany
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9
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Heitkemper T, Naß L, Sindlinger CP. Ein Boratafulven. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Heitkemper
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Leonard Naß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Christian P. Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
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10
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Reinhold CRW, Schmidtmann M, Tumanskii B, Müller T. Radicals and Anions of Siloles and Germoles. Chemistry 2021; 27:12063-12068. [PMID: 33978965 PMCID: PMC8453960 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of persistent sila- and germacyclopentadienyl (silolyl- and germolyl-) radicals by careful stoichiometric reduction of the corresponding halides with potassium is reported. The radicals were characterized by EPR spectroscopy and trapping reactions. The reduction of tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl-substituted halides was successful while smaller substituents (i. e., t-Butyl, Ph) gave the corresponding dimers. The EPR spectroscopic parameter of the synthesized tetrolyl radicals indicate only small spin delocalization to the butadiene unit due to cross-hyperconjugation. Silolyl- and germolyl anions are unavoidable byproducts and are isolated in the form of their potassium salts and characterized by X-ray crystallography. The comparison of the molecular structures of two closely related potassium silolides provided an example for different coordination of the potassium cation to the silolyl anion (η1 vs. η5 coordination) that triggers the switch between delocalized and localized states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crispin R. W. Reinhold
- Institute of ChemistryCarl von Ossietzky University OldenburgCarl von Ossietzky-Str. 9–1126129OldenburgGermany, European Union
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institute of ChemistryCarl von Ossietzky University OldenburgCarl von Ossietzky-Str. 9–1126129OldenburgGermany, European Union
| | - Boris Tumanskii
- Schulich Faculty of ChemistryTechnion-Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa32000Israel
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of ChemistryCarl von Ossietzky University OldenburgCarl von Ossietzky-Str. 9–1126129OldenburgGermany, European Union
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11
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Ota K, Kinjo R. Heavier element-containing aromatics of [4 n+2]-electron systems. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10594-10673. [PMID: 34369490 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01354d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While the implication of the aromaticity concept has been dramatically expanded to date since its emergence in 1865, the classical [4n+2]/4n-electron counting protocol still plays an essential role in evaluating the aromatic nature of compounds. Over the last few decades, a variety of heavier heterocycles featuring the formal [4n+2] π-electron arrangements have been developed, which allows for assessing their aromatic nature. In this review, we present recent developments of the [4n+2]-electron systems of heavier heterocycles involving group 13-15 elements. The synthesis, spectroscopic data, structural parameters, computational data, and reactivity are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ota
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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12
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Abstract
Reactions of isolable disilynes and digermynes with alkynes can result in the formation of the corresponding disila- (DSBs) and digermabenzenes (DGBs), wherein two carbon atoms of the benzene ring are replaced by silicon or germanium atoms. Detailed structural and spectroscopic analyses of these DSBs and DGBs have revealed that they exhibit considerable aromaticity, comparable to that of benzene. However, in contrast to the all-carbon system benzene, these DSBs and DGBs are highly reactive toward small molecules such as oxygen, hydrogen, 1,3-dienes, and water. During the investigation of their reactivity, we discovered that a 1,2-DGB works as a catalyst for the cyclotrimerization of arylalkynes, which provides access to the corresponding 1,2,4-triarylbenzenes. In this perspective article, our recent progress in the area of DSB and DGB chemistry is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sasamori
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS), University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
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13
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Heitkemper T, Sarcevic J, Sindlinger CP. A Neutral Silicon(II) Half-Sandwich Compound. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21304-21309. [PMID: 33315393 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metathesis reaction of a dilithio borole dianion, a cyclic π-ligand isoelectronic to ubiquitous cyclopentadienyls, with two equivalents of "silicocenium" cation [Cp*Si]+ as a source of low-valent Si(II), cleanly gives a borole half-sandwich π-complex of Si(II) and silicocene. The resulting half-sandwich complex is a neutral isoelectronic analogue to the iconic silicocenium cation and features the rare structural motif of an apical silicon(II) atom with an energetically high lying lone pair of electrons that is shown to be accessible for coordination chemistry toward tungsten carbonyl. Protonation at the Si(II) atom with [H(OEt2)2][Al{OC(CF3)3}4] induces formal oxidation, and the compound rearranges to incorporate the Si atom into the carbocyclic base to give an unprecedented cationic 5-sila-6-borabicyclo[2.1.1]hex-2-ene. This rearrangement is accompanied by drastic changes in the 11B and 29Si NMR chemical shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Heitkemper
