Co 3 O 4 @Co/NCNT Nanostructure Derived from a Dicyanamide-Based Metal-Organic Framework as an Efficient Bi-functional Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions

NiFe-Coordination Polymers-Derived Layered Double Hydroxides as Bifunctional Materials: Effect of the Ni : Fe Ratio on the Electrochemical Performance

The development of an efficient and cost-effective material is highly desirable for electrochemical devices such as electrolyzers and supercapacitors. Especially, pseudomorphic transformations of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)/coordination polymers (CPs) into layered double hydroxides (LDHs) materials endow well-defined porosities, high surface area, exchangeable interlayer anions and easily adjustable electronic structure that are truly required for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and high-performance supercapacitor applications. Herein, we have prepared NiFe-LDHs of various Ni/Fe ratios via a facile room-temperature alkaline hydrolysis of NiFe-CPs precursors. Electrochemical studies reveal that the catalyst having high amount of Fe (Ni1.2 Fe1 -LDH) showed the better OER activity with a low Tafel slope (65 mV dec-1 ) in 1 M KOH. On the other hand, the catalyst containing higher amount of Ni with better layered structure (Ni11.7 Fe1 -LDH) showed high performance for supercapacitor (702 F g-1 at 0.25 A g-1 ) in 3 M KOH. Moreover, a solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor device Ni11.7 Fe1 -LDH/AC was fabricated which exhibited a specific capacitance of 18 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 . The device displayed high cycling stability with 88% of capacitance retention after 7000 cycles. The experimental findings in this work will help in the futuristic development of NiFe-LDH based electrocatalysts for the enhanced electrochemical performances.

CoNi Alloys Encapsulated in N-Doped Carbon Nanotubes for Stabilizing Oxygen Electrocatalysis in Zinc-Air Battery

Alloy-based catalysts with high corrosion resistance and less self-aggregation are essential for oxygen reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER). Here, via an in situ growth strategy, NiCo alloy-inserted nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes were assembled on a three-dimensional hollow nanosphere (NiCo@NCNTs/HN) using dicyandiamide. NiCo@NCNTs/HN exhibited better ORR activity (half-wave potential (E_1/2) of 0.87 V) and stability (E_1/2 shift of only -13 mV after 5000 cycles) than commercial Pt/C. NiCo@NCNTs/HN displayed a lower OER overpotential (330 mV) than RuO₂ (390 mV). The NiCo@NCNTs/HN-assembled zinc-air battery exhibited high specific-capacity (847.01 mA h g^-1) and cycling-stability (291 h). Synergies between NiCo alloys and NCNTs facilitated the charge transfer to promote 4e^- ORR/OER kinetics. The carbon skeleton inhibited the corrosion of NiCo alloys from surface to subsurface, while inner cavities of CNTs confined particle growth and the aggregation of NiCo alloys to stabilize bifunctional activity. This provides a viable strategy for the design of alloy-based catalysts with confined grain-size and good structural/catalytic stabilities in oxygen electrocatalysis.

Square-Facet Nanobar MOF-Derived Co3O4@Co/N-doped CNT Core-Shell-based Nanocomposites as Cathode Materials for High-Performance Supercapacitor Studies

The binary as well as ternary nanocomposites of the square-facet nanobar Co-MOF-derived Co₃O₄@Co/N-CNTs (N-CNTs: nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes) with Ag NPs and rGO have been synthesized via an easy wet chemical route, and their supercapacitor behavior was then studied. At a controlled pH of the precursor solution, square-facet nanobars of Co-MOF were first synthesized by the solvothermal method and then pyrolyzed under a controlled nitrogen atmosphere to get a core-shell system of Co₃O₄@Co/N-CNTs. In the second step, different compositions of Co₃O₄@Co/N-CNT core-shell structures were formed by an ex-situ method with Ag NPs and rGO moieties. Among several bare, binary, and ternary compositions tested in 6 M aqueous KOH electrolyte, a ternary nanocomposite having a 7.0:1.5:1.5 stoichiometric ratio of Co₃O₄@Co/N-CNT, Ag NPs, and rGO, respectively, reported the highest specific capacitance (3393.8 F g^-1 at 5 mV s^-1). The optimized nanocomposite showed the energy density, power density, and Coulombic efficiency of 74.1 W h.kg^-1, 443.7 W.kg^-1, and 101.3%, respectively, with excellent electrochemical stability. After testing an asymmetrical supercapacitor with a Co₃O₄@Co/N-CNT/Ag NPs/rGO/nickel foam cathode and an activated carbon/nickel foam anode, it showed 4.9 W h.kg^-1 of energy density and 5000.0 W.kg^-1 of power density.

