1
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Steinke SJ, Dunbar MN, Amalfi Suarez MA, Turro C. Ru(II) Complexes with Absorption in the Photodynamic Therapy Window: 1O 2 Sensitization, DNA Binding, and Plasmid DNA Photocleavage. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:11450-11458. [PMID: 38823006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Two Ru(II) complexes, [Ru(pydppn)(bim)(py)]2+ [2; pydppn = 3-(pyrid-2'-yl)-4,5,9,16-tetraaza-dibenzo[a,c]naphthacene; bim = 2,2'-bisimidazole; py = pyridine] and [Ru(pydppn)(Me4bim)(py)]2+ [3; Me4bim = 2,2'-bis(4,5-dimethylimidazole)], were synthesized and characterized, and their photophysical properties, DNA binding, and photocleavage were evaluated and compared to [Ru(pydppn)(bpy)(py)]2+ (1; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine). Complexes 2 and 3 exhibit broad 1MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) transitions with maxima at ∼470 nm and shoulders at ∼525 and ∼600 nm that extend to ∼800 nm. These bands are red-shifted relative to those of 1, attributed to the π-donating ability of the bim and Me4bim ligands. A strong signal at 550 nm is observed in the transient absorption spectra of 1-3, previously assigned as arising from a pydppn-centered 3ππ* state, with lifetimes of ∼19 μs for 1 and 2 and ∼270 ns for 3. A number of methods were used to characterize the mode of binding of 1-3 to DNA, including absorption titrations, thermal denaturation, relative viscosity changes, and circular dichroism, all of which point to the intercalation of the pydpppn ligand between the nucleobases. The photocleavage of plasmid pUC19 DNA was observed upon the irradiation of 1-3 with visible and red light, attributed to the sensitized generation of 1O2 by the complexes. These findings indicate that the bim ligand, together with pydppn, serves to shift the absorption of Ru(II) complexes to the photodynamic therapy window, 600-900 nm, and also extend the excited state lifetimes for the efficient production of cytotoxic singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Marilyn N Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - M Agustina Amalfi Suarez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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2
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Cui X, Yuan H, Chen X, Meng Q, Zhang C. Newly Designed Quasi-intrinsic Photosensitizers for Fluorescence Image-Guided Two-Photon Photodynamic Therapy with Type I/II Photoreactions. J Med Chem 2024; 67:8902-8912. [PMID: 38815214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a set of quasi-intrinsic photosensitizers are theoretically proposed based on the 2-amino-8-(1'-β-d-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl)-imidazo[1,2-α]-1,3,5-triazin-4(8H)-one (P), which could pair with the 6-amino-5-nitro-3-(1'-β-d-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl)-2(1H)-pyridone (Z) and keep the essential structural characters of nucleic acid. It is revealed that the ring expansion and electron-donating/electron-withdrawing substitution bring enhanced two-photon absorption and bright photoluminescence of these monomers, thereby facilitating the selective excitation and tumor localization through fluorescence imaging. However, instead of undergoing radiative transition (S1 → S0), the base pairing induced fluorescence quenching and rapid intersystem crossing (S1 → Tn) are observed and characterized by the reduced singlet-triplet energy gaps and large spin-orbit coupling values. To ensure the phototherapeutic properties of the considered base pairs in long-lived T1 state, we examined the vertical electron affinity as well as vertical ionization potential for production of superoxide anions via Type I photoreaction, and their required T1 energy (0.98 eV) to generate singlet oxygen 1O2 via Type II mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Cui
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, P. R. China
| | - Hongxiu Yuan
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, P. R. China
| | - Qingtian Meng
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, P. R. China
| | - Changzhe Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, P. R. China
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3
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Robinette FN, Valentine NP, Sehler KM, Medeck AM, Reynolds KE, Lane SN, Price AN, Cavanaugh IG, Shell SM, Ashford DL. Modulating Excited State Properties and Ligand Ejection Kinetics in Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes Designed to Mimic Photochemotherapeutics. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8426-8439. [PMID: 38662617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes have gained significant interest as photochemotherapeutics (PCTs) due to their synthetic viability, strong light absorption, well understood excited state properties, and high phototoxicity indexes. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, electrochemical, spectrochemical, and preliminary cytotoxicity analyses of three series of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes designed to mimic PCTs. The three series have the general structure of [Ru(bpy)2(N-N)]2+ (Series 1), [Ru(bpy)(dmb)(N-N)]2+ (Series 2), and [Ru(dmb)2(N-N)]2+ (Series 3, where N-N is a bidentate polypyridyl ligand, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, and dmb = 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine). In the three series, the N-N ligand was systematically modified to incorporate increased conjugation and/or electronegative heteroatoms to increase dπ-π* backbonding, red-shifting the lowest energy metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorptions from λmax = 454 to λmax = 580 nm, nearing the therapeutic window for PCTs (600-1100 nm). In addition, steric bulk was systematically introduced through the series, distorting the Ru(II) octahedra, making the dissociative 3dd* state thermally accessible at room and body temperatures. This resulted in a 4 orders of magnitude increase in photoinduced ligand ejection kinetics, and demonstrates the ability to modulate both the MLCT* and dd* manifolds in the complexes, which is critical in PCT drug design. Preliminary cell viability assays suggest that the increased steric bulk to lower the 3dd* states may interfere with the cytotoxicity mechanism, limiting photoinitiated toxicity of the complexes. This work demonstrates the importance of understanding both the MLCT* and dd* manifolds and how they impact the ability of a complex to act as a PCT agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith N Robinette
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Nathaniel P Valentine
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Konrad M Sehler
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Andrew M Medeck
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Keylon E Reynolds
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Skylar N Lane
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Averie N Price
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Ireland G Cavanaugh
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
| | - Steven M Shell
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Virginia College at Wise, Wise, Virginia 24293, United States
| | - Dennis L Ashford
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tusculum University, Greeneville, Greeneville, Tennessee 37745, United States
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4
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Dunbar MN, Steinke SJ, Piechota EJ, Turro C. Differences in Photophysical Properties and Photochemistry of Ru(II)-Terpyridine Complexes of CH 3CN and Pyridine. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:599-610. [PMID: 38227956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
A series of 22 Ru(II) complexes of the type [Ru(tpy)(L)(L')]n+, where tpy is the tridentate ligand 2,2';6,2″-terpyridine, L represents bidentate ligands with varying electron-donating ability, and L' is acetonitrile (1a-11a) or pyridine (1b-11b), were investigated. The dissociation of acetonitrile occurs from the 3MLCT state in 1a-11a, such that it does not require the population of a 3LF state. Electrochemistry and spectroscopic data demonstrate that the ground states of these series do not differ significantly. Franck-Condon line-shape analysis of the 77 K emission data shows no significant differences between the emitting 3MLCT states in both series. Arrhenius analysis of the temperature dependence of 3MLCT lifetimes shows that the energy barrier (Ea) to thermally populating a 3LF state from a lower energy 3MLCT state is significantly higher in the pyridine than in the CH3CN series, consistent with the photostability of complexes 1b-11b, which do not undergo pyridine photodissociation under our experimental conditions. Importantly, these results demonstrate that ligand photodissociation of pyridine in 1b-11b does not take place directly from the 3MLCT state, as is the case for 1a-11a. These findings have potential impact on the rational design of complexes for a number of applications, including photochemotherapy, dye-sensitized solar cells, and photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn N Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sean J Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Eric J Piechota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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5
