1
|
Hashmi SZ, Bareth D, Dwivedi J, Kishore D, Alvi PA. Green advancements towards the electrochemical synthesis of heterocycles. RSC Adv 2024; 14:18192-18246. [PMID: 38854834 PMCID: PMC11157331 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02812k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic chemistry is a large field with diverse applications in the areas of biological research and pharmaceutical advancement. Numerous initiatives have been proposed to further enhance the reaction conditions to reach these compounds without using harmful compounds. This paper focuses on the recent advances in the eco-friendly and green synthetic procedures to synthesize N-, S-, and O-heterocycles. This approach demonstrates considerable potential in accessing such compounds while circumventing the need for stoichiometric quantities of oxidizing/reducing agents or catalysts containing precious metals. Merely employing catalytic quantities of these substances proves sufficient, thereby offering an optimal means of contributing to resource efficiency. Renewable electricity plays a crucial role in generating environmentally friendly electrons (oxidant/reductant) that serve as catalysts for a series of reactions. These reactions involve the production of reactive intermediates, which in turn allow the synthesis of new chemical bonds, enabling beneficial transformations to occur. Furthermore, the utilization of metals as active catalysts in electrochemical activation has been recognized as an effective approach for achieving selective functionalization. The aim of this review was to summarize the electrochemical synthetic procedures so that the undesirable side reactions can be considerably reduced and the practical potential range of the chemical reactions can be expanded significantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Zeba Hashmi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Diksha Bareth
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Jaya Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - Dharma Kishore
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| | - P A Alvi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Banasthali Vidyapith Banasthali-304022 Rajasthan India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Aslam S, Sbei N, Rani S, Saad M, Fatima A, Ahmed N. Heterocyclic Electrochemistry: Renewable Electricity in the Construction of Heterocycles. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:6175-6217. [PMID: 36844606 PMCID: PMC9948259 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Numerous applications in the realm of biological exploration and drug synthesis can be found in heterocyclic chemistry, which is a vast subject. Many efforts have been developed to further improve the reaction conditions to access this interesting family to prevent employing hazardous ingredients. In this instance, it has been stated that green and environmentally friendly manufacturing methodologies have been introduced to create N-, S-, and O-heterocycles. It appears to be one of the most promising methods to access these types of compounds avoiding use of stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing/reducing species or precious metal catalysts, in which only catalytic amounts are sufficient, and it represent an ideal way of contributing toward the resource economy. Thus, renewable electricity provides clean electrons (oxidant/reductant) that initiate a reaction cascade via producing reactive intermediates that facilitate in building new bonds for valuable chemical transformations. Moreover, electrochemical activation using metals as catalytic mediators has been identified as a more efficient strategy toward selective functionalization. Thus, indirect electrolysis makes the potential range more practical, and less side reactions can occur. The latest developments in using an electrolytic strategy to create N-, S-, and O-heterocycles are the main topic of this mini review, which was documented over the last five years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samina Aslam
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
- The Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Najoua Sbei
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, EggensteinLeopoldshafen, 76344KarlsruheGermany
| | - Sadia Rani
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
| | - Manal Saad
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Aroog Fatima
- Department
of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan60000, Pakistan
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alkyl Levulinates and 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran: Possible Biomass-Based Solvents in Palladium-Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28010442. [PMID: 36615634 PMCID: PMC9823927 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this research, ethyl levulinate, methyl levulinate, and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran as bio-derived hemicellulose-based solvents were applied as green alternatives in palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation reactions. Iodobenzene and morpholine were used in optimization reactions under different conditions, such as temperatures, pressures, and ligands. It was shown that the XantPhos ligand had a great influence on conversion (98%) and chemoselectivity (100% carboxamide), compared with the monodentate PPh3. Following this study, the optimized conditions were used to extend the scope of substrates with nineteen candidates (various para-, ortho-, and meta-substituted iodobenzene derivatives and iodo-heteroarenes), as well as eight different amine nucleophiles.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mohammed Z, Jeelani S, Rangari VK. Effect of Low-Temperature Plasma Treatment on Starch-Based Biochar and Its Reinforcement for Three-Dimensional Printed Polypropylene Biocomposites. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:39636-39647. [PMID: 36385856 PMCID: PMC9648125 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Uniform dispersion and high interfacial adhesion are two of the most difficult components of creating an ideally reinforced polymer composite. One of the solutions could be surface engineering of reinforcing filler materials utilizing innovative technologies. Low-temperature plasma treatments in the presence of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas are proposed as a sustainable alternative to modify the surface properties of biochar carbon synthesized from sustainable starch-based packaging waste via a high-temperature/pressure pyrolysis reaction in the current study. