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Creating hierarchical pores in metal-organic frameworks via postsynthetic reactions. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:604-625. [PMID: 36307543 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00759-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) demonstrate promise for a multitude of applications owing to their high porosity and surface area. However, the majority of conventional MOFs possess only micropores with very limited accessibility to substances larger than 2 nm-especially functional biomacromolecules like some proteins. It is challenging to create an appropriately large pore size while avoiding framework collapse in MOFs. Herein, we present the generation of mesopores in microporous MOFs through three facile and effective techniques, namely Soxhlet washing, linker hydrolysis and linker thermolysis. These postsynthetic elimination approaches have been applied in selected MOFs, including PCN-250, PCN-160 and UiO-66, and controllably generate MOFs with hierarchical pores and high stability. Our work demonstrates reproducible and straightforward methods resulting in hierarchically porous materials that possess the benefits of mesoporosity while borrowing the robustness of a micropore framework. All the procedures can be conducted reliably at a multigram scale and operation time less than 6 h, representing a significant effort in the field of MOF synthesis. These hierarchically porous MOFs show great promise in a wide range of applications as efficient adsorbents, catalysts and drug carriers.
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2
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Mousavian P, Esrafili MD, Sardroodi JJ. A computational study of CH4 storage on Sc functionalized C48B12 heterofullerene. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Drake HF, Xiao Z, Day GS, Vali SW, Chen W, Wang Q, Huang Y, Yan TH, Kuszynski JE, Lindahl PA, Ryder MR, Zhou HC. Thermal decarboxylation for the generation of hierarchical porosity in isostructural metal-organic frameworks containing open metal sites. MATERIALS ADVANCES 2021; 2:5487-5493. [PMID: 34458847 PMCID: PMC8366390 DOI: 10.1039/d1ma00163a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effect of metal-cluster redox identity on the thermal decarboxylation of a series of isostructural metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with tetracarboxylate-based ligands and trinuclear μ3-oxo clusters was investigated. The PCN-250 series of MOFs can consist of various metal combinations (Fe3, Fe/Ni, Fe/Mn, Fe/Co, Fe/Zn, Al3, In3, and Sc3). The Fe-based system can undergo a thermally induced reductive decarboxylation, producing a mixed valence cluster with decarboxylated ligand fragments subsequently eliminated to form uniform mesopores. We have extended the analysis to alternative monometallic and bimetallic PCN-250 systems to observe the cluster's effect on the decarboxylation process. Our results suggest that the propensity to undergo decarboxylation is directly related to the cluster redox accessibility, with poorly reducible metals, such as Al, In, and Sc, unable to thermally reduce at the readily accessible temperatures of the Fe-containing system. In contrast, the mixed-metal variants are all reducible. We report improvements in gas adsorption behavior, significantly the uniform increase in the heat of adsorption going from the microporous to hierarchically induced decarboxylated samples. This, along with Fe oxidation state changes from 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, suggests that reduction occurs at the clusters and is essential for mesopore formation. These results provide insight into the thermal behavior of redox-active MOFs and suggest a potential future avenue for generating mesoporosity using controlled cluster redox chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah F Drake
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Gregory S Day
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Shaik Waseem Vali
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Wenmiao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Yutao Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Tian-Hao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Jason E Kuszynski
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Paul A Lindahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Matthew R Ryder
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Hong-Cai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
- Department of Materials Science, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
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Chen Z, Wasson MC, Drout RJ, Robison L, Idrees KB, Knapp JG, Son FA, Zhang X, Hierse W, Kühn C, Marx S, Hernandez B, Farha OK. The state of the field: from inception to commercialization of metal–organic frameworks. Faraday Discuss 2021; 225:9-69. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00103a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We provide a brief overview of the state of the MOF field from their inception to their synthesis, potential applications, and finally, to their commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Chen
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Megan C. Wasson
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Riki J. Drout
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Lee Robison
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Karam B. Idrees
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Julia G. Knapp
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Florencia A. Son
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering
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5
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Day GS, Li J, Joseph EA, Metz PC, Perry Z, Ryder MR, Page K, Zhou HC. Metal oxide decorated porous carbons from controlled calcination of a metal-organic framework. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:2758-2767. [PMID: 36132382 PMCID: PMC9419259 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00720b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermal decomposition of an iron-based MOF was conducted under controlled gas environments to understand the resulting porous carbon structure. Different phases and crystallite sizes of iron oxide are produced based on the specific gas species. In particular, air resulted in iron(iii) oxide, and D2O and CO2 resulted in the mixed valent iron(ii,iii) oxide. Performing the carbonization under non-oxidative or reducing conditions (N2, He, H2) resulted in the formation of a mixture of both iron(ii,iii) oxide and iron(iii) oxide. Based on in situ and air-free handling experiments, it was observed that this is partially due to the formation of zero-valent iron metal that is rapidly oxidized when exposed to air. Neutron pair distribution function analysis provided insight into the effect of the gas environment on the local structure of the porous carbon, indicating a noticeable change in local order between the D2O and the N2 calcined samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Day