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Labra-Vázquez P, Mudrak V, Tassé M, Mallet-Ladeira S, Sournia-Saquet A, Malval JP, Lacroix PG, Malfant I. Acetylacetonate Ruthenium Nitrosyls: A Gateway to Nitric Oxide Release in Water under Near-Infrared Excitation by Two-Photon Absorption. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37994054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental challenge for phototriggered therapies is to obtain robust molecular frameworks that can withstand biological media. Photoactivatable nitric oxide (NO) releasing molecules (photoNORMs) based on ruthenium nitrosyl (RuNO) complexes are among the most studied systems due to several appealing features that make them attractive for therapeutic applications. Nevertheless, the propensity of the NO ligand to be attacked by nucleophiles frequently manifests as significant instability in water for this class of photoNORMs. Our approach to overcome this limitation involved enhancing the Ru-NO π-backbonding to lower the electrophilicity at the NO by replacing the commonly employed 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) ligand by an anionic, electron-rich, acetylacetonate (acac). A versatile and convenient synthetic route is developed and applied for the preparation of a large library of RuNO photoNORMs with the general formula [RuNO(tpy)(acac)]2+ (tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine). A combined theoretical and experimental analysis of the Ru-NO bonding in these complexes is presented, supported by extensive single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments and by topological analyses of the electron charge density by DFT. The enhanced π-back-bonding, systematically evidenced by several techniques, resulted in a remarkable stability in water for these complexes, where significant NO release efficiencies were recorded. We finally demonstrate the possibility of obtaining sophisticated water-stable multipolar NO-delivery platforms that can be activated in the near-IR region by two-photon absorption (TPA), as demonstrated for an octupolar complex with a TPA cross section of 1530 GM at λ = 800 nm and for which NO photorelease was demonstrated under TPA irradiation in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Labra-Vázquez
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Vladyslav Mudrak
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Marine Tassé
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Sonia Mallet-Ladeira
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Alix Sournia-Saquet
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Malval
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse CNRS-UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse, France
| | - Pascal G Lacroix
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Malfant
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
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6
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Marras E, Balacchi CJ, Orlandi V, Caruso E, Brivio MF, Bolognese F, Mastore M, Malacarne MC, Rossi M, Caruso F, Vivona V, Ferrario N, Gariboldi MB. Ruthenium(II)-Arene Curcuminoid Complexes as Photosensitizer Agents for Antineoplastic and Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: In Vitro and In Vivo Insights. Molecules 2023; 28:7537. [PMID: 38005258 PMCID: PMC10673066 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an anticancer/antibacterial strategy in which photosensitizers (PSs), light, and molecular oxygen generate reactive oxygen species and induce cell death. PDT presents greater selectivity towards tumor cells than conventional chemotherapy; however, PSs have limitations that have prompted the search for new molecules featuring more favorable chemical-physical characteristics. Curcumin and its derivatives have been used in PDT. However, low water solubility, rapid metabolism, interference with other drugs, and low stability limit curcumin use. Chemical modifications have been proposed to improve curcumin activity, and metal-based PSs, especially ruthenium(II) complexes, have attracted considerable attention. This study aimed to characterize six Ru(II)-arene curcuminoids for anticancer and/or antibacterial PDT. The hydrophilicity, photodegradation rates, and singlet oxygen generation of the compounds were evaluated. The photodynamic effects on human colorectal cancer cell lines were also assessed, along with the ability of the compounds to induce ROS production, apoptotic, necrotic, and/or autophagic cell death. Overall, our encouraging results indicate that the Ru(II)-arene curcuminoid derivatives are worthy of further investigation and could represent an interesting option for cancer PDT. Additionally, the lack of significant in vivo toxicity on the larvae of Galleria mellonella is an important finding. Finally, the photoantimicrobial activity of HCurc I against Gram-positive bacteria is indeed promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Marras
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via JH Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (E.M.); (C.J.B.); (V.O.); (E.C.); (F.B.); (M.C.M.); (V.V.); (N.F.)
| | - Camilla J. Balacchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via JH Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (E.M.); (C.J.B.); (V.O.); (E.C.); (F.B.); (M.C.M.); (V.V.); (N.F.)
| | - Viviana Orlandi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via JH Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (E.M.); (C.J.B.); (V.O.); (E.C.); (F.B.); (M.C.M.); (V.V.); (N.F.)
| | - Enrico Caruso
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via JH Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (E.M.); (C.J.B.); (V.O.); (E.C.); (F.B.); (M.C.M.); (V.V.); (N.F.)
| | - Maurizio F. Brivio
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences (DiSTA), University of Insubria, Via JH Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (M.F.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Fabrizio Bolognese
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via JH Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (E.M.); (C.J.B.); (V.O.); (E.C.); (F.B.); (M.C.M.); (V.V.); (N.F.)
| | - Maristella Mastore
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences (DiSTA), University of Insubria, Via JH Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (M.F.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Miryam C. Malacarne
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via JH Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (E.M.); (C.J.B.); (V.O.); (E.C.); (F.B.); (M.C.M.); (V.V.); (N.F.)
| | - Miriam Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA; (M.R.)
| | - Francesco Caruso
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA; (M.R.)
| | - Veronica Vivona
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via JH Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (E.M.); (C.J.B.); (V.O.); (E.C.); (F.B.); (M.C.M.); (V.V.); (N.F.)
| | - Nicole Ferrario
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via JH Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (E.M.); (C.J.B.); (V.O.); (E.C.); (F.B.); (M.C.M.); (V.V.); (N.F.)
| | - Marzia B. Gariboldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via JH Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy; (E.M.); (C.J.B.); (V.O.); (E.C.); (F.B.); (M.C.M.); (V.V.); (N.F.)
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7
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Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes form a vast family of molecules characterized by their finely tuned photochemical and photophysical properties. Their ability to undergo excited-state deactivation via photosubstitution reactions makes them quite unique in inorganic photochemistry. As a consequence, they have been used, in general, for building dynamic molecular systems responsive to light but, more particularly, in the field of oncology, as prodrugs for a new cancer treatment modality called photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT). Indeed, the ability of a coordination bond to be selectively broken under visible light irradiation offers fascinating perspectives in oncology: it is possible to make poorly toxic agents in the dark that become activated toward cancer cell killing by simple visible light irradiation of the compound inside a tumor. In this Perspective, we review the most important concepts behind the PACT idea, the relationship between ruthenium compounds used for PACT and those used for a related phototherapeutic approach called photodynamic therapy (PDT), and we discuss important questions about real-life applications of PACT in the clinic. We conclude this Perspective with important challenges in the field and an outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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8
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Rapp TL, DeForest CA. Tricolor visible wavelength-selective photodegradable hydrogel biomaterials. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5250. [PMID: 37640707 PMCID: PMC10462736 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40805-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic hydrogel biomaterials have demonstrated great potential for user-triggered therapeutic release, patterned organoid development, and four-dimensional control over advanced cell fates in vitro. Current photosensitive materials are constrained by their reliance on high-energy ultraviolet light (<400 nm) that offers poor tissue penetrance and limits access to the broader visible spectrum. Here, we report a family of three photolabile material crosslinkers that respond rapidly and with unique tricolor wavelength-selectivity to low-energy visible light (400-617 nm). We show that when mixed with multifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) macromolecular precursors, ruthenium polypyridyl- and ortho-nitrobenzyl (oNB)-based crosslinkers yield cytocompatible biomaterials that can undergo spatiotemporally patterned, uniform bulk softening, and multiplexed degradation several centimeters deep through complex tissue. We demonstrate that encapsulated living cells within these photoresponsive gels show high viability and can be successfully recovered from the hydrogels following photodegradation. Moving forward, we anticipate that these advanced material platforms will enable new studies in 3D mechanobiology, controlled drug delivery, and next-generation tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Rapp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Cole A DeForest
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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9
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Prejanò M, Alberto ME, De Simone BC, Marino T, Toscano M, Russo N. Sulphur- and Selenium-for-Oxygen Replacement as a Strategy to Obtain Dual Type I/Type II Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073153. [PMID: 37049916 PMCID: PMC10095929 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect on the photophysical properties of sulfur- and selenium-for-oxygen replacement in the skeleton of the oxo-4-dimethylaminonaphthalimide molecule (DMNP) has been explored at the density functional (DFT) level of theory. Structural parameters, excitation energies, singlet–triplet energy gaps (ΔES-T), and spin–orbit coupling constants (SOC) have been computed. The determined SOCs indicate an enhanced probability of intersystem crossing (ISC) in both the thio- and seleno-derivatives (SDMNP and SeDMNP, respectively) and, consequently, an enhancement of the singlet oxygen quantum yields. Inspection of Type I reactions reveals that the electron transfer mechanisms leading to the generation of superoxide is feasible for all the compounds, suggesting a dual Type I/Type II activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Prejanò
