1
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Jin D, Sun X, Naina VR, Roesky PW. Diverse Reactions of Formazanate/Formazan with Tetrylenes: Reduction, C-H Bond Activation, Substitution and Addition. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301958. [PMID: 37498231 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of the formazanate potassium salt [LtBu K(thf)] (LtBu= PhNNC(4-t BuPh)NNPh) with the group 14 chlorotetrylenes [{PhC(t BuN)2 }ECl] (E=Si, Ge, Sn) was investigated. Three corresponding compounds with unique configurations were formed, demonstrating the diverse reactivity of the system. In addition to the anticipated salt metathesis reactions of the potassium salt with the chlorine function of tetrylenes, unexpected reduction/insertion steps into the N=N bond of the formazanate (Si, Ge) and subsequent C-H activation (Ge) were also observed. Furthermore, when the neutral formazan ligand [LtBu H] was exposed to silylenes [{PhC(t BuN)2 }SiCl] and [LPh SiNMePy], substitution and addition reactions occurred. These discoveries significantly enrich the diversity of formazanate/formazan redox chemistry, opening up new avenues for exploration in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Jin
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Vanitha R Naina
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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2
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Jin D, Sun X, Roesky PW. Heavy Alkaline–Earth Metal Formazanate Complexes and Their Catalytic Applications. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Da Jin
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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3
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Protasenko NA, Baranov EV, Yakushev IA, Bogomyakov AS, Cherkasov VK. Cobalt(III) Bis-o-semiquinone Complexes with p-Tolyl-Substituted Formazan Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070328422700129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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4
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de Vries F, Otten E. Reversible On/Off Switching of Lactide Cyclopolymerization with a Redox-Active Formazanate Ligand. ACS Catal 2022; 12:4125-4130. [PMID: 35391903 PMCID: PMC8981207 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Redox-switching of
a formazanate zinc catalyst in ring-opening
polymerization (ROP) of lactide is described. Using a redox-active
ligand bound to an inert metal ion (Zn2+) allows modulation
of the catalytic activity by reversible reduction/oxidation chemistry
at a purely organic fragment. A combination of kinetic and spectroscopic
studies, together with mass spectrometry of the catalysis mixture,
provides insight in the nature of the active species and the initiation
of lactide ring-opening polymerization. The mechanistic data highlight
the key role of the redox-active ligand and provide a rationale for
the formation of cyclic polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folkert de Vries
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Otten
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Jin D, Sun X, Hinz A, Roesky PW. Rare-earth metal complexes with redox-active formazanate ligands. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5218-5226. [PMID: 35275153 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00456a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterisation of rare-earth metal complexes with redox-active formazanate ligands are described. Deprotonation of the neutral formazan ligand L1H (L1 = PhNNC(Ph)NNPh) with [Ln{N(SiMe3)2}3] (Ln = Y, Sm, Dy) resulted in homoleptic tris(formazanate) complexes with the general formula [(L1)3Ln] (Ln = Y (1), Sm (2), Dy (3)), in which the central metal atom is coordinated by six N atoms, revealing a propeller-type structure. To generate heteroleptic complexes, a novel formazan ligand L2H (L2 = {PhNNC(4-tBuPh)NNPh}) was employed. Salt metathesis by using the trivalent precursors [SmCp*2(μ-Cl)2K(thf)] (Cp* = η5-C5Me5) or [LnCp2Cl]2 (Cp = η5-C5H5, Ln = Dy, Yb) and [L2K(thf)] formed mono(formazanate) complexes, [L2SmCp*2] (4) and [L2LnCp2] (Ln = Dy (5), Yb (6)), respectively. Unexpectedly, a redox reaction occurred between [L2K(thf)] and the divalent ytterbium precursor, [YbI2(thf)2], generating the trivalent ytterbium complex [(L2)3Yb] (7). When the neutral formazan ligand (L2H) reacted with [SmCp*2(thf)2], the oxidised samarium complex 4 was formed. These novel compounds were fully characterised and their electrochemical properties were explored by cyclic voltammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Jin
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, Geb. 30.45, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, Geb. 30.45, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Alexander Hinz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, Geb. 30.45, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, Geb. 30.45, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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6
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Protasenko NA, Arsenyev MV, Baranov EV, Starikova AA, Bogomyakov AS, Cherkasov VK. Heteroligand o‐Semiquinonato Cobalt Complexes of 3‐Cyano and 3‐Nitroformazans. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Alexeevna Protasenko
- Institut metalloorganičeskoj himii imeni G A Razuvaeva Rossijskoj akademii nauk: FGBUN Institut metalloorganiceskoj himii im G A Razuvaeva Rossijskoj akademii nauk Laboratory of metal complexes with redox-active ligands Tropinina, 49 603137 Nizhny Novgorod RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Maxim V Arsenyev
