1
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Ye K, Carbonera D, Liao S, Zhang X, Chen X, Xiao X, Zhao J, Shanmugam M, Li M, Barbon A. Multiple Pathways in the Triplet States Population for a Naphthalenediimide-C 60 Dyad. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401084. [PMID: 38819870 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The link of an antenna dye with an electron spin converter, in this case naphthalenediimide and C60, produces a system with a rich photophysics including the detection of more than one triplet state on the long timescale (tens of μs). Beside the use of optical spectroscopies in the ns and in the fs time scale, we used time-resolved Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (TREPR) to study the system evolution following photoexcitation. TREPR keeps track of the formation path of the triplet states through specific spin polarization patterns observed in the spectra. The flexibility of the linker and solvent polarity play a role in favouring either electron transfer or energy transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Donatella Carbonera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35134, Padova, Italy
| | - Sheng Liao
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structure Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Muralidharan Shanmugam
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, 131 Princess St, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Mingde Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structure Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35134, Padova, Italy
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2
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Zhang X, Chen X, Sun Y, Zhao J. Radical enhanced intersystem crossing mechanism, electron spin dynamics of high spin states and their applications in the design of heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5257-5283. [PMID: 38884590 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00520a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers (PSs) can overcome the high cost and biological toxicity of traditional molecular systems containing heavy atoms (such as Pt(II), Ir(III), Ru(II), Pd(II), Lu(III), I, or Br atoms) and, therefore, are developing rapidly. Connecting a stable free radical to the chromophore can promote the intersystem crossing (ISC) process through electron spin exchange interaction to produce the triplet state of the chromophore or the doublet (D) and quartet (Q) states when taking the whole spin system into account. These molecular systems based on the radical enhanced ISC (REISC) mechanism are important in the field of heavy atom-free triplet PSs. The REISC system has a simple molecular structure and good biocompatibility, and it is especially helpful for building high-spin quantum states (D and Q states) that have the potential to be developed as qubits in quantum information science. This review introduces the molecular structure design for the purpose of high-spin states. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) is the most important characterization method to reveal the properties of these molecular systems, generation mechanism and electron spin polarization (ESP) of the high spin states. The spin polarization manipulation of high spin states and potential application in the field of quantum information engineering are also summarized. Moreover, molecular design principles of the REISC system to obtain long absorption wavelength, high triplet state quantum yield and long triplet state lifetime are introduced, as well as applications of the compounds in triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion, photodynamic therapy and bioimaging. This review is useful for the design of heavy atom-free triplet PSs based on the radical-chromophore molecular structure motif and the study of the photophysics of the compounds, as well as the electron spin dynamics of the multi electron system upon photoexcitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
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3
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Thielert P, El Bitar Nehme M, Mayländer M, Franz M, Zimmermann SL, Fisch F, Gilch P, Vargas Jentzsch A, Rickhaus M, Richert S. Influence of the substitution position on spin communication in photoexcited perylene-nitroxide dyads. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7515-7523. [PMID: 38784753 PMCID: PMC11110163 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00328d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
By virtue of the modularity of their structures, their tunable optical and magnetic properties, and versatile applications, photogenerated triplet-radical systems provide an ideal platform for the study of the factors controlling spin communication in molecular frameworks. Typically, these compounds consist of an organic chromophore covalently attached to a stable radical. After formation of the chromophore triplet state by photoexcitation, two spin centres are present in the molecule that will interact. The nature of their interaction is governed by the magnitude of the exchange interaction between them and can be studied by making use of transient electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. Here, we investigate three perylene-nitroxide dyads that only differ with respect to the position where the nitroxide radical is attached to the perylene core. The comparison of the results from transient UV-vis and EPR experiments reveals major differences in the excited state properties of the three dyads, notably their triplet state formation yield, excited state deactivation kinetics, and spin coherence times. Spectral simulations and quantum chemical calculations are used to rationalise these findings and demonstrate the importance of considering the structural flexibility and the contribution of rotational conformers for an accurate interpretation of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Thielert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Mélissa El Bitar Nehme