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Marta Erminia Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Bruna Clara De Simone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Marirosa Toscano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
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10
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Oladipupo OE, Prescott MC, Blevins ER, Gray JL, Cameron CG, Qu F, Ward NA, Pierce AL, Collinson ER, Hall JF, Park S, Kim Y, McFarland SA, Fedin I, Papish ET. Ruthenium Complexes with Protic Ligands: Influence of the Position of OH Groups and π Expansion on Luminescence and Photocytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065980. [PMID: 36983054 PMCID: PMC10053956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Protic ruthenium complexes using the dihydroxybipyridine (dhbp) ligand combined with a spectator ligand (N,N = bpy, phen, dop, Bphen) have been studied for their potential activity vs. cancer cells and their photophysical luminescent properties. These complexes vary in the extent of π expansion and the use of proximal (6,6'-dhbp) or distal (4,4'-dhbp) hydroxy groups. Eight complexes are studied herein as the acidic (OH bearing) form, [(N,N)2Ru(n,n'-dhbp)]Cl2, or as the doubly deprotonated (O- bearing) form. Thus, the presence of these two protonation states gives 16 complexes that have been isolated and studied. Complex 7A, [(dop)2Ru(4,4'-dhbp)]Cl2, has been recently synthesized and characterized spectroscopically and by X-ray crystallography. The deprotonated forms of three complexes are also reported herein for the first time. The other complexes studied have been synthesized previously. Three complexes are light-activated and exhibit photocytotoxicity. The log(Do/w) values of the complexes are used herein to correlate photocytotoxicity with improved cellular uptake. For Ru complexes 1-4 bearing the 6,6'-dhbp ligand, photoluminescence studies (all in deaerated acetonitrile) have revealed that steric strain leads to photodissociation which tends to reduce photoluminescent lifetimes and quantum yields in both protonation states. For Ru complexes 5-8 bearing the 4,4'-dhbp ligand, the deprotonated Ru complexes (5B-8B) have low photoluminescent lifetimes and quantum yields due to quenching that is proposed to involve the 3LLCT excited state and charge transfer from the [O2-bpy]2- ligand to the N,N spectator ligand. The protonated OH bearing 4,4'-dhbp Ru complexes (5A-8A) have long luminescence lifetimes which increase with increasing π expansion on the N,N spectator ligand. The Bphen complex, 8A, has the longest lifetime of the series at 3.45 μs and a photoluminescence quantum yield of 18.7%. This Ru complex also exhibits the best photocytotoxicity of the series. A long luminescence lifetime is correlated with greater singlet oxygen quantum yields because the triplet excited state is presumably long-lived enough to interact with 3O2 to yield 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaitan E Oladipupo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Meredith C Prescott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Emily R Blevins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Jessica L Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Fengrui Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Nicholas A Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Abigail L Pierce
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Collinson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - James Fletcher Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Seungjo Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Igor Fedin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Papish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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11
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Meitinger N, Mandal S, Sorsche D, Pannwitz A, Rau S. Red Light Absorption of [Re I(CO) 3(α-diimine)Cl] Complexes through Extension of the 4,4'-Bipyrimidine Ligand's π-System. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041905. [PMID: 36838893 PMCID: PMC9964139 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhenium(I) complexes of type [Re(CO)3(NN)Cl] (NN = α-diimine) with MLCT absorption in the orange-red region of the visible spectrum have been synthesized and fully characterized, including single crystal X-ray diffraction on two complexes. The strong bathochromic shift of MLCT absorption was achieved through extension of the π-system of the electron-poor bidiazine ligand 4,4'-bipyrimidine by the addition of fused phenyl rings, resulting in 4,4'-biquinazoline. Furthermore, upon anionic cyclization of the twisted bidiazine, a new 4N-doped perylene ligand, namely, 1,3,10,12-tetraazaperylene, was obtained. Electrochemical characterization revealed a significant stabilization of the LUMO in this series, with the first reduction of the azaperylene found at E1/2(0/-) = -1.131 V vs. Fc+/Fc, which is the most anodic half-wave potential observed for N-doped perylene derivatives so far. The low LUMO energies were directly correlated to the photophysical properties of the respective complexes, resulting in a strongly red-shifted MLCT absorption band in chloroform with a λmax = 586 nm and high extinction coefficients (ε586nm > 5000 M-1 cm-1) ranging above 700 nm in the case of the tetraazaperylene complex. Such low-energy MLCT absorption is highly unusual for Re(I) α-diimine complexes, for which these bands are typically found in the near UV. The reported 1,3,10,12-tetraazaperylene complex displayed the [Re(CO)3(α-diimine)Cl] complex with the strongest MLCT red shift ever reported. UV-Vis NIR spectroelectrochemical investigations gave further insights into the nature and stability of the reduced states. The electron-poor ligands explored herein open up a new path for designing metal complexes with strongly red-shifted absorption, thus enabling photocatalysis and photomedical applications with low-energy, tissue-penetrating red light in future.
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12
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Zhao X, He S, Chi W, Liu X, Chen P, Sun W, Du J, Fan J, Peng X. An Approach to Developing Cyanines with Upconverted Photosensitive Efficiency Enhancement for Highly Efficient NIR Tumor Phototheranostics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202885. [PMID: 36095253 PMCID: PMC9631065 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Upconverted reactive oxygen species (ROS) photosensitization with one-photon excitation mode is a promising tactic to elongate the excitation wavelengths of photosensitive dyes to near-infrared (NIR) light region without the requirement of coherent high-intensity light sources. However, the photosensitization efficiencies are still finite by the unilateral improvement of excited-state intersystem crossing (ISC) via heavy-atom-effect, since the upconverted efficiency also plays a decisive role in upconverted photosensitization. Herein, a NIR light initiated one-photon upconversion heavy-atom-free small molecule system is reported. The meso-rotatable anthracene in pentamethine cyanine (Cy5) is demonstrated to enrich the populations in high vibrational-rotational energy levels and subsequently improve the hot-band absorption (HBA) efficiency. Moreover, the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) caused by electron donated anthracene can further amplify the triplet yield. Benefiting from the above two aspects, the 1 O2 generation significantly increases with over 2-fold improved performance compared with heavy-atom-modified method under upconverted light excitation, which obtains efficient in vivo phototheranostic results and provides new opportunities for other applications such as photocatalysis and fine chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueze Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsFrontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024P. R. China
| | - Shan He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental MaterialsDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalian116023P. R. China
| | - Weijie Chi
- Fluorescence Research GroupSingapore University of Technology and DesignSingapore487372Singapore
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Fluorescence Research GroupSingapore University of Technology and DesignSingapore487372Singapore
| | - Pengzhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsFrontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024P. R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of TechnologyNingbo315016P. R. China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsFrontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024P. R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of TechnologyNingbo315016P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsFrontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024P. R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of TechnologyNingbo315016P. R. China
| | - Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsFrontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024P. R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of TechnologyNingbo315016P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsFrontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, College of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518057P. R. China
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13