- Institut metalloorganičeskoj himii imeni G A Razuvaeva Rossijskoj akademii nauk: FGBUN Institut metalloorganiceskoj himii im G A Razuvaeva Rossijskoj akademii nauk Photopolymerization and pollymeric materialc laboratory RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Evgeny V Baranov
- Institut metalloorganičeskoj himii imeni G A Razuvaeva Rossijskoj akademii nauk: FGBUN Institut metalloorganiceskoj himii im G A Razuvaeva Rossijskoj akademii nauk X-ray Diffraction Research Sector RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Alyona A Starikova
- Southern Federal University: Uznyj federal'nyj universitet Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry 194/2 Stachka Avenue 344090 Rostov-on-Don RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Artem S Bogomyakov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS: Mezdunarodnyj tomograficeskij centr SO RAN Laboratory Organic Paramagnetics and Magnetochemistry Institutskaya Street 3a 630090 Novosibirsk RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Vladimir K Cherkasov
- Institut metalloorganičeskoj himii imeni G A Razuvaeva Rossijskoj akademii nauk: FGBUN Institut metalloorganiceskoj himii im G A Razuvaeva Rossijskoj akademii nauk Laboratory of metal complexes with redox-active ligands Tropinina Street 49 603137 Nizhny Novgorod RUSSIAN FEDERATION
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7
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Singh V, Kundu A, SINGH KIRTI, Adhikari D. Redox noninnocence of formazanate ligand applied to catalytic formation of α-ketoamides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6630-6633. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02089k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formazan ligands have been investigated as redox noninnocent backbone for a long time. Despite its well-established behaviour as redox reservoir, demonstration of catalytic efficiency governed by redox noninnocence remains...
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8
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Thenarukandiyil R, Paenurk E, Wong A, Fridman N, Karton A, Carmieli R, Ménard G, Gershoni-Poranne R, de Ruiter G. Extensive Redox Non-Innocence in Iron Bipyridine-Diimine Complexes: a Combined Spectroscopic and Computational Study. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18296-18306. [PMID: 34787414 PMCID: PMC8653161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metal-ligand cooperation is an important aspect in earth-abundant metal catalysis. Utilizing ligands as electron reservoirs to supplement the redox chemistry of the metal has resulted in many new exciting discoveries. Here, we demonstrate that iron bipyridine-diimine (BDI) complexes exhibit an extensive electron-transfer series that spans a total of five oxidation states, ranging from the trication [Fe(BDI)]3+ to the monoanion [Fe(BDI]-1. Structural characterization by X-ray crystallography revealed the multifaceted redox noninnocence of the BDI ligand, while spectroscopic (e.g., 57Fe Mössbauer and EPR spectroscopy) and computational studies were employed to elucidate the electronic structure of the isolated complexes, which are further discussed in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeesh Thenarukandiyil
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion −
Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 3200008 Haifa, Israel
| | - Eno Paenurk
- Laboratorium
für Organische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Wong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Natalia Fridman
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion −
Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 3200008 Haifa, Israel
| | - Amir Karton
- School
of Molecular Science, The University of
Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, 6009 Perth, Australia
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Department
of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 761000, Israel
| | - Gabriel Ménard
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Renana Gershoni-Poranne
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion −
Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 3200008 Haifa, Israel
- Laboratorium
für Organische Chemie, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Graham de Ruiter
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry, Technion −
Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 3200008 Haifa, Israel
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9
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Ar D, Kilpatrick AFR, Cula B, Herwig C, Limberg C. Transformation of Formazanate at Nickel(II) Centers to Give a Singly Reduced Nickel Complex with Azoiminate Radical Ligands and Its Reactivity toward Dioxygen. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:13844-13853. [PMID: 33770441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The heteroleptic (formazanato)nickel bromide complex LNi(μ-Br)2NiL [LH = Mes-NH-N═C(p-tol)-N═N-Mes] has been prepared by deprotonation of LH with NaH followed by reaction with NiBr2(dme). Treatment of this complex with KC8 led to transformation of the formazanate into azoiminate ligands via N-N bond cleavage and the simultaneous release of aniline. At the same time, the potentially resulting intermediate complex L'2Ni [L' = HN═C(p-tol)-N═N-Mes] was reduced by one additional electron, which is delocalized across the π system and the metal center. The resulting reduced complex [L'2Ni]K(18-c-6) has a S = 1/2 ground state and a square-planar structure. It reacts with dioxygen via one-electron oxidation to give the complex L'2Ni, and the formation of superoxide was detected spectroscopically. If oxidizable substrates are present during this process, these are oxygenated/oxidized. Triphenylphosphine is converted to phosphine oxide, and hydrogen atoms are abstracted from TEMPO-H and phenols. In the case of cyclohexene, autoxidations are triggered, leading to the typical radical-chain-derived products of cyclohexene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Ar
