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Tatarin SV, Meshcheriakova EA, Kozyukhin SA, Emets VV, Bezzubov SI. Rational design of efficient photosensitizers based on cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes with 2-arylbenzimidazole and aromatic 1,3-diketone ligands. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:16261-16275. [PMID: 37855226 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02789a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
A judicious selection of substituents in cyclometalating 2-arylbenzimidazoles and an ancillary aromatic 1,3-diketone enabled the creation of heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes demonstrating strong light absorption up to 500 nm (ε ≈ 10 000-12 000 M-1 cm-1). The complexes, which were studied by various spectroscopic techniques, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and cyclic voltammetry, displayed tunable absorption maxima depending on the nature of substituents and their positions. The experimental study was corroborated by quantum chemical calculations, which showed an increased contribution of intraligand charge transfer transitions to the visible light absorption in the case of complexes containing electron-withdrawing substituents in the ligands. Despite being of high intensity, some of these transitions are responsible for the formation of the excited states located at large distances from the 'anchoring' fragment incorporated in the ancillary ligand. In turn, incorporation of electron-donating substituents at the para-position to the Ir-C bonds increases the number of excited states located on the ancillary ligand. The destabilization of the HOMO, which is caused by the increase in the electron-donating ability of the substituents in the metalated rings, translated into negative shifts of the Ir4+/Ir3+ redox potential, affecting, in some cases, the degree of electrochemical reversibility of the complexes. Several complexes having strong light-harvesting characteristics and undergoing reversible oxidation in the appropriate potential range were used for coating the TiO2 photoanodes, which reached an efficiency of 2.15% upon irradiation with the standard AM 1.5 spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Tatarin
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Elizaveta A Meshcheriakova
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills, 1-3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey A Kozyukhin
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Victor V Emets
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Stanislav I Bezzubov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Tatarin SV, Smirnov DE, Taydakov IV, Metlin MT, Emets VV, Bezzubov SI. Tailoring the π-system of benzimidazole ligands towards stable light-harvesting cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:6435-6450. [PMID: 37092600 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00200d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, structure, optical and redox properties as well as photovoltaic studies of iridium(III) complexes with cyclometalated 2-arylbenzimidazoles decorated with various polyaromatic fragments and an ancillary aromatic β-diketone are reported. Despite the strong preference of the iridium(III) ion to form bis- or tris-cyclometalated complexes in which the metal participates in five-membered metallacycles, the cyclometalation of the benzimidazole ligands containing rigid π-extended systems yields dimeric complexes containing strained five- or six-membered metallacycles and allows for generating an extremely rare monocyclometalated complex. X-ray crystallography shows that the steric strain observed in the dimers is retained in heteroleptic diketonate complexes which is also corroborated by gas-phase DFT calculations. While emission maxima and redox potentials of the heteroleptic complexes exhibit just a moderate variation upon the change of the cyclometalated ligands, the extension of the π-system of the benzimidazole ligands give the complexes remarkable light absorption in the visible spectral range, which meets the requirements for application in dye-sensitized solar cells. At the titania photoanodes, these iridium dyes retain their optical properties and exhibit power conversion efficiencies under standard AM 1.5 G conditions comparable to those of other iridium-based sensitizers. These results demonstrate that the size and position of the π-extended fragment in cyclometalated ligands can modulate not only the electronic structure of the corresponding iridium(III) complexes, but also affect their composition, structure and reactivity that may find implications in future design of emerging iridium dyes, emitters and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Tatarin
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Daniil E Smirnov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Ilya V Taydakov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail T Metlin
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2-ya Baumanskaya Str. 5/1, 105005, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor V Emets
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Stanislav I Bezzubov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Zakharov AY, Kovalenko IV, Meshcheriakova EA, Nykhrikova EV, Zharova AO, Kiseleva MA, Kalle P, Tekshina EV, Kozyukhin SA, Emets VV, Bezzubov SI. The Effect of the Ancillary Ligand on Optical and Redox Properties of Cyclometalated Iridium(III) 2,5-Diphenyloxazole Complexes. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070328422700051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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A Panchromatic Cyclometalated Iridium Dye Based on 2-Thienyl-Perimidine. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103201. [PMID: 35630677 PMCID: PMC9143831 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Though 2-arylperimidines have never been used in iridium(III) chemistry, the present study on structural, electronic and optical properties of N-unsubstituted and N-methylated 2-(2-thienyl)perimidines, supported by DFT/TDDFT calculations, has shown that these ligands are promising candidates for construction of light-harvesting iridium(III) complexes. In contrast to N-H perimidine, the N-methylated ligand gave the expected cyclometalated μ-chloro-bridged iridium(III) dimer which was readily converted to a cationic heteroleptic complex with 4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridine. The resulting iridium(III) dye exhibited panchromatic absorption up to 1000 nm and was tested in a dye-sensitized solar cell.