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Mayländer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Michael Franz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Simon L Zimmermann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Fabienne Fisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Peter Gilch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Andreas Vargas Jentzsch
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Michel Rickhaus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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4
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Kirk ML, Shultz DA, Marri AR, van der Est A. Photoinduced Magnetic Exchange-Jump Promotes Ground State Biradical Electron Spin Polarization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9285-9292. [PMID: 38518125 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Photoinduced electron spin polarization (ESP) is reported in the electronic ground states of three Pt(II) complexes comprised of two S = 1/2 nitronyl nitroxide (NN) radicals attached through different length para-phenylethynyl bridges to the 3,6 positions of a catecholate (CAT, donor) and 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine (bpy, acceptor). Complexes 1-3 have from 17 to 41 bonds separating NN radicals and display cw-EPR spectra consistent with |JNN-NN| ≫ |aN|, |JNN-NN| ≥ |aN|, and |JNN-NN| < |aN|, respectively, where JNN-NN is the magnetic exchange coupling between NN radicals in the electronic ground state, and aN is the isotropic 14N hyperfine coupling constant. Light-induced transient EPR spectra characterized as enhanced ground-state absorption were observed for all three complexes using 532 nm pulsed laser excitation into the ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LL'CT) band of the (CAT)Pt(bpy) chromophore. The magnitude of the observed ESP increases in the order 1 < 2 < 3 and is inversely correlated with the magnitude of ground-state JNN-NN. In addition to the experimental observation of net absorptive polarization in 1-3, light excitation also produces multiplet polarization in 2. Since the weak dipolar coupling leads to a strong spectral overlap of the absorptive and emissive components, the multiplet polarization is not observed in 1 and 3 and is very weak in 2. The ability to spin-polarize multiple radical spins with a single photon is anticipated to advance new photoinduced multi qubit/qudit ESP protocols for quantum information science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Kirk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
- The Center for High Technology Materials, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
- Center for Quantum Information and Control (CQuIC), The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
- Center for Computational Chemistry, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - David A Shultz
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Anil Reddy Marri
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Art van der Est
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
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5
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Mizuno A, Matsuoka R, Mibu T, Kusamoto T. Luminescent Radicals. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1034-1121. [PMID: 38230673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Organic radicals are attracting increasing interest as a new class of molecular emitters. They demonstrate electronic excitation and relaxation dynamics based on their doublet or higher multiplet spin states, which are different from those based on singlet-triplet manifolds of conventional closed-shell molecules. Recent studies have disclosed luminescence properties and excited state dynamics unique to radicals, such as highly efficient electron-photon conversion in OLEDs, NIR emission, magnetoluminescence, an absence of heavy atom effect, and spin-dependent and spin-selective dynamics. These are difficult or sometimes impossible to achieve with closed-shell luminophores. This review focuses on luminescent organic radicals as an emerging photofunctional molecular system, and introduces the material developments, fundamental properties including luminescence, and photofunctions. Materials covered in this review range from monoradicals, radical oligomers, and radical polymers to metal complexes with radical ligands demonstrating radical-involved emission. In addition to stable radicals, transiently formed radicals generated in situ by external stimuli are introduced. This review shows that luminescent organic radicals have great potential to expand the chemical and spin spaces of luminescent molecular materials and thus broaden their applicability to photofunctional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asato Mizuno
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsuoka
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, HayamaKanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Takuto Mibu
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kusamoto
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Shonan Village, HayamaKanagawa 240-0193, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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6