Recent advances in the metal-organic framework-based electrocatalysts for trifunctional electrocatalysis

The sustainable energy technology is in great demand due to the depletion and the risks associated with the use of fossil fuels. Various energy technologies like regenerative fuel cells, zinc-air batteries, and overall water-splitting devices have a huge scope in the growth of green energy. The efficiency of these devices is reliant upon the multifunctional electrocatalysts, which include both bifunctional and trifunctional electrocatalysts. Among the different categories of the materials used for such multifunctional electrocatalysis, metal-organic-frameworks (MOFs) occupy a very consolidated place because of their high surface area, porosity, and many other unique physicochemical properties. However, the use of MOFs for the trifunctional electrocatalytic applications is in the budding phase and needs to be explored more. Further, most of these MOF-based trifunctional electrocatalysts are derived by pyrolyzing MOFs at high temperatures. Therefore, there is a need to develop more conductive MOFs which can be directly utilized for the trifunctional applications. In this frontier article, we present the latest reports on the MOF-based materials for trifunctional applications. The material design strategies of the MOF-based materials for trifunctional electrocatalysis have been discussed. The progressive improvements made with MOFs in electrocatalytic applications have been provided with emphasis on the structural, active site and compositional requirements. Finally, the challenges and viewpoints on the future development of the MOF-based materials for trifunctional electrocatalysis have been provided.

Metal-Organic Frameworks Derived Electrocatalysts for Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction

The increasing demands of energy and environmental concerns have motivated researchers to cultivate renewable energy resources for replacing conventional fossil fuels. The modern energy conversion and storage devices required high efficient and stable electrocatalysts to fulfil the market demands. In previous years, we are witness for considerable developments of scientific attention in Metal-organic Frameworks (MOFs) and their derived nanomaterials in electrocatalysis. In current review article, we have discussed the progress of optimistic strategies and approaches for the manufacturing of MOF-derived functional materials and their presentation as electrocatalysts for significant energy related reactions. MOFs functioning as a self-sacrificing template bid different benefits for the preparation of metal nanostructures, metal oxides and carbon-abundant materials promoting through the porous structure, organic functionalities, abundance of metal sites and large surface area. Thorough study for the recent advancement in the MOF-derived materials, metal-coordinated N-doped carbons with single-atom active sites are emerging candidates for future commercial applications. However, there are some tasks that should be addressed, to attain improved, appreciative and controlled structural parameters for catalytic and chemical behavior.

Popcorn-like Co3O4 Nanoparticles Confined in Three-Dimensional Hierarchical N-doped carbon nanotubes Networks as Highly Efficient Trifunctional Electrocatalyst for Zinc-Air Batteries and Water Splitting Device

A novel unique popcorn-like three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical structural electrocatalyst is synthesized by the pyrolysis of ZIF-8/ZIF-67 and polyacrylonitrile fibers composites, where popcorn-like Co3O4 nanoparticles coated with nitrogen-doped amorphous carbon anchor...