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander F R Kilpatrick
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatrice Cula
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Herwig
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Limberg
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Simmons M, Cummings Premack K, Guerra ED, Bohle MJ, Rosadiuk KA, Bohle DS. 2,3,5-Metallotriazoles: Amphoteric Mesoionic Chelates from Nitrosoguanidines. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:9621-9630. [PMID: 34160210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Soluble nitrosoguanidine- and N-methylnitrosoguanidine-based metallotriazole complexes of ruthenium(II) monocarbonyls have been prepared and characterized. Both nitrosoguanidines prove to be strong chelates with the formally π-accepting nitroso nitrogen binding cis to carbon monoxide and a π-donating amide trans to the CO. The resulting ensemble consists of ruthenium examples of 1-metallo-2,3,5-triazoles. The ruthenium coordination sphere is completed by anions, either H-, Cl-, or Ph-, trans to the nitroso group as well as two mutually trans PPh3 groups. The π-donating amide group is formally sp2 hybridized with a planar nitrogen to give a strongly bound five-membered chelating anion. Together, these results illustrate the remarkable potential for the nitrosoguanidinates as a family of new metal chelates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Simmons
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Kayla Cummings Premack
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - E Danae Guerra
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Maeve J Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Kristopher A Rosadiuk
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - D Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada
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11
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Mu G, Jiang C, Teets TS. Dinuclear Complexes of Flexidentate Pyridine-Substituted Formazanate Ligands. Chemistry 2020; 26:11877-11886. [PMID: 32608094 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The utility of flexidentate pyridyl-substituted formazanate ligands for assembling dinuclear coordination complexes with iridium(III) and/or platinum(II) building blocks is demonstrated herein. The dinuclear complexes are prepared either via a stepwise strategy, adding one metal unit at a time, or via one-pot self-assembly. Eight of the new complexes, including both mononuclear precursors and dinuclear products, are structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy, revealing several distinct binding modes of the formazanates. All complexes are characterized by UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The frontier orbitals are primarily localized on the formazanate ligand, and a characteristic, intense formazanate-centered π→π* absorption band is observed in the absorption spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Mu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Lamar Fleming Jr. Building, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Houston, 77204-5003, USA
| | - Chenggang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Lamar Fleming Jr. Building, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Houston, 77204-5003, USA
| | - Thomas S Teets
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Lamar Fleming Jr. Building, 3585 Cullen Blvd., Houston, 77204-5003, USA
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12
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Vinum MG, Voigt L, Hansen SH, Bell C, Clark KM, Larsen RW, Pedersen KS. Ligand field-actuated redox-activity of acetylacetonate. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8267-8272. [PMID: 34094180 PMCID: PMC8163028 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01836h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest for simple ligands that enable multi-electron metal-ligand redox chemistry is driven by a desire to replace noble metals in catalysis and to discover novel chemical reactivity. The vast majority of simple ligand systems display electrochemical potentials impractical for catalytic cycles, illustrating the importance of creating new strategies towards energetically aligned ligand frontier and transition metal d orbitals. We herein demonstrate the ability to chemically control the redox-activity of the ubiquitous acetylacetonate (acac) ligand. By employing the ligand field of high-spin Cr(ii) as a switch, we were able to chemically tailor the occurrence of metal-ligand redox events via simple coordination or decoordination of the labile auxiliary ligands. The mechanism of ligand field actuation can be viewed as a destabilization of the d z 2 orbital relative to the π* LUMO of acac, which proffers a generalizable strategy to synthetically engineer redox-activity with seemingly redox-inactive ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Gotthold Vinum
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800 Denmark
| | - Laura Voigt
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800 Denmark
| | - Steen H Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800 Denmark
| | - Colby Bell
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis Memphis TN USA
