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Chen W, Sun J, Jia P, Wang W, Song Z, Wang Z, Zhao X, Mao Y. A Strategy for Anode Recovery and Upgrading by In Situ Growth of Iron-Based Oxides on Microwave-Puffed Graphite. Molecules 2024; 29:3219. [PMID: 38999171 PMCID: PMC11243450 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Faced with the increasing volume of retired lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), recycling and reusing the spent graphite (SG) is of great significance for resource sustainability. Here, a facile method for transforming the SG into a carbon framework as well as loading Fe2O3 to form a composite anode with a sandwich structure is proposed. Taking advantage of the fact that the layer spacing of the spent graphite naturally expands, impurities and intercalants are eliminated through microwave thermal shock to produce microwave-puffed graphite (MPG) with a distinct three-dimensional structure. Based on the mechanism of microwave-induced gasification intercalation, a Fe2O3-MPG intercalation compound (Fe2O3-MPGIC) anode material was constructed by introducing iron precursors between the framework layers and subsequently converting them into Fe2O3 through annealing. The Fe2O3-MPGIC anode exhibits a high reversible capacity of 1000.6 mAh g-1 at 200 mA g-1 after 100 cycles and a good cycling stability of 504.4 mAh g-1 at 2000 mA g-1 after 500 cycles. This work can provide a reference for the feasible recycling of SG and development of high-performance anode materials for LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Jing Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Pingshan Jia
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Zhanlong Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Ziliang Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Xiqiang Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Yanpeng Mao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
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Li X, Cao H, Cao Y, Zhao Y, Zhang W, Shen J, Sun Z, Ma F, Gu Q. Insights into the mechanism of persulfate activation with biochar composite loaded with Fe for 2,4-dinitrotoluene degradation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 341:117955. [PMID: 37148765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron in biochar composite loaded with Fe (Fex@biochar) is crucial for persulfate activation. However, the iron dosages-driven mechanism linked to the speciation, electrochemical property, and persulfate activation with Fex@biochar remains ambiguous. We synthesized and characterized a series of Fex@biochar and evaluated its catalytic performance in 2,4-dinitrotoluene removal experiments. With increasing FeCl3 dosage, iron speciation in Fex@biochar changed from γ-Fe2O3 to Fe3O4, and the variation in functional groups was as follows: Fe-O, aliphatic C-O-H, O-H, aliphatic C-H, aromatic CC or CO, and C-N. The electron accepting capacity of Fex@biochar increased as the FeCl3 dosage increased from 10 to 100 mM but decreased at 300 and 500 mM FeCl3. 2,4-dinitrotoluene removal first increased and subsequently decreased, reaching 100% in the persulfate/Fe100@biochar system. The Fe100@biochar also showed good stability and reusability for PS activation, verified by five test cycles. The mechanism analysis indicated that the iron dosage altered the Fe (Ⅲ) content and electron accepting capacity of Fex@biochar during pyrolysis, further controlling persulfate activation and 2,4-dinitrotoluene removal. These results support the preparation of eco-friendly Fex@biochar catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Huizhen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Jialun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zongquan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Fujun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Qingbao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Jia P, Sun J, Jiang Z, Wang W, Song Z, Mao Y, Zhao X. Construction of N-doped porous carbon-coated Fe3O4 with efficient ion transfer performance for enhanced-performance Lithium storage. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Mitigating the Health Effects of Aqueous Cr(VI) with Iron-Modified Biochar. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031481. [PMID: 35162503 PMCID: PMC8835030 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A large amount of chromium (Cr) has entered the natural environment from the wastewater and waste residues, and the hexavalent (Cr(VI)) is highly poisonous, threatening the ecological environment and human health directly. In this study, iron-modified biochar was prepared using honeysuckle residue as raw material and the ferric chloride impregnation method. Batch Cr(VI) adsorption experiments were carried out using the modified honeysuckle-derived biochar (MHDB) as an adsorbent. The results indicate that a pH of 2 was best for the adsorption removal of Cr(VI) in the initial pH range of 2–10. The adsorption kinetic data fitted the pseudo-second-order model best out of the two models, and the Langmuir model was better than the Freundlich model to describe the adsorption process. Thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process of Cr(VI) on MHDB had an endothermic and spontaneous nature, and the increasing temperature was conducive to the adsorption. The main mechanisms of Cr(VI) adsorption might be the physical adsorption (electrostatic interactions) and chemical adsorption (ion exchange, the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III)). The efficient adsorption of Cr(VI) makes MHDB a potential material for Cr(VI)-containing wastewater treatment. This study provides a feasible adsorption material for mitigating the environmental hazards of chromium, which has a certain reference value for protecting environmental health.