In Situ-Grown Heterostructured Co3S4/CNTs/C Nanocomposites with a Bridged Structure for High-Performance Supercapacitors

As one of the most competitive candidates for energy storage devices, supercapacitors have attracted extensive research interest due to their incomparable power density and ultralong cycling stability. However, the large surface area required for charge storage is an irreconcilable contradiction with the requirement of energy density. Therefore, a high energy density is a major challenge for supercapacitors. To solve the contradiction, Co₃S₄/CNTs/C with a bridged structure is designed, where CNTs generated in situ serve as a bridge to connect a porous carbon matrix and a Co₃S₄ nanoparticle, and Co₃S₄ nanoparticles are anchored on the topmost of CNTs. The porous carbon and Co₃S₄ are used for electrochemical double-layer capacitors and pseudocapacitors, respectively. This bridged structure can efficiently utilize the surface of Co₃S₄ nanoparticles to increase the overall energy storage capacity and provide more electrochemically active sites for charge storage and delivery. The materials show an energy density of 41.3 Wh kg^-1 at 691.9 W kg^-1 power density and a retaining energy density of 33.1 Wh kg^-1 at a high power density of 3199.9 W kg^-1 in an asymmetrical supercapacitor. The synthetic technique provides a simple method to obtain heterostructured nanocomposites with a high energy density by maximizing the effect of pseudocapacitor electrode active materials.

Review on recent progress in metal-organic framework-based materials for fabricating electrochemical glucose sensors

Diabetes is a type of disease that threatens human health, which can be diagnosed based on the level of glucose in the blood. Recently, various MOF-based materials have been developed as efficient electrochemical glucose sensors because of their tunable pore channels, large specific surface area well dispersed metallic active sites, etc. In this review, the significance of glucose detection and the advantages of MOF-based materials for this application are primarily discussed. Then, the application of MOF-based materials can be categorized into two types of glucose sensors: enzymatic biosensors and non-enzymatic sensors. Finally, insights into the current research challenges and future breakthrough possibilities regarding electrochemical glucose sensors are considered.

In situ synthesis of Fe2O3 nanosphere/Co3O4 nanowire-connected reduced graphene oxide hybrid networks for high-performance supercapacitors

Three-dimensional (3D) hybrid networks consisting of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets interconnected by Co₃O₄ nanowires (rGO/Co₃O₄), followed by the decoration of Fe₂O₃ nanospheres (NSs) (rGO/Co₃O₄@Fe₂O₃), were demonstrated by a facile hydrothermal method, with which the rGO/Co₃O₄ networks acted as nucleation sites for the in situ synthesis of Fe₂O₃ NSs. The intimate contacts between rGO, Co₃O₄ NWs and Fe₂O₃ NSs, which result in an excellent conductive behavior, provide a unique structure with huge potential for electrochemical property promoted electrochemical supercapacitors. The rGO/Co₃O₄@Fe₂O₃ hybrid networks as electrodes exhibit a high capacitance of 784 F g^-1 at 1 A g^-1 with 83% retention of the initial capacitance as the current density increases from 1 to 10 A g^-1, which is explained by the graphene-based interconnected structure owing to the advantages of accommodating the volume expansion between Co₃O₄ NWs and Fe₂O₃ NSs. The supercapacitor was assembled by applying a nickel aluminum layered double hydroxide (NiAl-LDH) structure and rGO/Co₃O₄@Fe₂O₃ as the electrode materials and yields an energy density of 70.78 W h kg^-1 at a power density of 0.29 kW kg^-1. The energy density can maintain 24.24 W h kg^-1 with 9.94 kW kg^-1.

Recent Advances on MOF Derivatives for Non-Noble Metal Oxygen Electrocatalysts in Zinc-Air Batteries

Oxygen electrocatalysts are of great importance for the air electrode in zinc-air batteries (ZABs). Owing to the high specific surface area, controllable pore size and unsaturated metal active sites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derivatives have been widely studied as oxygen electrocatalysts in ZABs. To date, many strategies have been developed to generate efficient oxygen electrocatalysts from MOFs for improving the performance of ZABs. In this review, the latest progress of the MOF-derived non-noble metal-oxygen electrocatalysts in ZABs is reviewed. The performance of these MOF-derived catalysts toward oxygen reduction, and oxygen evolution reactions is discussed based on the categories of metal-free carbon materials, single-atom catalysts, metal cluster/carbon composites and metal compound/carbon composites. Moreover, we provide a comprehensive overview on the design strategies of various MOF-derived non-noble metal-oxygen electrocatalysts and their structure-performance relationship. Finally, the challenges and perspectives are provided for further advancing the MOF-derived oxygen electrocatalysts in ZABs.