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Bezzubov S, Ermolov K, Gorbunov A, Kalle P, Lentin I, Latyshev G, Kovalev V, Vatsouro I. Inherently dinuclear iridium(III) meso architectures accessed by cyclometalation of calix[4]arene-based bis(aryltriazoles). Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16765-16769. [PMID: 34761791 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03579g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Conventional cyclometalation of calix[4]arene bis(aryltriazoles) with iridium(III) chloride hydrate leads to unique meso architectures in which the Ir2Cl2 core is cross-bound by two (C^N)2 ligands, which allows further replacement of the chloride bridges with ancillary ligands while maintaining the dinuclear structures of the complexes having independent or coupled iridium pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Bezzubov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Kirill Ermolov
- Department of Chemistry M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander Gorbunov
- Department of Chemistry M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Paulina Kalle
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Ivan Lentin
- Department of Chemistry M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Gennadij Latyshev
- Department of Chemistry M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vladimir Kovalev
- Department of Chemistry M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Ivan Vatsouro
- Department of Chemistry M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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Tatarin SV, Kalle P, Taydakov IV, Varaksina EA, Korshunov VM, Bezzubov SI. Sterically hindered phenanthroimidazole ligands drive the structural flexibility and facile ligand exchange in cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:6889-6900. [PMID: 33913992 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00820j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of bis-cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes with 2-arylphenanthroimidazole "antenna" ligands containing electron-donor or withdrawing substituents and a more flexible ancillary aromatic β-diketone bearing the "anchoring" carboxymethyl function has been prepared. Thorough X-ray study of the complexes revealed significant structural strains caused by bulky cyclometalated 2-arylphenanthroimidazoles resulting in dramatic distortions of the iridium octahedron and even in twist of the phenanthrene fragment. The crystal data were corroborated by gas-phase DFT calculations whereby the geometry of the complexes was distorted in the same way. While redox potentials, absorption and emission maxima of the complexes displayed expected change upon the variation of the electron-donating ability of the cyclometalated ligands, the complexes readily exchanged the bidentate ancillary ligand in the presence of a negligible amount of protons that was inspected in solution by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Moreover, after hydrolysis of the carboxymethyl group the resulting complexes readily react with the surface of titanium dioxide giving unique binuclear structures in which the deprotonated carboxy group of the coordinated β-diketonate binds the second bis-cyclometalated unit by forming a four-membered metallacycle. Though the enhanced reactivity of the complexes is contrary to the common idea of the high inertness of iridium(iii) compounds it can be seen as a consequence of the interplay between the steric hindrance induced by the ligands and the strong preference of the iridium(iii) ion for octahedral geometry. This study demonstrates that the use of bulky ligands provides access to light-harvesting iridium(iii) complexes with required extent of lability which may be promising as photocatalysts and biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Tatarin
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia. and Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills, 1-3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Paulina Kalle
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia. and Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills, 1-3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Ilya V Taydakov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia and G.V. Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Per., Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - Evgenia A Varaksina
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladislav M Korshunov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia and Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2-ya Baumanskaya Str. 5/1, 105005, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav I Bezzubov
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Bezzubov SI, Zharinova IS, Khusyainova AA, Kiselev YM, Taydakov IV, Varaksina EA, Metlin MT, Tobohova AS, Korshunov VM, Kozyukhin SA, Dolzhenko VD. Aromatic β‐Diketone as a Novel Anchoring Ligand in Iridium(III) Complexes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav I. Bezzubov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninskii pr. 31 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Irina S. Zharinova
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninskii pr. 31 119991 Moscow Russia
- Department of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State University Lenin's hills 1 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Alfiya A. Khusyainova
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninskii pr. 31 119991 Moscow Russia
- Department of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State University Lenin's hills 1 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Yuri M. Kiselev