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy tests revealed that plasma treatments were effective in the fluorination of biochar carbon like wet chemical methods. By delivering fluorine-related functionalities only on the surface of the carbon, plasma treatments were efficient in changing the surface properties of biochar carbon while keeping the carbon's beneficial bulk properties intact, which is unique to this method. The modified biochar was effectively utilized to reinforce polypropylene. Mechanical properties like tensile strength improved by 91% when compared to neat polymers and 31% when compared to untreated biochar-reinforced polymers at 0.75 wt % loadings. Elongation at break increased from 12.7 to 38.78, showing an impressive 216% increase due to effective reinforcement by plasma functionalization. The decomposition onset temperature and maximum rate of decomposition temperature increased by 60 and 49 °C, respectively, when compared to neat polymers. Plasma-modified biochar-reinforced three-dimensional printed samples have shown promise to be utilized for the development of composite parts using additive manufacturing methods.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kar S, Sanderson H, Roy K, Benfenati E, Leszczynski J. Green Chemistry in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3637-3710. [PMID: 34910451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The principles of green chemistry (GC) can be comprehensively implemented in green synthesis of pharmaceuticals by choosing no solvents or green solvents (preferably water), alternative reaction media, and consideration of one-pot synthesis, multicomponent reactions (MCRs), continuous processing, and process intensification approaches for atom economy and final waste reduction. The GC's execution in green synthesis can be performed using a holistic design of the active pharmaceutical ingredient's (API) life cycle, minimizing hazards and pollution, and capitalizing the resource efficiency in the synthesis technique. Thus, the presented review accounts for the comprehensive exploration of GC's principles and metrics, an appropriate implication of those ideas in each step of the reaction schemes, from raw material to an intermediate to the final product's synthesis, and the final execution of the synthesis into scalable industry-based production. For real-life examples, we have discussed the synthesis of a series of established generic pharmaceuticals, starting with the raw materials, and the intermediates of the corresponding pharmaceuticals. Researchers and industries have thoughtfully instigated a green synthesis process to control the atom economy and waste reduction to protect the environment. We have extensively discussed significant reactions relevant for green synthesis, one-pot cascade synthesis, MCRs, continuous processing, and process intensification, which may contribute to the future of green and sustainable synthesis of APIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supratik Kar
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Hans Sanderson
- Department of Environmental Science, Section for Toxicology and Chemistry, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kunal Roy
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Valentini F, Piermatti O, Vaccaro L. Metal Nanoparticles as Sustainable Tools for C-N Bond Formation via C-H Activation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134106. [PMID: 34279446 PMCID: PMC8272244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of highly active metal nanoparticles to be employed as efficient heterogeneous catalysts is a key tool for the construction of complex organic molecules and the minimization of their environmental costs. The formation of novel C-N bonds via C-H activation is an effective atom-economical strategy to access high value materials in pharmaceuticals, polymers, and natural product production. In this contribution, the literature of the last ten years on the use of metal nanoparticles in the processes involving direct C-N bond formation will be discussed. Where possible, a discussion on the role and influence of the support used for the immobilization and/or the metal chosen is reported. Particular attention was given to the description of the experiments performed to elucidate the active mechanism.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang L, Jiang K, Zhang N, Zhang Z. Rhodium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Isoquinolino[1,2‐
b
]Quinazolines
via
C−H Annulation in Biomass‐Derived
γ
‐Valerolactone. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Changzhou Vocational Institute of Engineering Gehu Road 33, Wujin District Changzhou 213164 P. R. China
| | - Kuan‐chang Jiang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering Changzhou University Gehu Road 1, Wujin District Changzhou 213164 P. R. China
| | - Nana Zhang
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Changzhou Vocational Institute of Engineering Gehu Road 33, Wujin District Changzhou 213164 P. R. China
| | - Zhi‐hui Zhang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering Changzhou University Gehu Road 1, Wujin District Changzhou 213164 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dhawa U, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Green strategies for transition metal-catalyzed C–H activation in molecular syntheses. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00727k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable strategies for the activation of inert C–H bonds towards improved resource-economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Dhawa
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Campana F, Massaccesi BM, Santoro S, Piermatti O, Vaccaro L. Polarclean/Water as a Safe and Recoverable Medium for Selective C2-Arylation of Indoles Catalyzed by Pd/C. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2020; 8:16441-16450. [PMID: 33828930 PMCID: PMC8018292 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c05049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the use of nontoxic, water-miscible Polarclean as a safe dipolar aprotic solvent for the metal-catalyzed direct C2-H arylation of indoles using Pd/C as a catalyst. The developed method allows reaching excellent yields and regioselectivities, and it tolerates various substituents on both indole and diaryliodonium salt scaffolds. Polarclean is fully recoverable and reusable; it shows a very low leaching of the metal catalyst, allowing its complete recovery and reuse for at least six representative reaction runs.
