1
|
Su R, He X, Houk KN, Lu Q, Liu F. Periselectivity and ambimodal transition states in cycloadditions of tetrachloro-o-benzoquinone with 6,6-dimethylfulvene. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:752-760. [PMID: 38116842 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism of cycloadditions of tetrachloro-o-benzoquinone with 6,6-dimethylfulvene were systematically investigated with density functional theory calculations. It was found that conditional primary interactions stabilize the ambimodal transition states in the endo pathways. Ambimodal transition states lead to [6 + 4]/[4 + 2] adducts or [4 + 2]/[2 + 4] adducts, which interconvert through 3,3-sigmatropic shift reactions. The substituent effects on periselectivity were also investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Su
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue He
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Qianqian Lu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Su R, Xie K, Liang Y, Houk KN, Liu F. Fluoro, Trifluoromethyl, and Trifluoroacetyl Substituent Effects on Cycloaddition Reactivities: Computations and Analysis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:893-900. [PMID: 36583991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The importance of fluoro and trifluoromethyl substituents in drug effectiveness prompted the computational exploration of fluorine-containing substituents in valuable synthetic cycloadditions. Diels-Alder or 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of typical reactants, cyclopentadiene, N-phenyldiazoacetamide, tetrazine, and N-phenylsydnone involving fluorine-containing substituents (F, CF3, and COCF3) were studied with M06-2X density functional theory. Inductive and conjugative effects influence normal and inverse electron-demand reactions differently. These results provide a guide to the design and use of cycloadditions for the introduction of fluoro and trifluoromethyl substituents in synthetic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Su
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
| | - Kaili Xie
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
| | - Yong Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California90095, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Romero-Fernández MP, Cintas P, Rojas-Buzo S. Switchable Cycloadditions of Mesoionic Dipoles: Refreshing up a Regioselective Approach to Two Distinctive Heterocycles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12854-12866. [PMID: 36103345 PMCID: PMC9552231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Mesoionic rings are
among the most versatile 1,3-dipoles, as witnessed
recently by their incorporation into bio-orthogonal strategies, and
capable of affording unconventional heterocycles beyond the expected
scope of Huisgen cycloadditions. Herein, we revisit in detail the
reactivity of thiazol-3-ium-4-olates with alkynes, leading to thiophene
and/or pyrid-2-one derivatives. A structural variation at the parent
mesoionic dipole alters sufficiently the steric outcome, thereby favoring
the regioselective formation of a single transient cycloadduct, which
undergoes chemoselective fragmentation to either five- or six-membered
heterocycles. The synthetic protocol benefits largely from microwave
(MW) activation, which enhances reaction rates. The mechanism has
been interrogated with the aid of density functional theory (DFT)
calculations, which sheds light into the origin of the regioselectivity
and points to a predictive formulation of reactivity involving competing
pathways of mesoionic cycloadditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Pilar Romero-Fernández
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, and IACYS-Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development Unit, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Pedro Cintas
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, and IACYS-Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development Unit, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Sergio Rojas-Buzo
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, and IACYS-Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development Unit, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Porte K, Riomet M, Figliola C, Audisio D, Taran F. Click and Bio-Orthogonal Reactions with Mesoionic Compounds. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6718-6743. [PMID: 33238101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Click and bio-orthogonal reactions are dominated by cycloaddition reactions in general and 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions in particular. Among the dipoles routinely used for click chemistry, azides, nitrones, isonitriles, and nitrile oxides are the most popular. This review is focused on the emerging click chemistry that uses mesoionic compounds as dipole partners. Mesoionics are a very old family of molecules, but their use as reactants for click and bio-orthogonal chemistry is quite recent. The facility to derivatize these dipoles and to tune their reactivity toward cycloaddition reactions makes mesoionics an attractive opportunity for future click chemistry development. In addition, some compounds from this family are able to undergo click-and-release reactions, finding interesting applications in cells, as well as in animals. This review covers the synthetic access to main mesoionics, their reaction with dipolarophiles, and recent applications in chemical biology and heterocycle synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Porte
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Margaux Riomet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Carlotta Figliola
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Davide Audisio
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Taran
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