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Chen X, Rehmat N, Kurganskii IV, Maity P, Elmali A, Zhao J, Karatay A, Mohammed OF, Fedin MV. Efficient Spin-Orbit Charge-Transfer Intersystem Crossing and Slow Intramolecular Triplet-Triplet Energy Transfer in Bodipy-Perylenebisimide Compact Dyads and Triads. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302137. [PMID: 37553294 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Bodipy (BDP)-perylenebisimide (PBI) donor-acceptor dyads/triad were prepared to study the spin-orbit charge-transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). For BDP-PBI-3, in which BDP was attached at the imide position of PBI, higher singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ =85 %) was observed than the bay-substituted derivative BDP-PBI-1 (ΦΔ =30 %). Femtosecond transient absorption spectra indicate slow Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET; 40.4 ps) and charge separation (CS; 1.55 ns) in BDP-PBI-3, while for BDP-PBI-1, CS takes 2.8 ps. For triad BDP-PBI-2, ultrafast FRET (149 fs) and CS (4.7 ps) process were observed, the subsequent charge recombination (CR) takes 5.8 ns and long-lived 3 PBI* (179.8 μs) state is populated. Nanosecond transient absorption spectra of BDP-PBI-3 show that the CR gives upper triplet excited state (3 BDP*) and subsequently, via a slow intramolecular triplet energy transfer (14.5 μs), the 3 PBI* state is finally populated, indicating that upper triplet state is involved in SOCT-ISC. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that both radical pair ISC (RP ISC) and SOCT-ISC contribute to the ISC. A rare electron spin polarization of (e, e, e, e, e, e) was observed for the triplet state formed via the RP ISC mechanism, due to the S-T+1 /T0 states mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Noreen Rehmat
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Ivan V Kurganskii
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, and, Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Partha Maity
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayhan Elmali
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100, Beşevler, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Ahmet Karatay
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100, Beşevler, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Matvey V Fedin
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, and, Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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7
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Pham TC, Hoang TTH, Tran DN, Kim G, Nguyen TV, Pham TV, Nandanwar S, Tran DL, Park M, Lee S. Imidazolium-Based Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizer for Nucleus-Targeted Fluorescence Bioimaging and Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:47969-47977. [PMID: 37812505 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of heavy-atom-free photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) has encountered significant challenges in achieving simultaneous high fluorescence emission and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Moreover, the limited water solubility of these PSs imposes further limitations on their biomedical applications. To overcome these obstacles, this study presents a molecular design strategy employing hydrophilic heavy-atom-free PSs based on imidazolium salts. The photophysical properties of these PSs were comprehensively investigated through a combination of experimental and theoretical analyses. Notably, among the synthesized PSs, the ethylcarbazole-naphthoimidazolium (NI-Cz) conjugate exhibited efficient fluorescence emission (ΦF = 0.22) and generation of singlet oxygen (ΦΔ = 0.49), even in highly aqueous environments. The performance of NI-Cz was validated through its application in fluorescence bioimaging and PDT treatment in HeLa cells. Furthermore, NI-Cz holds promise for two-photon excitation and type I ROS generation, nucleus localization, and selective activity against Gram-positive bacteria, thereby expanding its scope for the design of heavy-atom-free PSs and phototheranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Chung Pham
- Institute for Tropical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | | | - Dung Ngoc Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Gun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Science and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Trang Van Nguyen
- Institute for Tropical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thong Van Pham
- R&D Center, Vietnam Education and Technology Transfer JSC, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Sondavid Nandanwar
- Eco-friendly New Materials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon City 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dai Lam Tran
- Institute for Tropical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Myeongkee Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Songyi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
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8