Collapse
|
10
|
Jiang KC, Wang L, Chen Q, He MY, Shen MG, Zhang ZH. Rh(III)−catalyzed synthesis of isoquinolines from N-hydroxyoximes and alkynes in γ-valerolactone. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1819326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Chang Jiang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Liang Wang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Changzhou Vocational Institute of Engineering, Changzhou, China
| | - Qun Chen
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ming-Yang He
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ming-Gui Shen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open Laboratory on Forest Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Solas M, Muñoz MA, Suárez-Pantiga S, Sanz R. Regiodivergent Hydration-Cyclization of Diynones under Gold Catalysis. Org Lett 2020; 22:7681-7687. [PMID: 32915582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skipped diynones, efficiently prepared from biomass-derived ethyl lactate, undergo a tandem hydration-oxacyclization reaction under gold(I) catalysis. Reaction conditions have been developed for a switchable process that allows selective access to 4-pyrones or 3(2H)-furanones from the same starting diynones. Further application of this methodology in the total synthesis of polyporapyranone B was demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Solas
- Área de Quı́mica Orgánica, Departamento de Quı́mica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Miguel A Muñoz
- Área de Quı́mica Orgánica, Departamento de Quı́mica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Samuel Suárez-Pantiga
- Área de Quı́mica Orgánica, Departamento de Quı́mica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Roberto Sanz
- Área de Quı́mica Orgánica, Departamento de Quı́mica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ismael A, Gevorgyan A, Skrydstrup T, Bayer A. Renewable Solvents for Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylation Reactions. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ismael
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ashot Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Troels Skrydstrup
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Annette Bayer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wei Y, He J, Liu Y, Xu L, Vaccaro L, Liu P, Gu Y. Sulfenylation of Arenes with Ethyl Arylsulfinates in Water. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:18515-18526. [PMID: 32743230 PMCID: PMC7392521 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A tetrabutylammonium iodide-mediated direct sulfenylation of arenes with ethyl arylsulfinates in water was developed. Various electron-rich arenes and ethyl arylsulfinates were investigated in the reaction, and a series of aryl sulfides were obtained in excellent yields. The advantages of this green protocol were simple reaction conditions (metal-free, water as the solvent, and under air), odorless and easily available sulfur reagent, broad substrate scope, and gram-scale synthesis. Moreover, the potential application of aryl sulfides was exemplified by further transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Wei
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Green
Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi City 832004, China
| | - Jing He
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Green
Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi City 832004, China
| | - Yali Liu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Green
Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi City 832004, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Green
Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi City 832004, China
| | - Luigi Vaccaro
- Laboratory
of Green S. O. C., Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ping Liu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Key Laboratory for Green
Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi City 832004, China
| | - Yanlong Gu
- Key
Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage,
Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry
and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Messinis AM, Finger LH, Hu L, Ackermann L. Allenes for Versatile Iron-Catalyzed C-H Activation by Weak O-Coordination: Mechanistic Insights by Kinetics, Intermediate Isolation, and Computation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13102-13111. [PMID: 32536163 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The iron-catalyzed hydroarylation of allenes was accomplished by weak phenone assistance. The C-H activation proceeded with excellent efficacy and high ortho-regioselectivity in proximity to the weakly coordinating carbonyl group for a range of substituted phenones and allenes. Detailed mechanistic studies, including the isolation of key intermediates, the structural characterization of an iron-metallacycle, and kinetic analysis, allowed the sound elucidation of a plausible catalytic working mode. This mechanistic rationale is supported by detailed computational density functional theory studies, which fully address multi-spin-state reactivity. Furthermore, in operando nuclear magnetic resonance monitoring of the catalytic reaction provided detailed insights into the mode of action of the iron-catalyzed C-H alkylation with allenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonis M Messinis
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lars H Finger
