1
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Franzen JH, Wilm LFB, Rotering P, Wurst K, Seidl M, Dielmann F. Electron-rich pyridines with para-N-heterocyclic imine substituents: ligand properties and coordination to CO 2, SO 2, BCl 3 and Pd II complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11876-11883. [PMID: 38953467 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01399a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Electron-rich pyridines with π donor groups at the para position play an important role as nucleophiles in organocatalysis, but their ligand properties and utilization in coordination chemistry have received little attention. Herein, we report the synthesis of two electron-rich pyridines 1 and 2 bearing N-heterocyclic imine groups at the para position and explore their coordination chemistry. Experimental and computational methods were used to assess the donor ability of the new pyridines showing that they are stronger donors than aminopyridines and guanidinyl pyridines, and that the nature of the N-heterocyclic backbone has a strong influence on the pyridine donor strength. Coordination compounds with Lewis acids including the CO2, SO2, BCl3 and PdII ions were synthesized and characterized. Despite the ambident character of the new pyridines, coordination preferentially occurs at the pyridine-N atom. Methyl transfer experiments reveal that 1 and 2 can act as demethylation reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas H Franzen
- Institut für Allgemeine, Anorganische und Theoretische Chemie, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Lukas F B Wilm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Philipp Rotering
- Institut für Allgemeine, Anorganische und Theoretische Chemie, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institut für Allgemeine, Anorganische und Theoretische Chemie, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institut für Allgemeine, Anorganische und Theoretische Chemie, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Fabian Dielmann
- Institut für Allgemeine, Anorganische und Theoretische Chemie, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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2
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Rummel L, Schreiner PR. Advances and Prospects in Understanding London Dispersion Interactions in Molecular Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316364. [PMID: 38051426 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
London dispersion (LD) interactions are the main contribution of the attractive part of the van der Waals potential. Even though LD effects are the driving force for molecular aggregation and recognition, the role of these omnipresent interactions in structure and reactivity had been largely underappreciated over decades. However, in the recent years considerable efforts have been made to thoroughly study LD interactions and their potential as a chemical design element for structures and catalysis. This was made possible through a fruitful interplay of theory and experiment. This review highlights recent results and advances in utilizing LD interactions as a structural motif to understand and utilize intra- and intermolecularly LD-stabilized systems. Additionally, we focus on the quantification of LD interactions and their fundamental role in chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Rummel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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3
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Rummel L, König HF, Hausmann H, Schreiner PR. Silyl Groups Are Strong Dispersion Energy Donors. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13168-13177. [PMID: 36166406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present an experimental and computational study to investigate noncovalent interactions between silyl groups that are often employed as "innocent" protecting groups. We chose an extended cyclooctatetraene (COT)-based molecular balance comprising unfolded (1,4-disubstituted) and folded (1,6-disubstituted) valance bond isomers that typically display remote and close silyl group contacts, respectively. The thermodynamic equilibria were determined using nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. Additionally, we utilized Boltzmann weighted symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) at the sSAPT0/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory to dissect and quantify noncovalent interactions. Apart from the extremely bulky tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl "supersilyl" group, there is a preference for the folded 1,6-COT valence isomer, with London dispersion interactions being the main stabilizing factor. This makes silyl groups excellent dispersion energy donors, a finding that needs to be taken into account in synthesis planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Rummel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Henrik F König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Heike Hausmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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4
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Hashimoto H, Ueda Y, Takasu K, Kawabata T. Catalytic Substrate‐Selective Silylation of Primary Alcohols via Remote Functional‐Group Discrimination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Hashimoto
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Gokasho Uji city Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ueda
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Gokasho Uji city Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Kiyosei Takasu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University Yoshida Kyoto, Sakyo-ku 606-8501 Kyoto Japan
| | - Takeo Kawabata
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Gokasho Uji city Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
- Current address: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences International University of Health and Welfare 137-1 Enokizu Okawa Fukuoka 831-8501 Japan
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5
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Mayr S, Zipse H. Annelated Pyridine Bases for the Selective Acylation of 1,2‐Diols. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Mayr
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Department of Chemistry Butenandt-Str. 5-13 81377 München GERMANY
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6