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Mayländer M, Kopp K, Nolden O, Franz M, Thielert P, Vargas Jentzsch A, Gilch P, Schiemann O, Richert S. PDI-trityl dyads as photogenerated molecular spin qubit candidates. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10727-10735. [PMID: 37829028 PMCID: PMC10566479 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04375d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to their potential applications in the field of quantum information science, photogenerated organic triplet-radical conjugates have attracted an increasing amount of attention recently. Typically, these compounds are composed of a chromophore appended to a stable radical. After initialisation of the system by photoexcitation, a highly spin-polarised quartet state may be generated, which serves as a molecular spin qubit candidate. Here, we investigate three perylene diimide (PDI)-based chromophore-radical systems with different phenylene linkers and radical counterparts by both optical spectroscopy and transient electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. Femtosecond transient absorption measurements demonstrate chromophore triplet state formation on a picosecond time scale for PDI-trityl dyads, while excited state deactivation is found to be slowed down considerably in a PDI-nitroxide analogue. The subsequent investigation of the coherent spin properties by transient EPR confirms quartet state formation by triplet-doublet spin mixing for all investigated dyads and the suitability of the two studied PDI-trityl dyads as spin qubit candidates. In particular, we show that using tetrathiaryl trityl as the radical counterpart, an intense spin polarisation is observed even at room temperature and quartet state coherence times of 3.0 μs can be achieved at 80 K, which represents a considerable improvement compared to previously studied systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Mayländer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Kevin Kopp
- Clausius Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn Wegelerstraße 12 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Oliver Nolden
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Michael Franz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Philipp Thielert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Andreas Vargas Jentzsch
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Peter Gilch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Olav Schiemann
- Clausius Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn Wegelerstraße 12 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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9
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Kirk ML, Shultz DA, Hewitt P, Marri AR, van der Est A. Competitive reversed quartet mechanisms for photogenerated ground state electron spin polarization. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9689-9695. [PMID: 37736649 PMCID: PMC10510625 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03049k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoinduced electron spin polarization (ESP) of a spin-½ organic radical (nitronyl nitroxide, NN) in a series of Pt(ii) complexes comprised of 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) and 3-tert-butylcatecholate (CAT) ligands, where the CAT ligand is substituted with (CH3)n-meta-phenyl-NN (bridge-NN) groups, is presented and discussed. We show the importance of attenuating the energy gap between localized NN radical and chromophoric excited states to control both the magnitude and sign of the optically-generated ESP, and to provide deeper insight into the details of the ESP mechanism. Understanding electronic structure contributions to optically generated ESP will enhance our ability to control the nature of prepared states for a variety of quantum information science applications, where strong ESP facilitates enhanced sensitivity and readout capabilities at low applied magnetic fields and higher temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Kirk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131-0001 USA
- The Center for High Technology Materials, The University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87106 USA
- Center for Quantum Information and Control (CQuIC), The University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131-0001 USA
| | - David A Shultz
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8204 USA
| | - Patrick Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8204 USA
| | - Anil Reddy Marri
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8204 USA
| | - Art van der Est
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada L2S 3A1
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10
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Zhu W, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Sukhanov AA, Chu Y, Zhang X, Zhao J, Voronkova VK. Preparation of Xanthene-TEMPO Dyads: Synthesis and Study of the Radical Enhanced Intersystem Crossing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11220. [PMID: 37446398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We prepared a rhodamine-TEMPO chromophore-radical dyad (RB-TEMPO) to study the radical enhanced intersystem crossing (REISC). The visible light-harvesting chromophore rhodamine is connected with the TEMPO (a nitroxide radical) via a C-N bond. The UV-vis absorption spectrum indicates negligible electron interaction between the two units at the ground state. Interestingly, the fluorescence of the rhodamine moiety is strongly quenched in RB-TEMPO, and the fluorescence lifetime of the rhodamine moiety is shortened to 0.29 ns, from the lifetime of 3.17 ns. We attribute this quenching effect to the intramolecular electron spin-spin interaction between the nitroxide radical and the photoexcited rhodamine chromophore. Nanosecond transient absorption spectra confirm the REISC in RB-TEMPO, indicated by the detection of the rhodamine chromophore triplet excited state; the lifetime was determined as 128 ns, which is shorter than the native rhodamine triplet state lifetime (0.58 μs). The zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameters of the triplet state of the chromophore were determined with the pulsed laser excited time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectra. RB-TEMPO was used as a photoinitiator for the photopolymerization of pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA). These studies are useful for the design of heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers, the study of the ISC, and the electron spin dynamics of the radical-chromophore systems upon photoexcitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yanran Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Yuqi Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420029, Russia