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lianrui Hu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen 37077, Germany.,WISCh (Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gandeepan P, Finger LH, Meyer TH, Ackermann L. 3d metallaelectrocatalysis for resource economical syntheses. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:4254-4272. [PMID: 32458919 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Resource economy constitutes one of the key challenges for researchers and practitioners in academia and industries, in terms of rising demand for sustainable and green synthetic methodology. To achieve ideal levels of resource economy in molecular syntheses, novel avenues are required, which include, but are not limited to the use of naturally abundant, renewable feedstocks, solvents, metal catalysts, energy, and redox reagents. In this context, electrosyntheses create the unique possibility to replace stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing or reducing reagents as well as electron transfer events by electric current. Particularly, the merger of Earth-abundant 3d metal catalysis and electrooxidation has recently been recognized as an increasingly viable strategy to forge challenging C-C and C-heteroatom bonds for complex organic molecules in a sustainable fashion under mild reaction conditions. In this review, we highlight the key developments in 3d metallaelectrocatalysis in the context of resource economy in molecular syntheses until February 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Gandeepan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. and Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517506, India
| | - Lars H Finger
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Tjark H Meyer
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. and Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany and Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mei R, Dhawa U, Samanta RC, Ma W, Wencel-Delord J, Ackermann L. Cobalt-Catalyzed Oxidative C-H Activation: Strategies and Concepts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3306-3356. [PMID: 32065843 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Inexpensive cobalt-catalyzed oxidative C-H functionalization has emerged as a powerful tool for the construction of C-C and C-Het bonds, which offers unique potential for transformative applications to modern organic synthesis. In the early stage, these transformations typically required stoichiometric and toxic transition metals as sacrificial oxidants; thus, the formation of metal-containing waste was inevitable. In contrast, naturally abundant molecular O2 has more recently been successfully employed as a green oxidant in cobalt catalysis, thus considerably improving the sustainability of such transformations. Recently, a significant momentum was gained by the use of electricity as a sustainable and environmentally benign redox reagent in cobalt-catalyzed C-H functionalization, thereby preventing the consumption of cost-intensive chemicals while at the same time addressing the considerable safety hazards related to the use of molecular oxygen in combination with flammable organic solvents. Considering the unparalleled potential of the aforementioned approaches for sustainable green synthesis, this Review summarizes the recent progress in cobalt-catalyzed oxidative C-H activation until early 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruhuai Mei
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, P. R. China
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610052, P. R. China
| | - Uttam Dhawa
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August Universität, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ramesh C Samanta
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August Universität, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610052, P. R. China
| | - Joanna Wencel-Delord
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute Alsace, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August Universität, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gevorgyan A, Hopmann KH, Bayer A. Exploration of New Biomass-Derived Solvents: Application to Carboxylation Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2080-2088. [PMID: 31909560 PMCID: PMC7217053 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A range of hitherto unexplored biomass-derived chemicals have been evaluated as new sustainable solvents for a large variety of CO2 -based carboxylation reactions. Known biomass-derived solvents (biosolvents) are also included in the study and the results are compared with commonly used solvents for the reactions. Biosolvents can be efficiently applied in a variety of carboxylation reactions, such as Cu-catalyzed carboxylation of organoboranes and organoboronates, metal-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation, borocarboxylation, and other related reactions. For many of these reactions, the use of biosolvents provides comparable or better yields than the commonly used solvents. The best biosolvents identified are the so far unexplored candidates isosorbide dimethyl ether, acetaldehyde diethyl acetal, rose oxide, and eucalyptol, alongside the known biosolvent 2-methyltetrahydrofuran. This strategy was used for the synthesis of the commercial drugs Fenoprofen and Flurbiprofen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashot Gevorgyan
- Department of ChemistryUiT The Arctic University of Norway9037TromsøNorway
| | - Kathrin H. Hopmann
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular SciencesDepartment of ChemistryUiT The Arctic University of Norway9037TromsøNorway
| | - Annette Bayer
- Department of ChemistryUiT The Arctic University of Norway9037TromsøNorway