A Co-MOF-derived Co9S8@NS-C electrocatalyst for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction

The exploitation of efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts has become increasingly urgent and imperative; however, it is also challenging for high-performance sustainable clean energy applications. Herein, novel Co9S8 nanoparticles embedded in a porous N,S-dual doped carbon composite (abbr. Co9S8@NS-C-900) were fabricated by the pyrolysis of a single crystal Co-MOF assisted with thiourea. Due to the synergistic benefit of combining Co9S8 nanoparticles with N,S-dual doped carbon, the composite showed efficient HER electrocatalytic activities and long-term durability in an alkaline solution. It shows a small overpotential of -86.4 mV at a current density of 10.0 mA cm-2, a small Tafel slope of 81.1 mV dec-1, and a large exchange current density (J 0) of 0.40 mA cm-2, which are comparable to those of Pt/C. More importantly, due to the protection of Co9S8 nanoparticles by the N,S-dual doped carbon shell, the Co9S8@NS-C-900 catalyst displays excellent long-term durability. There is almost no decay in HER activities after 1000 potential cycles or it retains 99.5% of the initial current after 48 h.

Activity manifestation via architectural manipulation by cubic silica-derived Co3O4 electrocatalysts towards bifunctional oxygen electrode performance

A KIT-6-derived Co3O4 material demonstrates superior bifunctional activity due to its higher densities of Co3+ and Co2+ sites.

Modulating Hierarchical Micro/Mesoporosity by a Mixed Solvent Approach in Al-MOF: Stabilization of MAPbBr3 Quantum Dots

Various hierarchical micro/mesoporous MOFs based on {[Al(μ-OH)(1,4-NDC)]⋅H₂ O} (MOF1) with tunable porosities (pore volume and surface area) have been synthesized by assembling Al^III and 1,4-NDC (1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylate) under microwave irradiation by varying water/ethanol solvent ratio. Water/ethanol mixture has played a crucial role in the mesopore generation in MOF1M₂₅ , MOF1M₅₀ , and MOF1M₇₅ , which is achieved by in situ formation of water/ethanol clusters. By adjusting the ratio of water/ethanol, the particle size, surface area and micro/mesopore volume fraction of the MOFs are controlled. Furthermore, reaction time plays a critical role in mesopore formation as realized by varying reaction time for the MOF with 50 % ethanol (MOF1M₅₀ ). Additionally, hierarchical MOF (MOF1M₅₀ ) has been used as a template for the stabilization of MAPbBr₃ (MA=methylammonium) perovskite quantum dots (PQDs). MAPbBr₃ PQDs are grown inside MOF1M₅₀ , where mesopores control the size of PQDs which leads to quantum confinement.

Conductive MOFs as bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for all-solid-state Zn-air batteries

A new class of π-conjugated conductive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were developed as efficient electrocatalysts for both the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Particularly when used as the bifunctional catalysts of an air-cathode, the conductive MOFs can help the all-solid-state Zn-air batteries to achieve a high performance.

Bimodal Heterogeneous Functionality in Redox-Active Conjugated Microporous Polymer toward Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction and Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

The designing and development of heterogeneous catalysts for conversion of renewable energy to chemical energies by electrochemical as well as photochemical processes is at the forefront of energy research. In this work, two new donor-acceptor-based redox-active conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) (TAPA-OPE-mix and TAPA-OPE-gly) are synthesized through Schiff base condensation reaction using a microwave synthesizer. Notably, the asymmetric and symmetric bola-amphiphilic nature of the OPE struts results in distinct nanostructuring and morphologies in the CMPs. Interestingly, both CMPs show impressive heterogeneous catalytic activity toward electrochemical O₂ reduction and photocatalytic H₂ evolution reactions, and therefore, act as bimodal electro- and photocatalytic porous organic materials. Furthermore, the redox-active property of the CMPs is exploited for in situ generation and stabilization of platinum nanoparticles (Pt), and these Pt@CMPs exhibit significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity.