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11
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Zhang S, Lloveras V, Wu Y, Tolosa J, García-Martínez JC, Vidal-Gancedo J. Fluorescent and Magnetic Radical Dendrimers as Potential Bimodal Imaging Probes. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1776. [PMID: 37376224 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual or multimodal imaging probes have emerged as powerful tools that improve detection sensitivity and accuracy in disease diagnosis by imaging techniques. Two imaging techniques that are complementary and do not use ionizing radiation are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical fluorescence imaging (OFI). Herein, we prepared metal-free organic species based on dendrimers with magnetic and fluorescent properties as proof-of-concept of bimodal probes for potential MRI and OFI applications. We used oligo(styryl)benzene (OSB) dendrimers core that are fluorescent on their own, and TEMPO organic radicals anchored on their surfaces, as the magnetic component. In this way, we synthesized six radical dendrimers and characterized them by FT-IR, 1H NMR, UV-Vis, MALDI-TOF, SEC, EPR, fluorimetry, and in vitro MRI. Importantly, it was demonstrated that the new dendrimers present two properties: on one hand, they are paramagnetic and show the ability to generate contrast by MRI in vitro, and, on the other hand, they also show fluoresce emission. This is a remarkable result since it is one of the very few cases of macromolecules with bimodal magnetic and fluorescent properties using organic radicals as the magnetic probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbai Zhang
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Vega Lloveras
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Yufei Wu
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Juan Tolosa
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, C/José María Sánchez Ibáñez s/n, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research (CRIB), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, C/Almansa 13, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Joaquín C García-Martínez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, C/José María Sánchez Ibáñez s/n, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research (CRIB), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, C/Almansa 13, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - José Vidal-Gancedo
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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12
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Mayländer M, Quintes T, Franz M, Allonas X, Vargas Jentzsch A, Richert S. Distance dependence of enhanced intersystem crossing in BODIPY-nitroxide dyads. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5361-5368. [PMID: 37234885 PMCID: PMC10207891 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00589e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Photogenerated organic triplet-doublet systems have attracted an increasing amount of attention in recent years due to their versatility and suitability for a range of technological applications in the emerging field of molecular spintronics. Such systems are typically generated by enhanced intersystem crossing (EISC) preceded by photoexcitation of an organic chromophore covalently linked to a stable radical. After formation of the chromophore triplet state by EISC, triplet state and stable radical may interact, whereby the nature of the interaction depends on the exchange interaction JTR between them. If JTR surpasses all other magnetic interactions in the system, molecular quartet states may be formed by spin mixing. For the design of new spintronic materials based on photogenerated triplet-doublet systems, it is crucial to gain further knowledge about the factors influencing the EISC process and the yield of the subsequent quartet state formation. Here we investigate a series of three BODIPY-nitroxide dyads characterised by different separation distances and different relative orientations of the two spin centres. Our combined results from optical spectroscopy, transient electron paramagnetic resonance, and quantum chemical calculations suggest that the chromophore triplet formation by EISC is mediated by dipolar interactions and depends primarily on the distance between the chromophore and radical electrons, while the yield of the subsequent quartet state formation by triplet-doublet spin mixing is influenced by the absolute magnitude of JTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Mayländer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Theresia Quintes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Michael Franz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Xavier Allonas
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaires, Institut Jean Baptiste Donnet 3b rue Alfred Werner 68093 Mulhouse Cedex France
| | - Andreas Vargas Jentzsch
- SAMS Research Group, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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13