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julijan Sarcevic
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian P Sindlinger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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14
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Dong Z, Albers L, Müller T. Trialkylsilyl-Substituted Silole and Germole Dianions as Precursors for Unusual Silicon and Germanium Compounds. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:532-543. [PMID: 32031772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Group 14 element heteroles are the heavier analogues of cyclopentadienes in which a heavier group 14 element atom replaces the sp3 carbon atom. In particular siloles and, to a somewhat smaller degree, germoles attracted considerable attention since the early 1990s due to their favorable photophysical properties which allowed the construction of OLEDs using group 14 element heteroles as emissive or electron-transport layers. Anions and in particular dianions derived from group 14 element heteroles have been of substantial interest due to the possible occurrence of Hückel aromaticity involving the heavier main group atom. Aromaticity is not the only notable electronic feature of silole and germole dianions; the spatial and energetic alignment of their frontier orbitals is equally remarkable. With a high lying lone pair at the heteroatom, which is orthogonal to a delocalized π-system, their frontier orbital sequence closely resembles that of N-heterocyclic carbene analogues. Despite these intriguing parallels between carbene analogues and silole and germole dianions, disappointingly little is known about their reactivity. The installation of trialkylsilyl substituents in the 2,5-positions of the heterocyclopentadiene ring as in K2[I] has a remarkable effect on the stability of silole and germole dianions and allows us to study their reactivity and to evaluate their synthetic potential in detail. Simple double salt metathesis reactions with different dihalides provided heterofulvenes. These were detected either as intermediates or, in the case of carbon dihalides, isolated in the form of their ylidic isomers II. In other cases, the heterofulvenes were the starting point for complex reaction sequences leading to novel binuclear complexes of titanium and zirconium III or for simple isomerization reactions that lead to bicyclohexene-type tetrylenes (BCH-tetrylenes) IV, a novel class of heavier carbenes. These bicyclic carbene analogues are significantly stabilized by homoconjugation between the electron deficient tetrel atom and the remote C═C double bond. Compound IV with E'R2═SiR2 and E = Si is a valence isomer of disilabenzene and is a stable derivative of the global minimum of the Si2C4H6 potential energy surface. With group 13 dihalides, as for example with boron dichlorides, topological closely related compounds V were isolated. These Ge(II) complexes of borole dianions are isolobal to half-sandwich complexes of main group elements such as aluminum(I) cyclopentadienide or can be viewed as nido-type clusters. These analogies already open a broad field for future investigations of their reactivity. Trialkylsilyl-substituted heterole dianions I provide a facile synthetic approach to several novel intriguing compound classes with the tetrel element in unusual coordination states. The reactivity and the synthetic potential of these new compounds is however widely unexplored and calls for future systematic studies. Gratifyingly, the periodic table of the elements stills holds a lot of potential for future research on the reactivity of silole and germole dianions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Dong
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
| | - Lena Albers
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
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15
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Heitkemper T, Naß L, Sindlinger CP. 2,5-Bis-trimethylsilyl substituted boroles. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:2706-2714. [PMID: 32049092 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00393j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript includes a comprehensive study of the synthesis and spectroscopic features of 2,5-disilyl boroles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonard Naß
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
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16
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Dong Z, Reinhold CRW, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. Trialkylsilyl-Substituted Silole and Germole Dianions. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Dong
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, European Union
| | - Crispin R. W. Reinhold
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, European Union
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, European Union
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany, European Union
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17
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Tholen P, Dong Z, Schmidtmann M, Albers L, Müller T. A Neutral η 5 -Aminoborole Complex of Germanium(II). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13319-13324. [PMID: 30070743 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of two η5 -aminoborole complexes of germanium(II) from the reaction of a germole dianion with aminoboron dichlorides is reported. This reaction constitutes a remarkable example of a germole-to-borole transformation. The two aminoborole complexes of germanium(II) were fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, HRMS, and, in one case, by X-ray crystallography. The results of quantum-mechanical calculations favor the electronic structure of a half-sandwich complex of GeII over an ionic representation with a germanium dication stabilized by an aromatic aminoborole dianion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Tholen