Hierarchically Porous Co-N-C Cathode Catalyst Layers for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

As a new class of metal-nitrogen-carbon (M-N-C) material with 3 D microstructure, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are used to synthesize highly active electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction, as substitutes for commercial Pt/C in anion exchange membrane fuel cells. However, to form an effective catalyst layer (CL), the relationship between the microstructure of the ZIF-derived catalyst and the fuel cell performance must be investigated. In this work, a hierarchically porous CL based on the carbon black (CB)-controlled synthesis of a Co-based ZIF (denoted as ZIF-CB-700) is constructed to optimize the triple-phase boundary (TPB) and mass transfer. The power density at 40 °C of ZIF-CB-700 (95.4 mW cm^-2 ) as cathode catalyst is about 4 times higher than that of the catalyst synthesized in the absence of CB and is comparable to that of the commercial 60 % Pt/C catalyst (112.0 mW cm^-2 ). Both online and offline measurements suggest that the morphology and microstructure of the CL is crucial to form an active TPB region, dominating the fuel cell performance rather than only the high catalyst activity.

Co3+ -Rich Na1.95 CoP2 O7 Phosphates as Efficient Bifunctional Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution and Reduction Reactions in Alkaline Solution

Implementing sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies is highly reliant on crucial oxygen electrocatalysis, such as the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, the pursuit of low cost, energetic efficient and robust bifunctional catalysts for OER and ORR remains a great challenge. Herein, the novel Na-ion-deficient Na_2-x CoP₂ O₇ catalysts are proposed to efficiently electrocatalyze OER and ORR in alkaline solution. The engineering of Na-ion deficiency can tune the electronic structure of Co, and thus tailor the intrinsically electrocatalytic performance. Among the sodium cobalt phosphate catalysts, the Na_1.95 CoP₂ O₇ (NCPO5) catalyst exhibits the lowest ΔE (E_J10,OER -E_J-1,ORR ) of only 0.86 V, which favorably outperforms most of the reported non-noble metal catalysts. Moreover, the Na-ion deficiency can stabilize the phase structure and morphology of NCPO5 during the OER and ORR processes. This study highlights the Na-ion deficient Na_2-x CoP₂ O₇ as a promising class of low-cost, highly active and robust bifunctional catalysts for OER and ORR.

Co3 O4 @Cu-Based Conductive Metal-Organic Framework Core-Shell Nanowire Electrocatalysts Enable Efficient Low-Overall-Potential Water Splitting

In the work reported herein, the electrocatalytic properties of Co₃ O₄ in hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions have been significantly enhanced by coating a shell layer of a copper-based metal-organic framework on Co₃ O₄ porous nanowire arrays and using the products as high-performance bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting. The coating of the copper-based metal-organic framework resulted in the hybridization of the copper-embedded protective carbon shell layer with Co₃ O₄ to create a strong Cu-O-Co bonding interaction for efficient hydrogen adsorption. The hybridization also led to electronically induced oxygen defects and nitrogen doping to effectively enhance the electrical conductivity of Co₃ O₄ . The optimal as-prepared core-shell hybrid material displayed excellent overall-water-splitting catalytic activity that required overall voltages of 1.45 and 1.57 V to reach onset and a current density of 10 mA cm^-2 , respectively. This is the first report to highlight the relevance of hybridizing MOF-based co-catalysts to boost the electrocatalytic performance of nonprecious transition-metal oxides.

In situ formation and superior lithium storage properties of tentacle-like ZnO@NC@CNTs composites

As a typical conversion-type electrode, ZnO has high theoretical Li⁺ storage capacity and is low cost. However, its practical application is far away due to its limited rate performance and cycle stability. Herein, a novel structure of double carbon coated tentacle-like ZnO composite has been synthesized, which features in situ grown carbon nanotubes (CNTs) embedded in yolk-shell polyhedra, consisting of nitrogen-doped carbon layer (NC) coated ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO@NC@CNTs). Excellent rate performance and good cycling stability are observed in the obtained ZnO@NC@CNTs, including a high reversible capacity of 800 and 617 mA h g^-1 at 0.1 and 1.0 A g^-1 and a low capacity decay of only 0.019% per cycle during 1000 cycles at 1.0 A g^-1. The unique structure of this double carbon NC@CNTs host can not only enhance electron transport throughout the whole electrode but also well accommodate the volume changes of ZnO during cycling, resulting in improved rate capability and cycle stability. In addition, the porous yolk-shell structure of the ZnO@NC@CNTs composite provides better contact between the electrolyte and active material, which enhances both capacity and rate performance of the electrode.