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Zhang X, Sukhanov AA, Liu X, Taddei M, Zhao J, Harriman A, Voronkova VK, Wan Y, Dick B, Di Donato M. Origin of intersystem crossing in highly distorted organic molecules: a case study with red light-absorbing N, N, O, O-boron-chelated Bodipys. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5014-5027. [PMID: 37206394 PMCID: PMC10189861 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00854a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the relationship between the twisted π-conjugation framework of aromatic chromophores and the efficacy of intersystem crossing (ISC), we have studied a N,N,O,O-boron-chelated Bodipy derivative possessing a severely distorted molecular structure. Surprisingly, this chromophore is highly fluorescent, showing inefficient ISC (singlet oxygen quantum yield, ΦΔ = 12%). These features differ from those of helical aromatic hydrocarbons, where the twisted framework promotes ISC. We attribute the inefficient ISC to a large singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔES1/T1 = 0.61 eV). This postulate is tested by critical examination of a distorted Bodipy having an anthryl unit at the meso-position, for which ΦΔ is increased to 40%. The improved ISC yield is rationalized by the presence of a T2 state, localized on the anthryl unit, with energy close to that of the S1 state. The electron spin polarization phase pattern of the triplet state is (e, e, e, a, a, a), with the Tz sublevel of the T1 state overpopulated. The small zero-field splitting D parameter (-1470 MHz) indicates that the electron spin density is delocalized over the twisted framework. It is concluded that twisting of π-conjugation framework does not necessarily induce ISC, but S1/Tn energy matching may be a generic feature for increasing ISC for a new-generation of heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan 420029 Russia
| | - Xi Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Maria Taddei
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) Via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Anthony Harriman
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan 420029 Russia
| | - Yan Wan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg D-93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) Via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
- ICCOM, Istituto di Chimica dei Complessi OrganoMetallici Via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
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14
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Heavy Atom-Free Triplet Photosensitizers: Molecular Structure Design, Photophysical Properties and Application in Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052170. [PMID: 36903415 PMCID: PMC10004235 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising method for the treatment of cancer, because of its advantages including a low toxicity, non-drug-resistant character, and targeting capability. From a photochemical aspect, a critical property of triplet photosensitizers (PSs) used for PDT reagents is the intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiency. Conventional PDT reagents are limited to porphyrin compounds. However, these compounds are difficult to prepare, purify, and derivatize. Thus, new molecular structure paradigms are desired to develop novel, efficient, and versatile PDT reagents, especially those contain no heavy atoms, such as Pt or I, etc. Unfortunately, the ISC ability of heavy atom-free organic compounds is usually elusive, and it is difficult to predict the ISC capability of these compounds and design novel heavy atom-free PDT reagents. Herein, from a photophysical perspective, we summarize the recent developments of heavy atom-free triplet PSs, including methods based on radical-enhanced ISC (REISC, facilitated by electron spin-spin interaction), twisted π-conjugation system-induced ISC, the use of fullerene C60 as an electron spin converter in antenna-C60 dyads, energetically matched S1/Tn states-enhanced ISC, etc. The application of these compounds in PDT is also briefly introduced. Most of the presented examples are the works of our research group.
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15
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Properties and applications of photoexcited chromophore–radical systems. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:75-90. [PMID: 37117913 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Photoexcited organic chromophore-radical systems hold great promise for a range of technological applications in molecular spintronics, including quantum information technology and artificial photosynthesis. However, further development of such systems will depend on the ability to control the magnetic properties of these materials, which requires a profound understanding of the underlying excited-state dynamics. In this Review, we discuss photogenerated triplet-doublet systems and their potential to be used for applications in molecular spintronics. We outline the theoretical description of the spin system in the different coupling regimes and the invoked excited-state mechanisms governing the generation and transfer of spin polarization. The main characterization techniques used to evaluate the optical and magnetic properties of chromophore-radical systems are discussed. We conclude by giving an overview of previously investigated covalently linked triplet-radical systems, and highlight the need for further systematic investigations to improve our understanding of the magnetic interactions in such systems.