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Jena S, Tulsiyan KD, Kumari A, Das R, Biswal HS. Thiolumazines as Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizers for Applications in Daylight Photodynamic Therapy: Insights from Ultrafast Excited-State Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:6083-6094. [PMID: 35938784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Finding appropriate photosensitizers (PSs) for daylight photodynamic therapy (dPDT) applications is extremely challenging, even though heavy-atom-free photosensitizers (HAFPSs) such as thiocarbonyl-modified nucleobases have shown a ray of hope. Few attempts have been made to find alternative natural products for dPDT applications. Pteridine heterocycles consisting of a pyrazine ring and a pyrimidine ring, such as lumazine, which exhibit many structural similarities to the alloxazine ring of the flavin molecule, could be an option for HAFPSs. The photophysical and quantum mechanical studies of the thio-modified lumazines revealed that sequential thiomodifications in lumazine result in a bathochromic shift. Additionally, higher tissue penetration depths were observed for thiolumazines. The fluorescence quenching in the case of thiomodified lumazines was explained using triplet state formation, whereas the contribution from the photoinduced electron transfer process cannot be ignored. It was also noticed that a strong one-photon absorption influenced the two-photon absorption (TPA) process, leading to a self-focusing effect in the visible spectral region. The higher tissue penetration and larger TPA cross section are the hallmark characteristics of the thiolumazines to be considered as potential HAFPSs for dPDT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhrakant Jena
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Kiran Devi Tulsiyan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Anupa Kumari
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India.,School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ritwick Das
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India.,School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Himansu S Biswal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), PO- Bhimpur-Padanpur, Via-Jatni, District- Khurda, PIN - 752050, Bhubaneswar, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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14
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Chen Q, Cuello-Garibo JA, Bretin L, Zhang L, Ramu V, Aydar Y, Batsiun Y, Bronkhorst S, Husiev Y, Beztsinna N, Chen L, Zhou XQ, Schmidt C, Ott I, Jager MJ, Brouwer AM, Snaar-Jagalska BE, Bonnet S. Photosubstitution in a trisheteroleptic ruthenium complex inhibits conjunctival melanoma growth in a zebrafish orthotopic xenograft model. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6899-6919. [PMID: 35774173 PMCID: PMC9200134 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01646j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo data are rare but essential for establishing the clinical potential of ruthenium-based photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) compounds, a new family of phototherapeutic drugs that are activated via ligand photosubstitution. Here a novel trisheteroleptic ruthenium complex [Ru(dpp)(bpy)(mtmp)](PF6)2 ([2](PF6)2, dpp = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, mtmp = 2-methylthiomethylpyridine) was synthesized and its light-activated anticancer properties were validated in cancer cell monolayers, 3D tumor spheroids, and in embryonic zebrafish cancer models. Upon green light irradiation, the non-toxic mtmp ligand is selectively cleaved off, thereby releasing a phototoxic ruthenium-based photoproduct capable notably of binding to nuclear DNA and triggering DNA damage and apoptosis within 24–48 h. In vitro, fifteen minutes of green light irradiation (21 mW cm−2, 19 J cm−2, 520 nm) were sufficient to generate high phototherapeutic indexes (PI) for this compound in a range of cancer cell lines including lung (A549), prostate (PC3Pro4), conjunctival melanoma (CRMM1, CRMM2, CM2005.1) and uveal melanoma (OMM1, OMM2.5, Mel270) cancer cell lines. The therapeutic potential of [2](PF6)2 was further evaluated in zebrafish embryo ectopic (PC3Pro4) or orthotopic (CRMM1, CRMM2) tumour models. The ectopic model consisted of red fluorescent PC3Pro4-mCherry cells injected intravenously (IV) into zebrafish, that formed perivascular metastatic lesions at the posterior ventral end of caudal hematopoietic tissue (CHT). By contrast, in the orthotopic model, CRMM1- and CRMM2-mCherry cells were injected behind the eye where they developed primary lesions. The maximally-tolerated dose (MTD) of [2](PF6)2 was first determined for three different modes of compound administration: (i) incubating the fish in prodrug-containing water (WA); (ii) injecting the prodrug intravenously (IV) into the fish; or (iii) injecting the prodrug retro-orbitally (RO) into the fish. To test the anticancer efficiency of [2](PF6)2, the embryos were treated 24 h after engraftment at the MTD. Optimally, four consecutive PACT treatments were performed on engrafted embryos using 60 min drug-to-light intervals and 90 min green light irradiation (21 mW cm−2, 114 J cm−2, 520 nm). Most importantly, this PACT protocol was not toxic to the zebrafish. In the ectopic prostate tumour models, where [2](PF6)2 showed the highest photoindex in vitro (PI > 31), the PACT treatment did not significantly diminish the growth of primary lesions, while in both conjunctival melanoma orthotopic tumour models, where [2](PF6)2 showed more modest photoindexes (PI ∼ 9), retro-orbitally administered PACT treatment significantly inhibited growth of the engrafted tumors. Overall, this study represents the first demonstration in zebrafish cancer models of the clinical potential of ruthenium-based PACT, here against conjunctival melanoma. A new tris-heteroleptic photoactivated chemotherapy ruthenium complex induces apoptosis upon green light activation in a zebrafish orthothopic conjunctival melanoma xenograft model.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanchi Chen
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing China.,Institute of Biology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4980
| | - Jordi-Amat Cuello-Garibo
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Ludovic Bretin
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Vadde Ramu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Yasmin Aydar
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4980
| | - Yevhen Batsiun
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Sharon Bronkhorst
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Yurii Husiev
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Nataliia Beztsinna
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Lanpeng Chen
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4980
| | - Xue-Quan Zhou
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Beethovenstrasse 55 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Beethovenstrasse 55 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Martine J Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Albert M Brouwer
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P. O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-527-4260
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15
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Roque Iii JA, Cole HD, Barrett PC, Lifshits LM, Hodges RO, Kim S, Deep G, Francés-Monerris A, Alberto ME, Cameron CG, McFarland SA. Intraligand Excited States Turn a Ruthenium Oligothiophene Complex into a Light-Triggered Ubertoxin with Anticancer Effects in Extreme Hypoxia. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8317-8336. [PMID: 35482975 PMCID: PMC9098688 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ru(II) complexes that undergo photosubstitution reactions from triplet metal-centered (3MC) excited states are of interest in photochemotherapy (PCT) due to their potential to produce cytotoxic effects in hypoxia. Dual-action systems that incorporate this stoichiometric mode to complement the oxygen-dependent photosensitization pathways that define photodynamic therapy (PDT) are poised to maintain antitumor activity regardless of the oxygenation status. Herein, we examine the way in which these two pathways influence photocytotoxicity in normoxia and in hypoxia using the [Ru(dmp)2(IP-nT)]2+ series (where dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline and IP-nT = imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline tethered to n = 0-4 thiophene rings) to switch the dominant excited state from the metal-based 3MC state in the case of Ru-phen-Ru-1T to the ligand-based 3ILCT state for Ru-3T and Ru-4T. Ru-phen-Ru-1T, having dominant 3MC states and the largest photosubstitution quantum yields, are inactive in both normoxia and hypoxia. Ru-3T and Ru-4T, with dominant 3IL/3ILCT states and long triplet lifetimes (τTA = 20-25 μs), have the poorest photosubstitution quantum yields, yet are extremely active. In the best instances, Ru-4T exhibit attomolar phototoxicity toward SKMEL28 cells in normoxia and picomolar in hypoxia, with phototherapeutic index values in normoxia of 105-1012 and 103-106 in hypoxia. While maximizing excited-state deactivation through photodissociative 3MC states did not result in bonafide dual-action PDT/PCT agents, the study has produced the most potent photosensitizer we know of to date. The extraordinary photosensitizing capacity of Ru-3T and Ru-4T may stem from a combination of very efficient 1O2 production and possibly complementary type I pathways via 3ILCT excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Roque Iii
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Houston D Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Patrick C Barrett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Liubov M Lifshits
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Rachel O Hodges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Susy Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | | | - Marta E Alberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende 87036, Italy
| | - Colin G Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
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16
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Toupin N, Herroon MK, Thummel RP, Turro C, Podgorski I, Gibson H, Kodanko JJ. Metalloimmunotherapy with Rhodium and Ruthenium Complexes: Targeting Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104430. [PMID: 35235227 PMCID: PMC9541094 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) suppress the cancer immune response and are a key target for immunotherapy. The effects of ruthenium and rhodium complexes on TAMs have not been well characterized. To address this gap in the field, a panel of 22 dirhodium and ruthenium complexes were screened against three subtypes of macrophages, triple-negative breast cancer and normal breast tissue cells. Experiments were carried out in 2D and biomimetic 3D co-culture experiments with and without irradiation with blue light. Leads were identified with cell-type-specific toxicity toward macrophage subtypes, cancer cells, or both. Experiments with 3D spheroids revealed complexes that sensitized the tumor models to the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin. Cell surface exposure of calreticulin, a known facilitator of immunogenic cell death (ICD), was increased upon treatment, along with a concomitant reduction in the M2-subtype classifier arginase. Our findings lay a strong foundation for the future development of ruthenium- and rhodium-based chemotherapies targeting TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Toupin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Mackenzie K Herroon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Randolph P Thummel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Heather Gibson