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Hou T, Fan A, Sun X, Zhang X, Xu Z, Cai S, Zheng C. Improving cycling stability of Bi-encapsulated carbon fibers for lithium/sodium-ion batteries by Fe2O3 pinning. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hou T, Liu B, Sun X, Fan A, Xu Z, Cai S, Zheng C, Yu G, Tricoli A. Covalent Coupling-Stabilized Transition-Metal Sulfide/Carbon Nanotube Composites for Lithium/Sodium-Ion Batteries. ACS NANO 2021; 15:6735-6746. [PMID: 33739086 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal sulfides (TMSs) powered by conversion and/or alloying reactions are considered to be promising anode materials for advanced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, the limited electronic conductivity and large volume expansion severely hinder their practical application. Herein, we report a covalent coupling strategy for TMS-based anode materials using amide linkages to bind TMSs and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). In the synthesis, the thiourea acts as not only the capping agent for morphology control but also the linking agent for the covalent coupling. As a proof of concept, the covalently coupled ZnS/CNT composite (CC-ZnS/CNT) has been prepared, with ZnS nanoparticles (∼10 nm) tightly anchored on CNT bundles. The compact ZnS-CNT heterojunctions are greatly beneficial to facilitating the electron/ion transfer and ensuring structural stability. Due to the strong coupling interaction between ZnS and CNTs, the composite presents prominent pseudocapacitive behavior and highly reversible electrochemical processes, thus leading to superior long-term stability and excellent rate capability, delivering reversible capacities of 333 mAh g-1 at 2 A g-1 over 4000 cycles for LIBs and 314 mAh g-1 at 5 A g-1 after 500 cycles for SIBs. Consequently, CC-ZnS/CNT exhibits great competence for applications in LIBs and SIBs, and the covalent coupling strategy is proposed as a promising approach for designing high-performance anode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Research School of Electrical, Energy, and Materials Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Borui Liu
- Research School of Electrical, Energy, and Materials Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Anran Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhongkai Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shu Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chunming Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Hollow-Fiber Membrane Materials and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Antonio Tricoli
- Research School of Electrical, Energy, and Materials Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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Wang S, Zhu Y, Sun X, Liu H, Cui J, Zhang Y, He W. N, S co-doped modified graphene/Fe2O3 composites synthesized via microwave-assisted method for Na-ion batteries. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Fan A, Hou T, Sun X, Xie D, Li X, Zhang N, Guo J, Jin S, Zhou Y, Cai S, Zheng C. One‐Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis of ZnS Nanospheres Anchored on 3D Conductive MWCNTs Networks as High‐Rate and Cold‐Resistant Anode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anran Fan
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Tianyi Hou
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Dongli Xie
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Jinze Guo
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Shibo Jin
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Hollow-fiber Membrane Materials and Membrane ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 P. R. China
| | - Yunmei Zhou
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Hollow-fiber Membrane Materials and Membrane ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 P. R. China
| | - Shu Cai
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Chunming Zheng
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Hollow-fiber Membrane Materials and Membrane ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Tiangong University Tianjin 300387 P. R. China
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Ni J, Sun M, Li L. Highly Efficient Sodium Storage in Iron Oxide Nanotube Arrays Enabled by Built-In Electric Field. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902603. [PMID: 31465132 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High-power sodium-ion batteries capable of charging and discharging rapidly and durably are eagerly demanded to replace current lithium-ion batteries. However, poor activity and instable cycling of common sodium anode materials represent a huge barrier for practical deployment. A smart design of ordered nanotube arrays of iron oxide (Fe2 O3 ) is presented as efficient sodium anode, simply enabled by surface sulfurization. The resulted heterostructure of oxide and sulfide spontaneously develops a built-in electric field, which reduces the activation energy and accelerates charge transport significantly. Benefiting from the synergy of ordered architecture and built-in electric field, such arrays exhibit a large reversible capacity, a superior rate capability, and a high retention of 91% up to 200 cycles at a high rate of 5 A g-1 , outperforming most reported iron oxide electrodes. Furthermore, full cells based on the Fe2 O3 array anode and the Na0.67 (Mn0.67 Ni0.23 Mg0.1 )O2 cathode deliver a specific energy of 142 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 330 W kg-1 (based on both active electrodes), demonstrating a great potential in practical application. This material design may open a new door in engineering efficient anode based on earth-abundant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfeng Ni