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16
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Liu D, Imran M, Xiao X, Zhao J. Spiro rhodamine-coumarin compact electron donor-acceptor dyads: synthesis and spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022; 21:2153-2168. [PMID: 35984632 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We prepared spiro rhodamine (RB)-coumarin (Cou) compact electron donor-acceptor dyads (RB-Cou-CF3 and RB-Cou-CN), to study the charge transfer (CT) and spin-orbit CT intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). The π-conjugation planes of the rhodamine and coumarin units in both dyads are in nearly orthogonal geometry (dihedral angle: 86.3°). CT state emission was observed for RB-Cou-CF3 (at 550 nm) and RB-Cou-CN (at 595 nm). Although the fluorescence of the pristine coumarin units (fluorescence quantum yields ΦF = 59%) was quenched in the dyads (ΦF = 0.5 ~ 1.1% in n-hexane), the triplet state quantum yields of the dyads are also low (singlet oxygen quantum yield, ΦΔ = 2.3-7.5% in n-hexane). Nanosecond transient absorption spectra show that the 3Cou* state was formed, which shows a triplet state lifetime of 11-15.6 μs. The proposed photophysical path for the dyads is as follows: RB-1Cou* → RB+•-Cou-• → RB-3Cou*. The low SOCT-ISC yield is attributed to the slightly lower charge-transfer state energy (1.94 eV in toluene) as compared to the 3Cou* state energy (2.23 eV) and the shallow potential energy curve (PEC) at energy minima of the dyads. This work indicates that orthogonal conformation of donor-acceptor units is inadequate for achieving efficient SOCT-ISC. These results are useful for studying charge separation and intersystem crossing of electron donor/acceptor dyads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Imran
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Zhang X, Liu X, Taddei M, Bussotti L, Kurganskii I, Li M, Jiang X, Xing L, Ji S, Huo Y, Zhao J, Di Donato M, Wan Y, Zhao Z, Fedin MV. Red Light‐Emitting Thermally‐Activated Delayed Fluorescence of Naphthalimide‐Phenoxazine Electron Donor‐Acceptor Dyad: Time‐Resolved Optical and Magnetic Spectroscopic Studies. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200510. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Maria Taddei
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Laura Bussotti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Ivan Kurganskii
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, and Novosibirsk State University 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Minjie Li
- College of Chemistry Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE) School of Environmental Science and Technology Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Longjiang Xing
- Light Industry and Chemical Engineering College Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Ji
- Light Industry and Chemical Engineering College Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Yanping Huo
- Light Industry and Chemical Engineering College Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
- ICCOM-CNR via Madonna del Piano 10–12 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Yan Wan
- College of Chemistry Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Zujin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Matvey V. Fedin
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, and Novosibirsk State University 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
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18
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Tang G, Yang W, Zhao J. Naphthalimide-Carbazole Compact Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyads: Effect of Molecular Geometry and Electron-Donating Capacity on the Spin-Orbit Charge Transfer Intersystem Crossing. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:3653-3668. [PMID: 35647872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We prepared a series of naphthalimide (NI)-carbazole (Cz) compact electron donor-acceptor dyads showing different substitution positions, C-N/C-C linkers, and conformation restriction magnitudes to study the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). The varied conformation restrictions lead to different dihedral angles between the donor and acceptor (37°-81°) and electronic coupling magnitude (matrix elements V: 1290-3070 cm-1). Based on the comparison between the dyads containing C-N and C-C linkers, we found that a large dihedral angle between the donor and acceptor is favorable to efficient SOCT-ISC. For one dyad, the singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ) is up to 84.4% (in dichloromethane), which is much higher than that of the previously reported NI-phenothiazine (PTZ) analogue dyad (ΦΔ = 16.0% in n-hexane). The intrinsic triplet state lifetime (τT) is 270 μs, longer than that accessed by the heavy atom effect (75.2 μs). As compared with the NI-PTZ analogue dyad, the Cz unit in the current dyads is a weaker electron donor than PTZ. Thus, a higher CT state energy in NI-Cz dyads was observed, which makes the SOCT-ISC efficient in solvents with a wide range of polarities. Meanwhile, the localized triplet state (3LE) becomes the lowest-lying state in the NI-Cz dyads, which is different from the triplet charge transfer (3CT) state observed in the analogue NI-PTZ dyad. Moreover, the large energy gap between the CT and 3LE states inhibits the reverse ISC; as a result, no thermally activated delayed fluorescence was observed for the current NI-Cz dyads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geliang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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19