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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17
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Papish ET, Oladipupo OE. Factors that influence singlet oxygen formation vs. ligand substitution for light-activated ruthenium anticancer compounds. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 68:102143. [PMID: 35483128 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on light-activated ruthenium anticancer compounds and the factors that influence which pathway is favored. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is favored by π expansion and the presence of low-lying triplet excited states (e.g. 3MLCT, 3IL). Photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) refers to light-driven ligand dissociation to give a toxic metal complex or a toxic ligand upon photo substitution. This process is driven by steric bulk near the metal center and weak metal-ligand bonds to create a low-energy 3MC state with antibonding character. With protic dihydroxybipyridine ligands, ligand charge can play a key role in these processes, with a more electron-rich deprotonated ligand favoring PDT and an electron-poor protonated ligand favoring PACT in several cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Papish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Olaitan E Oladipupo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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18
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Oladipupo O, Brown SR, Lamb RW, Gray JL, Cameron CG, DeRegnaucourt AR, Ward NA, Hall JF, Xu Y, Petersen CM, Qu F, Shrestha AB, Thompson MK, Bonizzoni M, Webster CE, McFarland SA, Kim Y, Papish ET. Light-responsive and Protic Ruthenium Compounds Bearing Bathophenanthroline and Dihydroxybipyridine Ligands Achieve Nanomolar Toxicity towards Breast Cancer Cells. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:102-116. [PMID: 34411308 PMCID: PMC8810589 DOI: 10.1111/php.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report new ruthenium complexes bearing the lipophilic bathophenanthroline (BPhen) ligand and dihydroxybipyridine (dhbp) ligands which differ in the placement of the OH groups ([(BPhen)2 Ru(n,n'-dhbp)]Cl2 with n = 6 and 4 in 1A and 2A , respectively). Full characterization data are reported for 1A and 2A and single crystal X-ray diffraction for 1A . Both 1A and 2A are diprotic acids. We have studied 1A , 1B , 2A , and 2B (B = deprotonated forms) by UV-vis spectroscopy and 1 photodissociates, but 2 is light stable. Luminescence studies reveal that the basic forms have lower energy 3 MLCT states relative to the acidic forms. Complexes 1A and 2A produce singlet oxygen with quantum yields of 0.05 and 0.68, respectively, in acetonitrile. Complexes 1 and 2 are both photocytotoxic toward breast cancer cells, with complex 2 showing EC50 light values as low as 0.50 μM with PI values as high as >200 vs. MCF7. Computational studies were used to predict the energies of the 3 MLCT and 3 MC states. An inaccessible 3 MC state for 2B suggests a rationale for why photodissociation does not occur with the 4,4'-dhbp ligand. Low dark toxicity combined with an accessible 3 MLCT state for 1 O2 generation explains the excellent photocytotoxicity of 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaitan Oladipupo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Spenser R. Brown
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Robert W. Lamb
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Jessica L. Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Colin G. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Alexa R. DeRegnaucourt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - James Fletcher Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yifei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Courtney M. Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Fengrui Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Ambar B. Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Matthew K. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Marco Bonizzoni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Charles Edwin Webster
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.,Corresponding Authors’: (Charles Edwin Webster), (Sherri A. McFarland), (Yonghyun Kim), (Elizabeth T. Papish)
| | - Sherri A. McFarland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.,Corresponding Authors’: (Charles Edwin Webster), (Sherri A. McFarland), (Yonghyun Kim), (Elizabeth T. Papish)
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.,Corresponding Authors’: (Charles Edwin Webster), (Sherri A. McFarland), (Yonghyun Kim), (Elizabeth T. Papish)
| | - Elizabeth T. Papish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.,Corresponding Authors’: (Charles Edwin Webster), (Sherri A. McFarland), (Yonghyun Kim), (Elizabeth T. Papish)
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19
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Steinke SJ, Gupta S, Piechota EJ, Moore CE, Kodanko JJ, Turro C. Photocytotoxicity and photoinduced phosphine ligand exchange in a Ru(ii) polypyridyl complex. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1933-1945. [PMID: 35308843 PMCID: PMC8848995 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05647f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new tris-heteroleptic Ru(ii) complexes with triphenylphosphine (PPh3) coordination, cis-[Ru(phen)2(PPh3)(CH3CN)]2+ (1a, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) and cis-[Ru(biq)(phen)(PPh3)(CH3CN)]2+ (2a, biq = 2,2′-biquinoline), were synthesized and characterized for photochemotherapeutic applications. Upon absorption of visible light, 1a exchanges a CH3CN ligand for a solvent water molecule. Surprisingly, the steady-state irradiation of 2a followed by electronic absorption and NMR spectroscopies reveals the photosubstitution of the PPh3 ligand. Phosphine photoinduced ligand exchange with visible light from a Ru(ii) polypyridyl complex has not previously been reported, and calculations reveal that it results from a trans-type influence in the excited state. Complexes 1a and 2a are not toxic against the triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 in the dark, but upon irradiation with blue light, the activity of both complexes increases by factors of >4.2 and 5.8, respectively. Experiments with PPh3 alone show that the phototoxicity observed for 2a does not arise from the released phosphine ligand, indicating the role of the photochemically generated ruthenium aqua complex on the biological activity. These complexes represent a new design motif for the selective release of PPh3 and CH3CN for use in photochemotherapy. New Ru(ii) complexes exhibit selective ligand dissociation driven by an excited state trans-type influence. The complexes are not toxic to triple-negative breast cancer cells in the dark, but induce cell death upon irradiation with visible light.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J. Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Sayak Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48208, United States
| | - Eric J. Piechota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
| | - Jeremy J. Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48208, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States
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20
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Gupta S, Vandevord JM, Loftus LM, Toupin N, Al-Afyouni MH, Rohrabaugh TN, Turro C, Kodanko JJ. Ru(II)-Based Acetylacetonate Complexes Induce Apoptosis Selectively in Cancer Cells. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18964-18974. [PMID: 34846875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, chemical and biological characterization of seven Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes containing acetylacetonate (acac) ligands are reported. Electronic absorption spectra were determined and electrochemical potentials consistent with Ru(III/II) couples ranging from +0.60 to +0.73 V vs Ag/AgCl were measured. A series of complexes were screened against MDA-MB-231, DU-145, and MCF-10A cell lines to evaluate their cytotoxicities in cancer and normal cell lines. Although most complexes were either nontoxic or equipotent in cancer cells and normal cell lines, compound 1, [Ru(dpqy)(acac)(py)](PF6), where dqpy is 2,6-di(quinolin-2-yl)pyridine, showed up to 2.5:1.0 selectivity for cancer as compared to normal cells, along with nanomolar EC50 values in MDA-MB-231 cells. Lipophilicity, determined as the octanol/water partition coefficient, log Po/w, ranged from -0.33 (0.06) to 1.15 (0.10) for the complexes. Although cytotoxicity was not correlated with electrochemical potentials, a moderate linear correlation between lipophilicity and toxicities was observed. Cell death mechanism studies indicated that several of the Ru-acac compounds, including 1, induce apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayak Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Jessica M Vandevord
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lauren M Loftus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Nicholas Toupin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Malik H Al-Afyouni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Thomas N Rohrabaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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21