| | | | - René Wugt Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800 Denmark
| | - Kasper S Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800 Denmark
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13
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Mu G, Wen Z, Wu JIC, Teets TS. Azo-triazolide bis-cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes via cyclization of 3-cyanodiarylformazanate ligands. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:3775-3785. [PMID: 31774084 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03914g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work we describe the synthesis of sterically encumbered 1,5-diaryl-3-cyanoformazanate bis-cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes, two of which undergo redox-neutral cyclization during the reaction to produce carbon-bound 2-aryl-4-arylazo-2H-1,2,3-triazolide ligands. This transformation offers a method for accessing 2-aryl-4-arylazo-2H-1,2,3-triazolide ligands, a heretofore unreported class of chelating ligands. One formazanate complex and both triazolide complexes are structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, with infrared spectroscopy being the primary bulk technique to distinguish the formazanate and triazolide structures. All complexes are further characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, with the triazolide compounds having similar frontier orbital energies to the formazanate complexes but much less visible absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Mu
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry, 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112, Houston, TX, USA 77204-5003.
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14
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Gilroy JB, Otten E. Formazanate coordination compounds: synthesis, reactivity, and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:85-113. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00676a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic complexes of an emerging class of chelating N-donor ligands, formazanates, offer a unique combination of structurally tunable coordination modes, redox activity, and optoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe B. Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry and The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Edwin Otten
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
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15
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Moseley IP, Lin CY, Zee DZ, Zadrozny JM. Synthesis and magnetic characterization of a dinuclear complex of low-coordinate iron(II). Polyhedron 2020; 175. [PMID: 34092885 DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.114171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Low-coordinate ions possess exciting magnetic, optical, and reactive properties that may afford novel material physics. Hence, it is important to test both synthetic methods for realizing extended solids of such ions as well as the properties of smaller molecular fragments of envisioned future materials. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a new dinuclear Fe species, [{(Me3Si2)2N}Fe{μ-p-{HN(SiMe3)}(C6Me4){N(SiMe3)}}2Fe{N(SiMe3)2}] (1), formed through a transamination reaction between [Fe{N(SiMe3)2}2]2 and the bulky diamine p-{HN(SiMe3)}2(C6Me4) (L). The Fe centers of this dimer assume a pseudo-trigonal-planar, three-coordinate conformation in 1, bridged by two aromatic diamines. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy enable the assignment of both Fe centers as the 2+ oxidation state. Magnetic studies show that 1 displays a weak antiferromagnetic exchange interaction (J = -2.33 cm-1) and moderate zero-field splitting (D = 7.51 cm-1). Importantly, these studies demonstrate the viability of using transamination to bridge high-spin low-coordinate metal ions and hence the technique may, in the future, produce new extended structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian P Moseley
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Ave., Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, United States
| | - Chun-Yi Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Ave., Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, United States
| | - David Z Zee
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, United States
| | - Joseph M Zadrozny
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Ave., Fort Collins, CO 80523-1872, United States
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16
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Dhindsa JS, Melenbacher A, Barbon SM, Stillman MJ, Gilroy JB. Altering the optoelectronic properties of boron difluoride formazanate dyes via conjugation with platinum(ii)-acetylides. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16133-16142. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03417j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The absorption, emission, and electrochemical properties of conjugates of boron difluoride formazanate dyes and Pt(ii)-acetylides are systematically studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasveer S. Dhindsa
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)
| | - Adyn Melenbacher
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Stephanie M. Barbon
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)
| | | | - Joe B. Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR)
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17