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Bauer JO. Influence of Amino Functions on the Coordination Ability of Silyl Ethers and Disiloxanes. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan O. Bauer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, Regensburg D-93053, Germany
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7
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Hashimoto H, Ueda Y, Takasu K, Kawabata T. Catalytic Substrate-Selective Silylation of Primary Alcohols via Remote Functional-Group Discrimination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114118. [PMID: 34942061 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Silylation of alcohols has generally been known to take place at the sterically most accessible less-hindered hydroxy group. However, we report here the catalyst-controlled substrate-selective silylation of primary alcohols, where the selectivity was controlled independent of the innate reactivity of the hydroxy group based on the steric environment. The chain-length-selective silylation of 1, n- amino alcohol derivatives was achieved, where 1,5-amino alcohol derivatives showed outstanding high reactivity in the presence of analogues with a shorter or longer chain length under catalyst-controlled conditions. A highly substrate-selective catalytic silylation of pentanol analogues was also developed, in which the remote functionality at C(5) from the reacting hydroxy groups was effectively discriminated on silylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Hashimoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University Gokasho, Uji city, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ueda
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University Gokasho, Uji city, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kiyosei Takasu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University Yoshida Kyoto, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeo Kawabata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University Gokasho, Uji city, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
- Current address: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, 137-1 Enokizu, Okawa, Fukuoka, 831-8501, Japan
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8
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Richard NA, Charlton GD, Dyker CA. Enhancing catalytic activity of pyridines via para-iminophosphorano substituents. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9167-9171. [PMID: 34664050 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01630j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four pyridines decorated with π-donating iminophosphorano substituents (R3PN-) in the 4-position were assessed as acylation catalysts. These catalysts display high sensitivity to the groups at phosphorus, with activities that are well correlated to the corresponding Hammett-type substituent constants (σp+), and can achieve superior activity over the most active dialkylamino-substituted pyridines. Iminophosphorano-substituted pyridines represent an easily accessible, tunable, and highly active class of nucleophilic organocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Richard
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - Grant D Charlton
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada.
| | - C Adam Dyker
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada.
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9
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Mayr S, Zipse H. Size-Induced Inversion of Selectivity in the Acylation of 1,2-Diols. Chemistry 2021; 27:18084-18092. [PMID: 34693585 PMCID: PMC9299827 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Relative rates for the Lewis base‐catalyzed acylation of aryl‐substituted 1,2‐diols with anhydrides differing in size have been determined by turnover‐limited competition experiments and absolute kinetics measurements. Depending on the structure of the anhydride reagent, the secondary hydroxyl group of the 1,2‐diol reacts faster than the primary one. This preference towards the secondary hydroxyl group is boosted in the second acylation step from the monoesters to the diester through size and additional steric effects. In absolute terms the first acylation step is found to be up to 35 times faster than the second one for the primary alcohols due to neighboring group effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Mayr
- Department of Chemistry, LMU München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81366, München, Germany
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department of Chemistry, LMU München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81366, München, Germany
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10
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Holmstedt S, Efimov A, Candeias NR. O,O-Silyl Group Migrations in Quinic Acid Derivatives: An Opportunity for Divergent Synthesis. Org Lett 2021; 23:3083-3087. [PMID: 33826343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The O,O-silyl group migrations on a quinic acid-derived cyclitol have been studied, and the ease of migration was observed to be dependent on the silicon substituents and reaction conditions. Conditions were found to improve the formation of a main isomer during the O,O-silyl group migrations that could be integrated into the formal synthesis of vitamin D receptor modulator VS-105 and in the first total synthesis of a metabolite from the African ant Crematogaster nigriceps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Holmstedt
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Alexander Efimov
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Nuno R Candeias
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33101 Tampere, Finland.,LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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11