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Toupin NP, Steinke SJ, Herroon MK, Podgorski I, Turro C, Kodanko JJ. Unlocking the Potential of Ru(II) Dual-action Compounds with the Power of the Heavy-atom Effect. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:378-388. [PMID: 34866185 DOI: 10.1111/php.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, photochemical and biological characterization of two new Ru(II) photoactivated complexes based on [Ru(tpy)(Me2 bpy)(L)]2+ (tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine, Me2 bpy = 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine), where L = pyridyl-BODIPY (pyBOD). Two pyBOD ligands were prepared bearing flanking hydrogen or iodine atoms. Ru(II)-bound BODIPY dyes show a red-shift of absorption maxima relative to the free dyes and undergo photodissociation of BODIPY ligands with green light irradiation. Addition of iodine into the BODIPY ligand facilitates intersystem crossing, which leads to efficient singlet oxygen production in the free dye, but also enhances quantum yield of release of the BODIPY ligand from Ru(II). This represents the first report of a strategy to enhance photodissociation quantum yields through the heavy-atom effect in Ru(II) complexes. Furthermore, Ru(II)-bound BODIPY dyes display fluorescence turn-on once released, with a lead analog showing nanomolar EC50 values against triple negative breast cancer cells, >100-fold phototherapeutic indexes under green light irradiation, and higher selectivity toward cancer cells as compared to normal cells than the corresponding free BODIPY photosensitizer. Conventional Ru(II) photoactivated complexes require nonbiorthogonal blue light for activation and rarely show submicromolar potency to achieve cell death. Our study represents an avenue for the improved photochemistry and potency of future Ru(II) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean J Steinke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Mackenzie K Herroon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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22
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Boota RZ, Hardman SJO, Ashton GP, Rice CR, Scattergood PA, Elliott PIP. Photochemistry of Heteroleptic 1,4,5,8-Tetraazaphenanthrene- and Bi-1,2,3-triazolyl-Containing Ruthenium(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15768-15781. [PMID: 34612633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diimine metal complexes have significant relevance in the development of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) applications. In particular, complexes of the TAP ligand (1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene) are known to lead to photoinduced oxidation of DNA, while TAP- and triazole-based complexes are also known to undergo photochemical ligand release processes relevant to PACT. The photophysical and photochemical properties of heteroleptic complexes [Ru(TAP)n(btz)3-n]2+ (btz = 1,1'-dibenzyl-4,4'-bi-1,2,3-triazolyl, n = 1 (1), 2 (2)) have been explored. Upon irradiation in acetonitrile, 1 displays analogous photochemistry to that previously observed for [Ru(bpy)(btz)2]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridyl) and generates trans-[Ru(TAP)(btz)(NCMe)2]2+ (5), which has been crystallographically characterized, with the observation of the ligand-loss intermediate trans-[Ru(TAP)(κ2-btz)(κ1-btz)(NCMe)]2+ (4). Complex 2 displays more complicated photochemical behavior with not only preferential photorelease of btz to form cis-[Ru(TAP)2(NCMe)2]2+ (6) but also competitive photorelease of TAP to form 5. Free TAP is then taken up by 6 to form [Ru(TAP)3]2+ (3) with the proportion of 5 and 3 observed to progressively increase during prolonged photolysis. Data suggest a complex set of reversible photochemical ligand scrambling processes in which 2 and 3 are interconverted. Computational DFT calculations have enabled optimization of geometries of the pro-trans 3MCcis states with repelled btz or TAP ligands crucial for the formation of 5 from 1 and 2, respectively, lending weight to recent evidence that such 3MCcis states play an important mechanistic role in the rich photoreactivity of Ru(II) diimine complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayhaan Z Boota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Samantha J O Hardman
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Gage P Ashton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Craig R Rice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Paul A Scattergood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Paul I P Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
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23
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Lanquist AP, Gupta S, Al-Afyouni KF, Al-Afyouni M, Kodanko JJ, Turro C. Trifluoromethyl substitution enhances photoinduced activity against breast cancer cells but reduces ligand exchange in Ru(ii) complex. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12056-12067. [PMID: 34667571 PMCID: PMC8457392 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03213e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of five ruthenium complexes containing triphenyl phosphine groups known to enhance both cellular penetration and photoinduced ligand exchange, cis-[Ru(bpy)2(P(p-R-Ph)3)(CH3CN)]2+, where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and P(p-R-Ph)3 represent para-substituted triphenylphosphine ligands with R = -OCH3 (1), -CH3 (2) -H (3), -F (4), and -CF3 (5), were synthesized and characterized. The photolysis of 1-5 in water with visible light (λ irr ≥ 395 nm) results in the substitution of the coordinated acetonitrile with a solvent molecule, generating the corresponding aqua complex as the single photoproduct. A 3-fold variation in quantum yield was measured with 400 nm irradiation, Φ 400, where 1 is the most efficient with a Φ 400 = 0.076(2), and 5 the least photoactive complex, with Φ 400 = 0.026(2). This trend is unexpected based on the red-shifted metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorption of 1 as compared to that of 5, but can be correlated to the substituent Hammett para parameters and pK a values of the ancillary phosphine ligands. Complexes 1-5 are not toxic towards the triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 in the dark, but 3 and 5 are >4.2 and >19-fold more cytotoxic upon irradiation with blue light, respectively. A number of experiments point to apoptosis, and not to necrosis or necroptosis, as the mechanism of cell death by 5 upon irradiation. These findings provide a foundation for understanding the role of phosphine ligands on photoinduced ligand substitution and show the enhancement afforded by -CF3 groups on photochemotherapy, which will aid the future design of photocages for photochemotherapeutic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin P Lanquist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Sayak Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University Detroit MI 48208 USA
| | - Kathlyn F Al-Afyouni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Malik Al-Afyouni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University Detroit MI 48208 USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
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24
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Ryan RT, Havrylyuk D, Stevens KC, Moore LH, Parkin S, Blackburn JS, Heidary DK, Selegue JP, Glazer EC. Biological Investigations of Ru(II) Complexes With Diverse β-diketone Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021; 2021:3611-3621. [PMID: 34539235 PMCID: PMC8447810 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The β-diketone scaffold is a commonly used synthetic intermediate, and is a functional group found in natural products such as curcuminoids. This core structure can also act as a chelating ligand for a variety of metals. In order to assess the potential of this scaffold for medicinal inorganic chemistry, seven different κ2-O,O'-chelating ligands were used to construct Ru(II) complexes with polypyridyl co-ligands, and their biological activity was evaluated. The complexes demonstrated promising structure-dependent cytotoxicity. Three complexes maintained high activity in a tumor spheroid model, and all complexes demonstrated low in vivo toxicity in a zebrafish model. From this series, the best compound exhibited a ~ 30-fold window between cytotoxicity in a 3-D tumor spheroid model and potential in vivo toxicity. These results suggest that κ2-O,O'-ligands can be incorporated into Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes to create favorable candidates for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael T Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Dmytro Havrylyuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Kimberly C Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - L Henry Moore
- University of Kentucky, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Jessica S Blackburn
- University of Kentucky, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - David K Heidary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - John P Selegue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
| | - Edith C Glazer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA
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25
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Zhao X, Liu J, Fan J, Chao H, Peng X. Recent progress in photosensitizers for overcoming the challenges of photodynamic therapy: from molecular design to application. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4185-4219. [PMID: 33527104 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00173b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a therapeutic mode involving light triggering, has been recognized as an attractive oncotherapy treatment. However, nonnegligible challenges remain for its further clinical use, including finite tumor suppression, poor tumor targeting, and limited therapeutic depth. The photosensitizer (PS), being the most important element of PDT, plays a decisive role in PDT treatment. This review summarizes recent progress made in the development of PSs for overcoming the above challenges. This progress has included PSs developed to display enhanced tolerance of the tumor microenvironment, improved tumor-specific selectivity, and feasibility of use in deep tissue. Based on their molecular photophysical properties and design directions, the PSs are classified by parent structures, which are discussed in detail from the molecular design to application. Finally, a brief summary of current strategies for designing PSs and future perspectives are also presented. We expect the information provided in this review to spur the further design of PSs and the clinical development of PDT-mediated cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueze Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China.