In situ Stabilization of Au and Co Nanoparticles in a Redox-Active Conjugated Microporous Polymer Matrix: Facile Heterogeneous Catalysis and Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity

We report a novel in situ method for synthesis of metal nanoparticles (NPs)-CMP (conjugated microporous polymer) composites based on a redox-active, donor-acceptor CMP, tris-(4-aminophenyl)amine (TPA)-perylenediimide (PDI). The TPA-PDI CMP, comprising triphenylamine as an electron donor and PDI as an acceptor, showed stable charge-separated state and semiconducting behavior. Further, TPA-PDI CMP has been exploited for in situ stabilization of metal (Au and Co) NPs, and two novel nanocomposites (Au@TPA-PDI and Co@TPA-PDI) were prepared. The catalytic reduction of nitro aryls to amino aryls was studied using Au@TPA-PDI, which showed excellent yields and fast kinetics. The CMP itself was found to show good activity as a metal-free oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalyst with an onset potential of 0.82 V. Stabilizing merely 2.56 wt % Co nanoparticles in the CMP matrix improved the electrochemical ORR activity of as-synthesized TPA-PDI immensely and showed an onset potential of 0.91 V, which has also been supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

π-Conjugated Molecule Boosts Metal-Organic Frameworks as Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalysts

To improve the efficiency of water electrolysis, developing efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysis is extremely important due to its four-electron transfer dynamics. In this work, a π-conjugated molecule (2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene, HHTP), which can accelerate the electron transfer, is coated directly on pristine ZIF-67, resulting in a composite named HHTP@ZIF-67, via a simple one-step solvothermal method. The obtained HHTP@ZIF-67 possesses a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of 2013.9 m² g^-1 and displays microporous behavior, which can provide enough active sites for OER. The double-layer capacitance of HHTP@ZIF-67 is also enhanced, corresponding to an enlarged electrochemical active surface area. HHTP@ZIF-67 presents a quite low overpotential of 238 mV at 10 mA cm^-2 in 1.0 m KOH. This material synthesized via the simple coating strategy is promising in the application of energy conversion devices.

MOF derived carbon based nanocomposite materials as efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions

The escalating global energy demands and the formidable risks posed by fossil fuels coupled with their rapid depletion have inspired researchers to embark on a quest for sustainable clean energy. Electrochemistry based technologies, e.g., fuel cells, Zn-air batteries or water splitting, are some of the frontrunners of this green energy revolution. The primary concern of such sustainable energy technologies is the efficient conversion and storage of clean energy. Most of these technologies are based on half-cell reactions like oxygen reduction, oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions, which in turn depend on noble metal based catalysts for their efficient functioning. In order to make such green energy technologies economically viable, the need of the hour is to develop new noble metal free catalysts. Porous carbon, with some assistance from heteroatoms like N or S or earth abundant transition metal or metal oxide nanoparticles, has shown excellent potential in the catalysis of such electrochemical reactions. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) containing metal nodes and organic linkers in an ordered morphology with inherent porosity are ideal self-sacrificial templates for such carbon materials. There has been a recent spurt in reports on such MOF-derived carbon based materials as electrocatalysts. In this review, we have presented some of this research work and also discussed the practical reasons behind choosing MOFs for this purpose. Different approaches for synthesizing such carbonaceous materials with unique morphologies and doping, targeted towards superior electrochemical activity, have been documented in this review.

Metallophthalocyanine-based redox active metal–organic conjugated microporous polymers for OER catalysis

Two donor–acceptor redox-active metal–organic conjugated porous polymers (CoCMP and ZnCMP) have been synthesized and CoCMP has been found to be an efficient catalyst for water oxidation.