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Center for Energy Conversion Materials and Physics (CECMP), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Menglei Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Center for Energy Conversion Materials and Physics (CECMP), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Liang Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Center for Energy Conversion Materials and Physics (CECMP), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
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Hu X, Xiang S, Sun H, Lou X, Xiong Q, Lu X, Qin H, Ji Z, Hu B. Low-temperature pseudomorphic transformation of polyhedral MIL-88A to lithium ferrite (LiFe 3O 5) in aqueous LiOH medium toward high Li storage. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:11892-11901. [PMID: 31184672 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03006a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability to develop novel nanomaterials, and to precisely manufacture their functional structures at the nano- and microscales would benefit many emerging device applications. Herein, as a first example, we describe the exploration of feasibility for the morphological replacement of an iron-based MOF bearing trimeric FeIII-O clusters, MIL-88A preform, with a polyhedral architecture of around 0.4 × 1.2 μm by a lithium ferrite (LiFe3O5) phase via solid-liquid pseudomorphic transformation reactions in biologically and environmentally favourable aqueous lithium hydroxide (LiOH). The reaction proceeds at 170 °C, and the overall reaction can be described as Fe3O(H2O)2(FMA)3(OH)·nH2O (MIL-88A) + 7OH- + Li+ → LiFe3O5 + 3FMA2- + (n + 6) H2O (FMA = fumarate). It was proposed that through the coordination substitution of a MOF ligand by OH-, follow-up dehydration and dehydroxylation, and final H+/Li+ ionic exchange, the monolithiated iron oxides formed thermodynamically at comparatively low temperatures, which transcribe the global nanostructure morphologies of the polyhedral MOF preforms with the hexagonal symmetry, but were composed of interconnected LiFe3O5 particles (about 16 nm) that crystallize in a typical magnetite-type cubic (Fd3[combining macron]m) structure. Given the characteristic texture and structure of the Li-Fe oxide replica, cubic LiFe3O5 was preferentially employed as a new type of electrode material in rechargeable lithium cells. Notably, from the electrochemical evaluation, this metal oxide system exhibits decent anodic performances by undergoing a nine-electron conversion reaction, showing a substantially high specific capacity with an average potential of 0.8 V versus lithium metal, a long service life (700 cycles), and exceptional high-rate capability (up to 2.0 A g-1). The synthetic paradigms demonstrated that the MIL-88A to LiFe3O5 conversion may be transferable to other advanced inorganic-based electrodes from the parent metal compound such as LiFeO2, LiMn2O4 or LiCoO2 toward sustainable energy fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshi Hu
- College of Materials & Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310036, PR China
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Zhao L, Wei Q, Huang Y, Luo R, Xie M, Li L, Mai L, Wu F, Chen R. Pseudocapacitive Graphene‐Wrapped Porous VO
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Microspheres for Ultrastable and Ultrahigh‐Rate Sodium‐Ion Storage. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luzi Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and EngineeringSchool of Materials Science & Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Qiulong Wei
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1595 USA
| | - Yongxin Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and EngineeringSchool of Materials Science & Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Rui Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and EngineeringSchool of Materials Science & Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Man Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and EngineeringSchool of Materials Science & Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and EngineeringSchool of Materials Science & Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles Beijing China
| | - Liqiang Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and ProcessingWuhan University of Technology Hubei Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Feng Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and EngineeringSchool of Materials Science & Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles Beijing China
| | - Renjie Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and EngineeringSchool of Materials Science & Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles Beijing China
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