García de la Concepción J, Ávalos M, Jiménez JL, Cintas P, Light ME. A fully diastereoselective oxidation of a mesoionic dipole with triplet molecular oxygen. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:6328-6339. [PMID: 32756727 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01428a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidations with molecular oxygen are ubiquitous processes in biological systems where cofactor-dependent enzymes activate either oxygen or hydrogen peroxide to induce multichannel pathways. In stark contrast, such slow atmospheric oxidations are seldom harnessed in chemical synthesis and analysis. The present study unveils an unusual aerobic oxidation of a mesoionic dipole leading easily to a more functionalized skeleton. Although the synthetic scope has not been explored, two key considerations emerge from this transformation, as it proceeds with complete diastereoselection and could be successfully extrapolated to structurally related mesoionic chirons without racemization. How this oxidation actually occurs proved to be puzzling from the onset and only high-level computation reveals a cascade transformation, whose results reconcile theory and experiment. Hopefully, the mechanistic insights should help us to understand better the autoxidative reactions of organic molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan García de la Concepción
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias-UEX, and IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Avda. Elvas S/N, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Martín Ávalos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias-UEX, and IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Avda. Elvas S/N, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - José L Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias-UEX, and IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Avda. Elvas S/N, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Pedro Cintas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias-UEX, and IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Avda. Elvas S/N, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Mark E Light
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nakajima M, Bilodeau DA, Pezacki JP. Predicting reactivity for bioorthogonal cycloadditions involving nitrones. RSC Adv 2020; 10:29306-29310. [PMID: 35521144 PMCID: PMC9055992 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05092j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrones are useful dipoles in both synthesis and in bioorthogonal transformations to report on biological phenomena. In bioorthogonal reactions, nitrones are both small and relatively easy to incorporate into biomolecules, while providing versatility in their ability to harbor different substituents that tune their reactivity. Herein, we examine the reactivities of some common and useful nitrone cycloadditions using density functional theory (DFT) and the distortion/interaction (D/I) model. The data show that relative reactivities can be predicted using these approaches, and useful insights gained further enchancing reactivities of both nitrones and their dipolarophile reaction partners. We find that D/I is a useful guide to understanding and predicting reactivities of cycloadditions involving nitrones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Nakajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University 1-8-1 Inohana Chuo-ku Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Didier A Bilodeau
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa 150 Louis-Pasteur Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - John Paul Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa 150 Louis-Pasteur Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shao Z, Liu W, Tao H, Liu F, Zeng R, Champagne PA, Cao Y, Houk KN, Liang Y. Bioorthogonal release of sulfonamides and mutually orthogonal liberation of two drugs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:14089-14092. [PMID: 30480281 PMCID: PMC6314811 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08533a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonamide derivatives have been used in pharmaceutics for decades. Here we report a new approach to release sulfonamides efficiently using a bioorthogonal reaction of sulfonyl sydnonimines and dibenzoazacyclooctyne (DIBAC). The second-order rate constant of the cycloaddition reaction can be up to 0.62 M-1 s-1, and the reactants are highly stable under physiological conditions. Most significantly, we also discovered the mutual orthogonality between the sydnonimine-DIBAC and benzonorbornadiene-tetrazine cycloaddition pairs, which can be used for selective and simultaneous liberation of sulfonamide and primary amine drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuzhou Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,
| | - Huimin Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,
| | - Ruxin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,
| | - Pier Alexandre Champagne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,
| | - Yang Cao
- Institute of Future Industrial Technologies, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tao H, Liu F, Zeng R, Shao Z, Zou L, Cao Y, Murphy JM, Houk KN, Liang Y. Origins of halogen effects in bioorthogonal sydnone cycloadditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:5082-5085. [PMID: 29707720 PMCID: PMC5953849 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02128g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Halogen substituents increase sydnone cycloaddition reactivities substantially. Fluoro-sydnones are superior to bromo- and chloro-sydnones, and can achieve extremely high second-order rate constants with strained alkynes. Computational studies have revealed the fluorine substituent increases the reactivity of sydnone mainly by lowering its distortion energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|