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26
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Abstract
More than four decades have passed since the first example of a light-activated (caged) compound was described. In the intervening years, a large number of light-responsive derivatives have been reported, several of which have found utility under a variety of in vitro conditions using cells and tissues. Light-triggered bioactivity furnishes spatial and temporal control, and offers the possibility of precision dosing and orthogonal communication with different biomolecules. These inherent attributes of light have been advocated as advantageous for the delivery and/or activation of drugs at diseased sites for a variety of indications. However, the tissue penetrance of light is profoundly wavelength-dependent. Only recently have phototherapeutics that are photoresponsive in the optical window of tissue (600-900 nm) been described. This Review highlights these recent discoveries, along with their limitations and clinical opportunities. In addition, we describe preliminary in vivo studies of prospective phototherapeutics, with an emphasis on the path that remains to be navigated in order to translate light-activated drugs into clinically useful therapeutics. Finally, the unique attributes of phototherapeutics is highlighted by discussing several potential disease applications.
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27
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Weinstain R, Slanina T, Kand D, Klán P. Visible-to-NIR-Light Activated Release: From Small Molecules to Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13135-13272. [PMID: 33125209 PMCID: PMC7833475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivatable (alternatively, photoremovable, photoreleasable, or photocleavable) protecting groups (PPGs), also known as caged or photocaged compounds, are used to enable non-invasive spatiotemporal photochemical control over the release of species of interest. Recent years have seen the development of PPGs activatable by biologically and chemically benign visible and near-infrared (NIR) light. These long-wavelength-absorbing moieties expand the applicability of this powerful method and its accessibility to non-specialist users. This review comprehensively covers organic and transition metal-containing photoactivatable compounds (complexes) that absorb in the visible- and NIR-range to release various leaving groups and gasotransmitters (carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide). The text also covers visible- and NIR-light-induced photosensitized release using molecular sensitizers, quantum dots, and upconversion and second-harmonic nanoparticles, as well as release via photodynamic (photooxygenation by singlet oxygen) and photothermal effects. Release from photoactivatable polymers, micelles, vesicles, and photoswitches, along with the related emerging field of photopharmacology, is discussed at the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Weinstain
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Tomáš Slanina
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dnyaneshwar Kand
- School
of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Petr Klán
- Department
of Chemistry and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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28
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Meijer M, Natile MM, Bonnet S. 796 nm Activation of a Photocleavable Ruthenium(II) Complex Conjugated to an Upconverting Nanoparticle through Two Phosphonate Groups. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14807-14818. [PMID: 32167752 PMCID: PMC7581297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The biological application of photoactivatable ruthenium anticancer prodrugs is limited by the need to use poorly penetrating high-energy visible light for their activation. Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs), which produce high-energy light under near-infrared (NIR) excitation, can solve this issue, provided that they form stable, water (H2O)-dispersible nanoconjugates with the prodrug and that there is efficient energy transfer from the UCNP to the ruthenium complex. Herein, we report on the synthesis and photochemistry of the ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complex [Ru(bpy)2(3H)](PF6)2 ([1](PF6)2), where bpy = 2,2-bipyridine and 3H is a photocleavable bis(thioether) ligand modified with two phosphonate moieties. This ligand was coordinated to the ruthenium center through its thioether groups and could be dissociated under blue-light irradiation. Complex [1](PF6)2 was bound to the surface of NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+@NaYF4:Nd3+@NaYF4 core-shell-shell (CSS-)UCNPs through its bis(phosphonate) group, thereby creating a H2O-dispersible, thermally stable nanoconjugate (CSS-UCNP@[1]). Conjugation to the nanoparticle surface was found to be most efficient in neutral to slightly basic conditions, resulting in up to 2.4 × 103 RuII ions per UCNP. The incorporation of a neodymium-doped shell layer allowed for the generation of blue light using low-energy, deep-penetrating light (796 nm). This wavelength prevents the undesired heating seen with conventional UCNPs activated at 980 nm. Irradiation of CSS-UCNP@[1] with NIR light led to activation of the ruthenium complex [1](PF6)2. Although only one of the two thioether groups was dissociated under irradiation at 50 W·cm-2, we provide the first demonstration of the photoactivation of a ruthenium thioether complex using 796 nm irradiation of a H2O-dispersible nanoconjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
S. Meijer
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marta M. Natile
- Institute
of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, National
Research Council (CNR), Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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29
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Ryan RT, Havrylyuk D, Stevens KC, Moore LH, Kim DY, Blackburn JS, Heidary DK, Selegue JP, Glazer EC. Avobenzone incorporation in a diverse range of Ru(II) scaffolds produces potent potential antineoplastic agents. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:12161-12167. [PMID: 32845256 PMCID: PMC8607750 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02016h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Four structurally distinct classes of polypyridyl ruthenium complexes containing avobenzone exhibited low micromolar and submicromolar potencies in cancer cells, and were up to 273-fold more active than the parent ligand. Visible light irradiation enhanced the cytotoxicity of some complexes, making them promising candidates for combined chemo-photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael T Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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30
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Loftus LM, Rack JJ, Turro C. Photoinduced ligand dissociation follows reverse energy gap law: nitrile photodissociation from low energy 3MLCT excited states. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4070-4073. [PMID: 32159547 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc10095d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of Ru(ii)-terpyridine complexes containing electron-donating bidentate ligands are able to effectively photodissociate nitrile ligands using red light. A spectroscopic investigation of these complexes reveal that they follow anti-energy gap law behavior, providing further evidence that population of 3LF excited states is not necessary for photoinduced nitrile dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Loftus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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31
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Saha S, Peña B, Dunbar KR. Partially Solvated Dinuclear Ruthenium Compounds Bridged by Quinoxaline-Functionalized Ligands as Ru(II) Photocage Architectures for Low-Energy Light Absorption. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:14568-14576. [PMID: 31647230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium compounds with coordinated photolabile molecules that can be selectively released by irradiation with a visible light source are finding increasing applications in photoactivated chemotherapy (PCT) as photocages. Earlier photocages based on mononuclear Ru(II) compounds lack absorption in the therapeutic window (λ > 600 nm). In previous work, we synthesized the first partially solvated tppz bridged (tppz= 2,3,5,6-tetrakis(pyridin-2-yl)pyrazine) dinuclear Ru(II) complex capable of photoinduced ligand exchange at both metal centers. To further explore the effect of the bridging ligand on Ru(II) photocage design, we used quinoxaline-functionalized bridging ligand platforms to prepare [{RuII(NCCH3)4}2(μ-BL)](PF6)4[BL = dpq, 2,3-di(pyridin-2-yl)quinoxaline (1); BL = dpb, 2,3-di(pyridin-2-yl)benzo[g]quinoxaline (2)]. The compounds are capable of absorbing green light with tails extending beyond 650 nm which can be exploited for applications as PCT agents. Experimental results were additionally verified by DFT calculations. The use of two Ru(II) centers equipped with quinoxaline-based bridging ligands is a promising design strategy for the synthesis of a new family of dinuclear Ru(II) photocage prototypes with the ability to absorb low-energy visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Saha
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77842 , United States
| | - Bruno Peña
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77842 , United States
| | - Kim R Dunbar
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77842 , United States
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Meijer MS, Bonnet S. Diastereoselective Synthesis and Two-Step Photocleavage of Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes Bearing a Bis(thioether) Ligand. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:11689-11698. [PMID: 31433170 PMCID: PMC6724527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
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Thioethers are good
ligands for photoactivatable ruthenium(II)
polypyridyl complexes, as they form thermally stable complexes that
are prone to ligand photosubstitution. Here, we introduce a novel
symmetric chelating bis(thioether) ligand scaffold, based on 1,3-bis(methylthio)-2-propanol
(4) and report the synthesis and stereochemical characterization
of the series of novel ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes [Ru(bpy)2(L)](PF6)2 ([1]–[3](PF6)2), where L is ligand 4, its methyl ether, 1,3-bis(methylthio)-2-methoxypropane (5), or its carboxymethyl ether, 1,3-bis(methylthio)-2-(carboxymethoxy)propane
(6). Coordination of ligands 4–6 to the bis(bipyridine)ruthenium center gives rise to 16
possible isomers, consisting of 8 possible Λ diastereoisomers
and their Δ enantiomers. We found that the synthesis of [1]–[3](PF6)2 is
diastereoselective, yielding a racemic mixture of the Λ-(S)-eq-(S)-ax-OHeq-[Ru]2+ and Δ-(R)-ax-(R)-eq-OHeq-[Ru]2+ isomers. Upon
irradiation with blue light in water, [1]–[3](PF6)2 selectively substitute their
bis(thioether) ligands for water molecules in a two-step photoreaction,
ultimately producing [Ru(bpy)2(H2O)2]2+ as the photoproduct. The relatively stable photochemical
intermediate was identified as cis-[Ru(bpy)2(κ1-L)(H2O)]2+ by mass spectrometry.