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Jialuo Li
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Elizabeth A Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Peter C Metz
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Zachary Perry
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Matthew R Ryder
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Katharine Page
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee 37916 USA
| | - Hong-Cai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
- Department of Materials Science, Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
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6
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Drake HF, Day GS, Vali SW, Xiao Z, Banerjee S, Li J, Joseph EA, Kuszynski JE, Perry ZT, Kirchon A, Ozdemir OK, Lindahl PA, Zhou HC. The thermally induced decarboxylation mechanism of a mixed-oxidation state carboxylate-based iron metal-organic framework. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12769-12772. [PMID: 31565709 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04555d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigations into a thermally generated decarboxylation mechanism for metal site activation and the generation of mesopores in a carboxylate iron-based MOF, PCN-250, have been conducted. PCN-250 exhibits an interesting oxidation state change during thermal treatment under inert atmospheres or vacuum conditions, transitioning from an Fe(iii)3 cluster to a Fe(ii)Fe(iii)2 cluster. To probe this redox event and discern a mechanism of activation, a combination of thermogravimetric analysis, gas sorption, scanning electron microscopy, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction studies were conducted. The results suggest that the iron-site activation occurs due to ligand decarboxylation above 200 °C. This is also consistent with the generation of a missing cluster mesoporous defect in the framework. The resulting mesoporous PCN-250 maintains high thermal stability, preserving crystallinity after multiple consecutive high-temperature regeneration cycles. Additionally, the thermally reduced PCN-250 shows improvements in the total uptake capacity of methane and CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah F Drake
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Gregory S Day
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Shaik Waseem Vali
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Sayan Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Jialuo Li
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Jason E Kuszynski
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Zachary T Perry
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Angelo Kirchon
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | | | - Paul A Lindahl
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hong-Cai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Kirchon A, Li J, Xia F, Day GS, Becker B, Chen W, Sue H, Fang Y, Zhou H. Modulation versus Templating: Fine‐Tuning of Hierarchally Porous PCN‐250 Using Fatty Acids To Engineer Guest Adsorption. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12425-12430. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Kirchon
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Jialuo Li
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Fangqing Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Gregory S. Day
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Benjamin Becker
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Wenmiao Chen
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Hung‐Jue Sue
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Hong‐Cai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
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Kirchon A, Li J, Xia F, Day GS, Becker B, Chen W, Sue H, Fang Y, Zhou H. Modulation versus Templating: Fine‐Tuning of Hierarchally Porous PCN‐250 Using Fatty Acids To Engineer Guest Adsorption. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Kirchon
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Jialuo Li
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Fangqing Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Gregory S. Day
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Benjamin Becker
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Wenmiao Chen
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Hung‐Jue Sue
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Hong‐Cai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
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Ye Y, Lin RB, Cui H, Alsalme A, Zhou W, Yildirim T, Zhang Z, Xiang S, Chen B. A microporous metal-organic framework with naphthalene diimide groups for high methane storage. Dalton Trans 2019; 49:3658-3661. [PMID: 31267121 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01911a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We reported a microporous MOF FJU-101 with open naphthalene diimide functional groups for room temperature (RT) high methane storage. At RT and 65 bar, the total volumetric CH4 storage capacity of 212 cm3 (STP) cm-3 of FJU-101a is significantly higher than those of the isoreticular MFM-130a and UTSA-40a. The enhanced methane uptake in FJU-101a is attributed to the polar carbonyl sites, which can generate strong electrostatic interactions with CH4 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxiang Ye
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, 32 Shangsan Road, Fuzhou 350007, PR China.
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Zhang J, Kosaka W, Kitagawa S, Takata M, Miyasaka H. In Situ Tracking of Dynamic NO Capture through a Crystal-to-Crystal Transformation from a Gate-Open-Type Chain Porous Coordination Polymer to a NO-Adducted Discrete Isomer. Chemistry 2019; 25:3020-3031. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; 6-3 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - Wataru Kosaka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; 6-3 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
- Institute for Materials Research; Tohoku University; 2-1-1 Katahira Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Susumu Kitagawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Materials Science (iCeMS); Kyoto University; Katsura Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Masaki Takata
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM); Tohoku University; 2-1-1 Katahira Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center; Sayo-gun Hyogo 679-5148 Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8; Sayo-gun Hyogo 679-5198 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Miyasaka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Tohoku University; 6-3 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8578 Japan
- Institute for Materials Research; Tohoku University; 2-1-1 Katahira Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
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