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tabasso S, Calcio Gaudino E, Acciardo E, Manzoli M, Bonelli B, Cravotto G. Microwave-Assisted Protocol for Green Functionalization of Thiophenes With a Pd/β-Cyclodextrin Cross-Linked Nanocatalyst. Front Chem 2020; 8:253. [PMID: 32363176 PMCID: PMC7180232 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microwaves (MW) are often the most efficient, in terms of heat exchange and conversion rate, of all the energy sources used to promote chemical reactions thanks to fast volumetric dielectric heating, and metal-catalyzed synthetic reactions under heterogeneous conditions are an eloquent example. We herein report a MW-assisted green protocol for the C-H arylation of thiophenes with substituted aryl halides. This sustainable protocol carried out in γ-valerolactone (GVL) is catalyzed by Pd nanoparticles embedded in cross-linked β-cyclodextrin. In view of the excellent results achieved with activated substrates, the one-pot synthesis of a 4(3H)-quinazolinone derivative has been accomplished. A pressure-resistant MW reactor, equipped with multiple gas inlets, was used for sequential (i) C-H arylation, (ii) reduction, and (iii) carbonylation in the presence of the same catalyst, but under different gas atmospheres. The robust heterogeneous Pd catalyst showed limited metal leaching in GVL, making this an efficient MW-assisted process with high atom economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tabasso
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuela Calcio Gaudino
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco and NIS, Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Acciardo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco and NIS, Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maela Manzoli
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco and NIS, Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Bonelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco and NIS, Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Vaccaro
- Laboratory of Green S.O.C.; Dipartimento di Chimica; Biologia e Biotecnologie; Università di Perugia; Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Solvent accounts for majority of the waste derived from synthetic transformations. This implies that by making changes to the solvent used by either switching to greener options, reducing the volume of solvent used, or even better avoiding the use of solvent totally will have a positive impact on the environment. Herein, the focus will be on the use of bio-based-green-solvents in C-C crosscoupling reactions highlighting the recent developments in this field of research. Emphasis in this review will be placed on developments obtained for Mizoroki-Heck, Hiyama, Stille, and Suzuki- Miyaura cross-couplings. For these cross-coupling reactions, good reaction conditions utilizing green solvents are now available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magne O. Sydnes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, NO-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bagherzadeh M, Mahmoudi H, Ataie S, Bahjati M, Kia R, Raithby PR, Vaccaro L. Synthesis and characterization of a new zwitterionic palladium complex as an environmentally friendly catalyst for the Heck-Mizoroki coupling reaction in GVL. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.110406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
22
|
El‐Harairy A, Yiliqi, Yue M, Fan W, Popowycz F, Queneau Y, Li M, Gu Y. Novel Non‐toxic and Non‐hazardous Solvent Systems for the Chemistry of Indoles: Use of a Sulfone‐containing Brønsted Acid Ionic Liquid Catalyst in Butyl Acetate. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El‐Harairy
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and StorageMinistry of EducationHubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service FailureSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Yiliqi
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and StorageMinistry of EducationHubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service FailureSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Meie Yue
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology 266042 Qingdao China
| | - Weigang Fan
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et SupramoléculairesUniv Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CPE Lyon, ICBMSUMR 5246Université Claude BernardBâtiment Lederer 1 Rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Florence Popowycz
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et SupramoléculairesUniv Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CPE Lyon, ICBMSUMR 5246Université Claude BernardBâtiment Lederer 1 Rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Yves Queneau
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et SupramoléculairesUniv Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CPE Lyon, ICBMSUMR 5246Université Claude BernardBâtiment Lederer 1 Rue Victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France
| | - Minghao Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and StorageMinistry of EducationHubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service FailureSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Yanlong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and StorageMinistry of EducationHubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service FailureSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and Technology