Global fitting of the time evolution of the UV–vis absorption
spectra of [1]–[3](PF6)2 was employed to derive the photosubstitution quantum
yields (Φ443) for each of the two photochemical reaction
steps separately, revealing very high quantum yields of 0.16–0.25
for the first step and lower values (0.0055–0.0093) for the
second step of the photoreaction. The selective and efficient photochemical
reaction makes the photocleavable bis(thioether) ligand scaffold reported
here a promising candidate for use in e.g. ruthenium-based photo-activated
chemotherapy. Thioethers are excellent photocleavable ligands for ruthenium(II)
polypyridyl complexes but may lead to the formation of several stereoisomers
when they are present in bidentate ligands. Here, a chelating bis(thioether)
ligand was found to coordinate to Ru(II) diastereoselectively, in
spite of the four chiral centers of the resulting complex. Photosubstitution
of this bis(thioether) ligand in water occurs via a selective, two-step
process that involves a relatively stable mono(aqua) intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Meijer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
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Zhao J, Liu N, Sun S, Gou S, Wang X, Wang Z, Li X, Zhang W. Light-activated ruthenium (II)-bicalutamide prodrugs for prostate cancer. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 196:110684. [PMID: 31054419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of clinically approved anticancer drug to tumor sites is an effective way to achieve enhanced drug efficacy as well as reduced side effects and toxicity. Here bicalutamide is caged by the Ru(II) center through the nitrile group, and three photoactive Ru(II) complexes were designed and synthesized. Docking study showed that the ruthenium(II) fragments can effectively block the binding of complexes 1-3 with AR (androgen receptor) owing to the large steric structures, thus bicalutamide in complexes 1-3 could not interact with AR-LBD (ligand binding domain). Once irradiation with blue light (465nm), complexes 1-3 can release bicalutamide and anticancer Ru(II) fragments, which possesses dual-action of AR binding and DNA interaction simultaneously. In vitro cytotoxicity study on these complexes further confirmed that complexes 1-3 exhibited considerable cytotoxicity upon irradiation with blue light. Significantly, complex 3 could be activated at 660nm, which greatly increases the scope of complex 3 to treat deeper within tissue. Theoretical calculations showed that the lowest singlet excitation energy of complex 3 is lower than those of complexes 1-2, which explains the experimental results well. Moreover, the 3MC (metal centered) states of these complexes are more stable than their 3MLCT (metal to ligand charge transfer) states, indicating that the photoactive processes of these complexes are likely to result in ligand dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Nannan Liu
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shuchen Sun
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Zhimei Wang
- Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China.
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Rapp TL, Dmochowski IJ. Ruthenium-cross-linked hydrogels for rapid, visible-light protein release. Methods Enzymol 2019; 624:151-166. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Roose M, Tassé M, Lacroix PG, Malfant I. Nitric oxide (NO) photo-release in a series of ruthenium–nitrosyl complexes: new experimental insights in the search for a comprehensive mechanism. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03907k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of nitric oxide release is investigated along a series of 1–3 “push–pull” ruthenium nitrosyl complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Roose
- CNRS
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination)
- 205 route de Narbonne
- 31077 Toulouse
- France
| | - Marine Tassé
- CNRS
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination)
- 205 route de Narbonne
- 31077 Toulouse
- France
| | - Pascal G. Lacroix
- CNRS
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination)
- 205 route de Narbonne
- 31077 Toulouse
- France
| | - Isabelle Malfant
- CNRS
- LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination)
- 205 route de Narbonne
- 31077 Toulouse
- France
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Al-Afyouni MH, Rohrabaugh TN, Al-Afyouni KF, Turro C. New Ru(ii) photocages operative with near-IR light: new platform for drug delivery in the PDT window. Chem Sci 2018; 9:6711-6720. [PMID: 30310605 PMCID: PMC6115629 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02094a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of Ru(ii) complexes bearing the tridentate 2,6-di(quinolin-2-yl)pyridine (dqpy) ligand were designed to undergo photoinduced ligand dissociation with red/near-IR light. The complexes [Ru(dqpy)(L)(CH3CN)]2+, where L = 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy, 1), 4,4'dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (Me2bpy, 2), and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, 3). Complexes 1-3 exhibit red-shifted lowest energy metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorption maxima at ∼600 nm, as compared to the corresponding tpy (2,2';6',2''-terpyridine) complexes with MLCT bands at ∼565 nm which appear as shoulders to the MLCT bands at ∼455 nm. This shift is attributed to the lower energy LUMO afforded by the dqpy ligand when compared to tpy, as evidenced by the shift of the first reduction wave to ∼0.3 V more positive potentials in the former. In addition, the lowest MLCT maximum of [Ru(dqpy)(acac)(CH3CN)]+ (4; acac- = acetylacetonate) is observed at 770 nm, attributed to the additional increase in energy of the HOMO afforded by the presence of the π-donating acac- ligand and supported by calculations. Complexes 1-3 undergo ligand substitution upon irradiation with red light, λ irr ≥ 610 nm, and the ligand substitution photochemistry of 4 is accessible with near-IR light, λ irr ≥ 715 nm and λ irr = 735 nm. Complexes 1-4 exhibit similar quantum yields of ligand exchange, Φ L, with 450 and 600 nm irradiation, however, that of 4 is 2-3 times greater than those measured for 1-3. This enhancement is explained by the difference in ligand contributions to the HOMO. Density functional theory calculations predict partial dqpy ππ* character in the MLCT states of 1-3 and a mixed Ru/acac- → dqpy metal/ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (ML-LCT) state in 4. The photoreactivity of 1-4 with tissue-penetrating red and near-IR light, together with their exceptional dark stability (>48 h), makes the new Ru(ii)-dqpy platform ideal for the development of new complexes for photoinduced drug release and for other applications that require broad absorption from the ultraviolet and visible ranges into the near-IR, such as solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik H Al-Afyouni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , USA .
| | - Thomas N Rohrabaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , USA .
| | - Kathlyn F Al-Afyouni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , USA .
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , USA .
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