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Zhaowen Dong
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lena Albers
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
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18
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Tholen P, Dong Z, Schmidtmann M, Albers L, Müller T. Ein neutraler η
5
‐Aminoborol‐Germanium(II)‐Komplex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Tholen
- Institut für ChemieCarl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Deutschland
| | - Zhaowen Dong
- Institut für ChemieCarl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Deutschland
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für ChemieCarl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Deutschland
| | - Lena Albers
- Institut für ChemieCarl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Deutschland
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für ChemieCarl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Straße 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Deutschland
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19
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Sumiya Y, Maeda S. Designing the Backbone of Hexasilabenzene Derivatives with a High Unimolecular Kinetic Stability. Chemistry 2018; 24:12264-12268. [PMID: 29663547 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It is an important subject to theoretically predict the kinetic stability of transient species. In this study, we have studied the kinetic stability of hexasilabenzene Si6 H6 and its derivatives, that is, decasilanaphthalene Si10 H8 and Li-substituted hexasilabenzene Si6 Li6 , theoretically by the artificial force induced reaction (AFIR) method combined with the rate constant matrix contraction (RCMC) method. Molecular design was further conducted to extend the unimolecular lifetime of hexasilabenzene derivatives. Although both Si10 H8 and Si6 Li6 were shown to possess shorter lifetimes than Si6 H6 , we found that the lifetimes of Si6 Li6 changed depending on arrangements of Li atoms around the monocyclic Si6 backbone. Based on this knowledge, we found that a compound of an atomic composition Si6 H4 Li2 with a planar, monocyclic Si6 backbone has a relatively long unimolecular lifetime. Moreover, substitution of the two Li atoms by Na atoms further increased the lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Sumiya
- Graduate School of Chemical, Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.,Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
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20
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Dong Z, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. Reactivity of a Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexene Germylene towards Elemental Chalcogens. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Dong
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie; Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg; Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11 Oldenburg Germany
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21
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Dong Z, Janka O, Kösters J, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. A Dimeric η 1 ,η 5 -Germole Dianion Bridged Titanium(III) Complex with a Multicenter Ti-Ge-Ge-Ti Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8634-8638. [PMID: 29733486 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dimeric germole dianion bridged TiIII and ZrIV complexes have been synthesized. In these complexes, the germole dianion adopts a formal η1 ,η5 coordination to the two metal centers. The bonding situation in these bridged dimers is dominated by a covalent Ge-Ge interaction that results, for example, in a strong antiferromagnetic coupling of the d1 Ti centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Dong
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Janka
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jutta Kösters
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
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22
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Dong Z, Janka O, Kösters J, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. A Dimeric η
1
,η
5
‐Germole Dianion Bridged Titanium(III) Complex with a Multicenter Ti−Ge−Ge−Ti Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Dong
- Institut für Chemie Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Oliver Janka
- Institut für Chemie Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Jutta Kösters
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9–11 26129 Oldenburg Germany
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23
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Dong Z, Bedbur K, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. Hafnocene-based Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexene Germylenes – Formation, Reactivity, and Structural Flexibility. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3052-3060. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Dong
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, FRG, European Union
| | - Katja Bedbur
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, FRG, European Union
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, FRG, European Union
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, FRG, European Union
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