- Department of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State University Lenin's hills 1 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Ilya V. Taydakov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences 53 Leninsky Prospect 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Evgenia A. Varaksina
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences 53 Leninsky Prospect 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Mikhail T. Metlin
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences 53 Leninsky Prospect 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Aiyyna S. Tobohova
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences 53 Leninsky Prospect 119991 Moscow Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology State University Institutsky per. 9 141700 Dolgoprudny Moscow Region Russia
| | - Vladislav M. Korshunov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences 53 Leninsky Prospect 119991 Moscow Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University 2‐ya Baumanskaya Str. 5/1 105005 Moscow Russia
| | - Sergei A. Kozyukhin
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninskii pr. 31 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Vladimir D. Dolzhenko
- Department of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State University Lenin's hills 1 119991 Moscow Russia
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky pr. 47 119991 Moscow Russia
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Wolf J, Huber F, Erochok N, Heinen F, Guérin V, Legault CY, Kirsch SF, Huber SM. Aktivierung einer Metall‐Halogen‐Bindung durch Halogenbrücken. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Wolf
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Florian Huber
- Organic ChemistryBergische Universität Wuppertal Gaussstrasse 20 42119 Wuppertal Deutschland
| | - Nikita Erochok
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Flemming Heinen
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Vincent Guérin
- Department of ChemistryUniversité de Sherbrooke 2500 boul. de l'Université Sherbrooke Québec J1K 2R1 Kanada
| | - Claude Y. Legault
- Department of ChemistryUniversité de Sherbrooke 2500 boul. de l'Université Sherbrooke Québec J1K 2R1 Kanada
| | - Stefan F. Kirsch
- Organic ChemistryBergische Universität Wuppertal Gaussstrasse 20 42119 Wuppertal Deutschland
| | - Stefan M. Huber
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
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Wolf J, Huber F, Erochok N, Heinen F, Guérin V, Legault CY, Kirsch SF, Huber SM. Activation of a Metal-Halogen Bond by Halogen Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16496-16500. [PMID: 32472957 PMCID: PMC7540446 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the non-covalent interaction of halogen bonding (XB) has found increasing application in organocatalysis. However, reports of the activation of metal-ligand bonds by XB have so far been limited to a few reactions with elemental iodine or bromine. Herein, we present the activation of metal-halogen bonds by two classes of inert halogen bond donors and the use of the resulting activated complexes in homogenous gold catalysis. The only recently explored class of iodolium derivatives were shown to be effective activators in two test reactions and their activity could be modulated by blocking of the Lewis acidic sites. Bis(benzimidazolium)-based halogen bonding activators provided even more rapid conversion, while the non-iodinated reference compound showed little activity. The role of halogen bonding in the activation of metal-halogen bonds was further investigated by NMR experiments and DFT calculations, which support the mode of activation occurring via halogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Wolf
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Florian Huber
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Nikita Erochok
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Flemming Heinen
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Vincent Guérin
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Claude Y Legault
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Stefan F Kirsch
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaussstrasse 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stefan M Huber
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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Eliseeva AA, Ivanov DM, Novikov AS, Rozhkov AV, Kornyakov IV, Dubovtsev AY, Kukushkin VY. Hexaiododiplatinate(ii) as a useful supramolecular synthon for halogen bond involving crystal engineering. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:356-367. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04221k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
By performing combined XRD and theoretical studies, we established the modes of REWGI⋯I–Pt XBs with [Pt2(μ-I)2I4]2−acting as an XB acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya A. Eliseeva
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- 199034 Saint Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | - Daniil M. Ivanov
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- 199034 Saint Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S. Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- 199034 Saint Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | - Anton V. Rozhkov
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- 199034 Saint Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | - Ilya V. Kornyakov
- Institute of Earth Sciences
- Saint Petersburg State University
- 199034 Saint Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Yu. Dubovtsev
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- 199034 Saint Petersburg
- Russian Federation
| | - Vadim Yu. Kukushkin
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- 199034 Saint Petersburg
- Russian Federation
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds
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