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MacLeod KC, DiMucci IM, Zovinka EP, McWilliams SF, Mercado BQ, Lancaster KM, Holland PL. Masked Radicals: Iron Complexes of Trityl, Benzophenone, and Phenylacetylene. Organometallics 2019; 38:4224-4232. [PMID: 34103782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the first Fe─CPh3 complex, and show that the long Fe─C bond can be disrupted by neutral π-acceptor ligands (benzophenone and phenylacetylene) to release the triphenylmethyl radical. The products are formally iron(I) complexes, but X-ray absorption spectroscopy coupled with density functional and multireference ab initio calculations indicates that the best description of all the complexes is iron(II). In the formally iron(I) complexes, this does not imply that the π-acceptor ligand has radical character, because the iron(II) description arises from doubly-occupied frontier molecular orbitals that are shared equitably by the iron and the π-acceptor ligand, and the unpaired electrons lie on the metal. Despite the lack of substantial radical character on the ligands, alkyne and ketone fragments can couple to form a high-spin iron(III) complex with a cyclized metalladihydrofuran core.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Cory MacLeod
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Ida M DiMucci
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca New York 14853
| | - Edward P Zovinka
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Francis University, Loretto, Pennsylvania 15940
| | - Sean F McWilliams
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca New York 14853
| | - Patrick L Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
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18
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Kabir E, Mu G, Momtaz DA, Bryce NA, Teets TS. Formazanate Complexes of Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:11672-11683. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evanta Kabir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Ge Mu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - David A. Momtaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Noah A. Bryce
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Thomas S. Teets
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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19
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Kamphuis AJ, Milocco F, Koiter L, Pescarmona PP, Otten E. Highly Selective Single-Component Formazanate Ferrate(II) Catalysts for the Conversion of CO 2 into Cyclic Carbonates. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:3635-3641. [PMID: 31038791 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of new families of active and selective single-component catalysts based on earth-abundant metal is of interest from a sustainable chemistry perspective. In this context, anionic mono(formazanate) iron(II) complexes bearing labile halide ligands, which possess both Lewis acidic and nucleophilic functionalities, have been developed as novel single-component homogeneous catalysts for the reaction of CO2 with epoxides to produce cyclic carbonates. The influence of the halide ligand and the electronic properties of the formazanate ligand backbone on the catalytic activity are investigated by employing the iron(II) complexes with and without an additional nucleophile. Very high selectivity is achieved towards the formation of the cyclic carbonate products from various terminal and internal epoxides without the need of a cocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeilke J Kamphuis
- Chemical Engineering Group, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Milocco
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk Koiter
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo P Pescarmona
- Chemical Engineering Group, Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Otten
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Kaim W, Lahiri GK. The coordination potential of indigo, anthraquinone and related redox-active dyes. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Jesse KA, Filatov AS, Xie J, Anderson JS. Neocuproine as a Redox-Active Ligand Platform on Iron and Cobalt. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:9057-9066. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate A. Jesse
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Alexander S. Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jiaze Xie
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - John S. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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22
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Moore JT, Chatterjee S, Tarrago M, Clouston LJ, Sproules S, Bill E, Bernales V, Gagliardi L, Ye S, Lancaster KM, Lu CC. Enhanced Fe-Centered Redox Flexibility in Fe-Ti Heterobimetallic Complexes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:6199-6214. [PMID: 30957996 PMCID: PMC6727590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Previously, we reported the synthesis
of Ti[N(o-(NCH2P(iPr)2)C6H4)3] and
the Fe–Ti complex, FeTi[N(o-(NCH2P(iPr)2)C6H4)3], abbreviated as TiL (1), and FeTiL
(2), respectively. Herein, we describe the synthesis
and characterization of the complete redox families of the monometallic
Ti and Fe–Ti compounds. Cyclic voltammetry studies on FeTiL
reveal both reduction and oxidation processes at −2.16 and
−1.36 V (versus Fc/Fc+), respectively. Two isostructural
redox members, [FeTiL]+ and [FeTiL]− (2ox and 2red, respectively)
were synthesized and characterized, along with BrFeTiL (2-Br) and the monometallic [TiL]+ complex (1ox). The solid-state structures of the [FeTiL]+/0/– series feature short metal–metal bonds, ranging from 1.94–2.38
Å, which are all shorter than the sum of the Ti and Fe single-bond
metallic radii (cf. 2.49 Å). To elucidate the bonding and electronic
