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Mabesoone MFJ, Markvoort AJ, Banno M, Yamaguchi T, Helmich F, Naito Y, Yashima E, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW. Competing Interactions in Hierarchical Porphyrin Self-Assembly Introduce Robustness in Pathway Complexity. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7810-7819. [PMID: 29886728 PMCID: PMC6026832 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pathway complexity in supramolecular polymerization has recently sparked interest as a method to generate complex material behavior. The response of these systems relies on the existence of a metastable, kinetically trapped state. In this work, we show that strong switch-like behavior in supramolecular polymers can also be achieved through the introduction of competing aggregation pathways. This behavior is illustrated with the supramolecular polymerization of a porphyrin-based monomer at various concentrations, solvent compositions, and temperatures. It is found that the monomers aggregate via an isodesmic mechanism in weakly coupled J-type aggregates at intermediate solvent quality and temperature, followed by nucleated H-aggregates at lower solvent qualities and temperatures. At further increased thermodynamic driving forces, such as high concentration and low temperature, the H-aggregates can form hierarchical superhelices. Our mathematical models show that, contrary to a single-pathway polymerization, the existence of the isodesmic aggregation pathway buffers the free monomer pool and renders the nucleation of the H-aggregates insensitive to concentration changes in the limit of high concentrations. We also show that, at a given temperature or solvent quality, the thermodynamically stable aggregate morphology can be selected by controlling the remaining free external parameter. As a result, the judicious application of pathway complexity allows us to synthesize a diverse set of materials from only a single monomer. We envision that the engineering of competing pathways can increase the robustness in a wide variety of supramolecular polymer materials and lead to increasingly versatile applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs F J Mabesoone
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Albert J Markvoort
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.,Computational Biology Group , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Motonori Banno
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
| | - Tomoko Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
| | - Floris Helmich
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Yuki Naito
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering , Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku , Nagoya 464-8603 , Japan
| | - Anja R A Palmans
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - E W Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
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