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Mayr S, Marin-Luna M, Zipse H. Size-Driven Inversion of Selectivity in Esterification Reactions: Secondary Beat Primary Alcohols. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3456-3489. [PMID: 33555864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Relative rates for the Lewis base-mediated acylation of secondary and primary alcohols carrying large aromatic side chains with anhydrides differing in size and electronic structure have been measured. While primary alcohols react faster than secondary ones in transformations with monosubstituted benzoic anhydride derivatives, relative reactivities are inverted in reactions with sterically biased 1-naphthyl anhydrides. Further analysis of reaction rates shows that increasing substrate size leads to an actual acceleration of the acylation process, the effect being larger for secondary as compared to primary alcohols. Computational results indicate that acylation rates are guided by noncovalent interactions (NCIs) between the catalyst ring system and the DED substituents in the alcohol and anhydride reactants. Thereby stronger NCIs are formed for secondary alcohols than for primary alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Mayr
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Marta Marin-Luna
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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12
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Ashraf MA, Liu Z, Li C, Zhang D. Recent advances in catalytic silylation of hydroxyl‐bearing compounds: A green technique for protection of alcohols using Si–O bond formations. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf
- School of Forestry Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
- School of Environmental Studies China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Zhenling Liu
- School of Management Henan University of Technology Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Forestry Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
| | - Dangquan Zhang
- School of Forestry Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China
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13
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Helberg J, Ampßler T, Zipse H. Pyridinyl Amide Ion Pairs as Lewis Base Organocatalysts. J Org Chem 2020; 85:5390-5402. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Helberg
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Torsten Ampßler
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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14
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Geiger T, Haupt A, Maichle-Mössmer C, Schrenk C, Schnepf A, Bettinger HF. Synthesis and Photodimerization of 2- and 2,3-Disubstituted Anthracenes: Influence of Steric Interactions and London Dispersion on Diastereoselectivity. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10120-10135. [PMID: 31390211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is increased evidence that the effect of bulky groups in organic, organometallic, and inorganic chemistry is not only repulsive but can be attractive because of London dispersion interactions. The influence of the size of primary alkyl substituents in 2- and 2,3-positions of anthracenes on the diastereoselectivity (anti vs syn dimer) of the [π4s + π4s] photoinduced dimerization is investigated. The synthesis of the anthracene derivatives was achieved by Suzuki-Miyaura reaction of 2,3-dibromoanthracene with alkylboronic acids as well as by reduction of anthraquinones that were obtained from 2,3-disubstituted 1,3-butadienes and naphthoquinone followed by dehydrogenation. The mixtures of dianthracene isomers were analyzed with respect to the anti/syn-ratio of the products by X-ray crystallography and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy. While for the 2,3-dimethylanthracene the anti and syn isomers were formed in equal amounts, the anti dimers are the major products in all other cases. A linear correlation (R2 = 0.98) between the steric size (Charton parameter) and the isomeric ratio suggests that the selectivity is dominated by classical repulsive steric effects. An exception is the iso-butyl substituent that produces an increased amount of the syn isomer. It is suggested that this is due to an exalted effect of London dispersion interactions.
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15
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Zi Y, Lange M, Schultz C, Vilotijevic I. Latente Nukleophile in der Lewis‐Base‐katalysierten, enantioselektiven
N
‐Allylierung von N‐Heterozyklen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- You Zi
- Institut für Organische un Makromolekulare ChemieFriedrich-Schiller Universität Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Markus Lange
- Institut für Organische un Makromolekulare ChemieFriedrich-Schiller Universität Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Constanze Schultz
- Institut für Organische un Makromolekulare ChemieFriedrich-Schiller Universität Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Ivan Vilotijevic
- Institut für Organische un Makromolekulare ChemieFriedrich-Schiller Universität Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
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16
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Zi Y, Lange M, Schultz C, Vilotijevic I. Latent Nucleophiles in Lewis Base Catalyzed Enantioselective
N
‐Allylations of N‐Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10727-10731. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- You Zi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Markus Lange
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Constanze Schultz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ivan Vilotijevic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
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17
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Kuciński K, Hreczycho G. A Highly Effective Route to Si-O-Si Moieties through O-Silylation of Silanols and Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Silanols with Disilazanes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:1043-1048. [PMID: 30536641 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A simple and highly practical catalyst-free O-silylation of silanols with commercially available disilazanes has been developed under mild conditions. In the case of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) silanols and some other silanols, it was necessary to use catalytic amounts of inexpensive Bi(OTf)3 as additional catalyst. This efficient chlorine-free protocol involves the synthesis of a wide range of important organosilicon derivatives such as unsymmetrical disiloxanes and functionalized silsesquioxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kuciński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Hreczycho
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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