structures, the complexes were characterized with a host of spectroscopic
methods, including NMR, EPR, and 57Fe Mössbauer,
as well as Ti and Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). These
studies, along with hybrid density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent
DFT calculations, suggest that the redox processes in the isostructural
[FeTiL]+,0,– series are primarily Fe-based and that
the polarized Fe–Ti π-bonds play a role in delocalizing
some of the additional electron density from Fe to Ti (net 13%). An isostructural redox series of Fe≡Ti complexes was investigated
using a combination of spectroscopic methods and density functional
theory to elucidate their electronic structures and to understand
their polarized metal−metal bonding. Overall, the results support
that the redox changes occur primarily at the Fe site though some
electron density is delocalized to Ti. Hence, the Ti plays an important
role in enhancing the redox flexibility of the single Fe site.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Moore
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Sudipta Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca New York 14853 , United States
| | - Maxime Tarrago
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Laura J Clouston
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Stephen Sproules
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , United Kingdom
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion , Stiftstraße 34-36 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Varinia Bernales
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Shengfa Ye
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca New York 14853 , United States
| | - Connie C Lu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
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23
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The chemical and electrochemical reduction of heteroligand o-semiquinonato-formazanato cobalt complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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24
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van der Vlugt JI. Radical-Type Reactivity and Catalysis by Single-Electron Transfer to or from Redox-Active Ligands. Chemistry 2019; 25:2651-2662. [PMID: 30084211 PMCID: PMC6471147 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Controlled ligand-based redox-activity and chemical non-innocence are rapidly gaining importance for selective (catalytic) processes. This Concept aims to provide an overview of the progress regarding ligand-to-substrate single-electron transfer as a relatively new mode of operation to exploit ligand-centered reactivity and catalysis based thereon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarl Ivar van der Vlugt
- Bio-Inspired Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis Groupvan ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamNetherlands
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25
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Van Belois A, Maar RR, Workentin MS, Gilroy JB. Dialkynylborane Complexes of Formazanate Ligands: Synthesis, Electronic Properties, and Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2018; 58:834-843. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Van Belois
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Ryan R. Maar
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mark S. Workentin
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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26
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Kabir E, Patel D, Clark K, Teets TS. Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Properties of Electronically Modified Cycloplatinated Formazanate Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:10906-10917. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evanta Kabir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Dhruti Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Kevin Clark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Thomas S. Teets
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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27
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Milocco F, de Vries F, Dall'Anese A, Rosar V, Zangrando E, Otten E, Milani B. Palladium alkyl complexes with a formazanate ligand: synthesis, structure and reactivity. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:14445-14451. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03130d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of formazanate palladium complexes is reported. Ligand-based redox-reactions and insertions of unsaturated substrates into the Pd–CH3 bond are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Milocco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università di Trieste
- 34127 Trieste
- Italy
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
| | - Folkert de Vries
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università di Trieste
- 34127 Trieste
- Italy
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
| | - Anna Dall'Anese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università di Trieste
- 34127 Trieste
- Italy
| | - Vera Rosar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università di Trieste
- 34127 Trieste
- Italy
| | - Ennio Zangrando
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università di Trieste
- 34127 Trieste
- Italy
| | - Edwin Otten
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Milani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università di Trieste
- 34127 Trieste
- Italy
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