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective OxidationLanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Lanzhou 730000 China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ferlin F, Giannoni T, Zuliani A, Piermatti O, Luque R, Vaccaro L. Sustainable Protocol for the Reduction of Nitroarenes by Heterogeneous Au@SBA-15 with NaBH 4 under Flow Conditions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:3178-3184. [PMID: 30648809 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A gold-incorporated SBA-15 catalyst was prepared by a solvent-free ball-milling approach. The catalyst showed high reactivity and selectivity in the reduction of a variety of nitroarenes to anilines operating in absolute EtOH with NaBH4 as reducing agent. The catalyst was reused in batch conditions over five consecutive runs without any losses of activity or selectivity. Considering the high chemical stability and reusability of the catalytic system, a continuous-flow protocol was also investigated and defined to minimize the generation of waste and optimize the continuous reuse of the catalyst. Benefits of flow conditions were proven by turnover numbers that increased from 47.5 to 1902 and also by the minimization of both leaching (9.5 vs. 1 ppm) and E-factor values (8 vs. 23 in batch).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferlin
- Laboratory of Green S.O.C., Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123-, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Giannoni
- Laboratory of Green S.O.C., Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123-, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessio Zuliani
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Carretera Nacional IV-A, Km 396, E14014, Córdoba, Andalucía, Spain
| | - Oriana Piermatti
- Laboratory of Green S.O.C., Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123-, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Carretera Nacional IV-A, Km 396, E14014, Córdoba, Andalucía, Spain
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya str., 117198, Moscow, Russia
| | - Luigi Vaccaro
- Laboratory of Green S.O.C., Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123-, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen H, Ouyang L, Liu J, Shi WJ, Chen G, Zheng L. Synthesis of Multisubstituted 1-Naphthoic Acids via Ru-Catalyzed C-H Activation and Double-Alkyne Annulation under Air. J Org Chem 2019; 84:12755-12763. [PMID: 31190536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An efficient [2 + 2 + 2] benzannulation of phthalic acids/anhydrides with two alkynes was developed for synthesis of multisubstituted 1-naphthoic acids via Ru-catalyzed C-H activation. The reaction preceded well using atmospheric oxygen as the sole oxidant with high atom/step economies. Facilitated by the free carboxyl group, the products can be easily converted to diverse polycyclic molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Guangzhou University , Guangzhou 510006 , P.R. China
| | - Lufeng Ouyang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Guangzhou University , Guangzhou 510006 , P.R. China
| | - Jidan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Guangzhou University , Guangzhou 510006 , P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jing Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Guangzhou University , Guangzhou 510006 , P.R. China
| | - Guoshu Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Guangzhou University , Guangzhou 510006 , P.R. China
| | - Liyao Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Guangzhou University , Guangzhou 510006 , P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
El‐Harairy A, Yiliqi, Lai B, Vaccaro L, Li M, Gu Y. A Sulfone‐Containing Imidazolium‐Based Brønsted Acid Ionic Liquid Catalyst Enables Replacing Dipolar Aprotic Solvents with Butyl Acetate. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El‐Harairy
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of ChemistryChemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology 1037 Luoyu road, Hongshan District Wuhan 430074 People's Republic of China
| | - Yiliqi
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of ChemistryChemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology 1037 Luoyu road, Hongshan District Wuhan 430074 People's Republic of China
| | - Bingbing Lai
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of ChemistryChemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology 1037 Luoyu road, Hongshan District Wuhan 430074 People's Republic of China
| | - Luigi Vaccaro
- Laboratory of Green Synthetic Organic Chemistry – Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e BiotecnologieUniversità di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto, 8 – 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Minghao Li
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of ChemistryChemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology 1037 Luoyu road, Hongshan District Wuhan 430074 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlong Gu
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of ChemistryChemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology 1037 Luoyu road, Hongshan District Wuhan 430074 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective OxidationLanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Meyer TH, Finger LH, Gandeepan P, Ackermann L. Resource Economy by Metallaelectrocatalysis: Merging Electrochemistry and C H Activation. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
27
|
Ferlin F, Luciani L, Viteritti O, Brunori F, Piermatti O, Santoro S, Vaccaro L. Polarclean as a Sustainable Reaction Medium for the Waste Minimized Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds. Front Chem 2019; 6:659. [PMID: 30761286 PMCID: PMC6362304 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the use of Rhodiasolv© Polarclean as a novel polar aprotic solvent for the synthesis of decorated heterocycles via dipolar cycloaddition (isooxazoles) or intramolecular C–H functionalization processes (benzo-fused chromenes). The use of Polarclean allowed to isolate the final products in good yields by simple solid filtration or liquid-liquid phase separation, avoiding the need for chromatographic purification. Moreover, since in the synthesis of benzo-fused chromenes, the metal catalyst is retained in Polarclean, the catalyst/reaction medium can be easily reused for consecutive reaction runs, without any apparent loss in efficiency. This methodology is associated with a limited waste production. These results extend the applicability of Polarclean as a promising reaction medium for the replacement of toxic petrol-based solvent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferlin
- Laboratory of Green Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Luciani
- Laboratory of Green Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Orlando Viteritti
- Laboratory of Green Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Brunori
- Laboratory of Green Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Oriana Piermatti
- Laboratory of Green Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Santoro
- Laboratory of Green Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigi Vaccaro
- Laboratory of Green Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tabasso S, Gaudino EC, Acciardo E, Manzoli M, Giacomino A, Cravotto G. Microwave-Assisted Dehydrogenative Cross Coupling Reactions in γ-valerolactone with a Reusable Pd/β-cyclodextrin Crosslinked Catalyst. Molecules 2019; 24:E288. [PMID: 30646596 PMCID: PMC6359118 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition-metal mediated C⁻H bond activation and functionalization is one of the most straightforward and powerful tools in modern organic synthetic chemistry. Oxidative C⁻H/C⁻H coupling reactions between two (hetero)arenes under heterogeneous catalysis may be a valuable means for the production of a plethora of bi(hetero)aryls, and one that adheres to the increasing demand for atom-economic and sustainable chemistry. We have therefore developed a reusable heterogeneous catalytic system, which is based on Pd cross-linked β-cyclodextrin, to perform an efficient microwave-assisted oxidative C⁻H/C⁻H cross coupling process between benzothiazoles and methyl thiophene in the presence of green solvents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tabasso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Calcio Gaudino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology and NIS - Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Elisa Acciardo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology and NIS - Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Maela Manzoli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology and NIS - Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Agnese Giacomino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology and NIS - Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Department of Drug Science and Technology and NIS - Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Santoro S, Ferlin F, Ackermann L, Vaccaro L. C-H functionalization reactions under flow conditions. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2767-2782. [PMID: 30942788 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00211h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
C-H functionalization technologies have progressed enormously in the last decade as testified by the great number of publications that have appeared in the literature, which are receiving great attention from researchers from different areas of expertise. While most of the protocols reported realize the C-H functionalization processes under batch conditions, there is a growing interest in the development of continuous-flow procedures aiming at increasing the performances of established methodologies or the definition of otherwise unfeasible transformations. This review summarizes the application of flow technologies for the realization of C-H functionalization reactions. According to the type of flow reactors necessary, two main general approaches are possible for the application of flow techniques, namely the use of homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions. Each example is discussed and accompanied by the description of the main features and benefits of the use of flow compared to batch conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Santoro
- Laboratory of Green S.O.C., Dipartimento di Chimica Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto, 8 - 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gandeepan P, Müller T, Zell D, Cera G, Warratz S, Ackermann L. 3d Transition Metals for C-H Activation. Chem Rev 2018; 119:2192-2452. [PMID: 30480438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1402] [Impact Index Per Article: 233.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
C-H activation has surfaced as an increasingly powerful tool for molecular sciences, with notable applications to material sciences, crop protection, drug discovery, and pharmaceutical industries, among others. Despite major advances, the vast majority of these C-H functionalizations required precious 4d or 5d transition metal catalysts. Given the cost-effective and sustainable nature of earth-abundant first row transition metals, the development of less toxic, inexpensive 3d metal catalysts for C-H activation has gained considerable recent momentum as a significantly more environmentally-benign and economically-attractive alternative. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview on first row transition metal catalysts for C-H activation until summer 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Gandeepan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Daniel Zell
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Gianpiero Cera
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Svenja Warratz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|