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Mayländer M, Nolden O, Franz M, Chen S, Bancroft L, Qiu Y, Wasielewski MR, Gilch P, Richert S. Accessing the triplet state of perylenediimide by radical-enhanced intersystem crossing. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6732-6743. [PMID: 35756510 PMCID: PMC9172295 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01899c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to their exceptional photophysical properties and high photostability, perylene diimide (PDI) chromophores have found various applications as building blocks of materials for organic electronics. In many light-induced processes in PDI derivatives, chromophore excited states with high spin multiplicities, such as triplet or quintet states, have been revealed as key intermediates. The exploration of their properties and formation conditions is thus expected to provide invaluable insight into their underlying photophysics and promises to reveal strategies for increasing the performance of optoelectronic devices. However, accessing these high-multiplicity excited states of PDI to increase our mechanistic understanding remains a difficult task, due to the fact that the lowest excited singlet state of PDI decays with near-unity quantum yield to its ground state. Here we make use of radical-enhanced intersystem crossing (EISC) to generate the PDI triplet state in high yield. One or two 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPO) stable radicals were covalently attached to the imide position of PDI chromophores with and without p-tert-butylphenoxy core substituents. By combining femtosecond UV-vis transient absorption and transient electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies, we demonstrate strong magnetic exchange coupling between the PDI triplet state and TEMPO, resulting in the formation of excited quartet or quintet states. Important differences in the S1 state deactivation rate constants and triplet yields are observed for compounds bearing PDI moieties with different core substitution patterns. We show that these differences can be rationalized by considering the varying importance of competitive excited state decay processes, such as electron and excitation energy transfer. The comparison of the results obtained for different PDI–TEMPO derivatives leads us to propose design guidelines for optimizing the efficiency of triplet sensitization in molecular assemblies by EISC. The triplet state of PDI can be sensitized efficiently by radical-enhanced intersystem crossing. A detailed study of several related structures allows us to propose new strategies to optimize triplet formation in materials for optoelectronic devices.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Mayländer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Oliver Nolden
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Michael Franz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Su Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Laura Bancroft
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Yunfan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Peter Gilch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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20
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Research Progress on Triarylmethyl Radical-Based High-Efficiency OLED. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051632. [PMID: 35268732 PMCID: PMC8911689 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Perchlorotrityl radical (PTM), tris (2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) methyl radical (TTM), (3,5-dichloro-4-pyridyl) bis (2,4,6 trichlorophenyl) methyl radical (PyBTM), (N-carbazolyl) bis (2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) methyl radical (CzBTM), and their derivatives are stable organic radicals that exhibit light emissions at room temperature. Since these triarylmethyl radicals have an unpaired electron, their electron spins at the lowest excited state and ground state are both doublets, and the transition from the lowest excited state to the ground state does not pose the problem of a spin-forbidden reaction. When used as OLED layers, these triarylmethyl radicals exhibit unique light-emitting properties, which can increase the theoretical upper limit of the OLED’s internal quantum efficiency (IQE) to 100%. In recent years, research on the luminescent properties of triarylmethyl radicals has attracted increasing attention. In this review, recent developments in these triarylmethyl radicals and their derivatives in OLED devices are introduced.
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21
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Imran M, Taddei M, Sukhanov AA, Bussotti L, Ni W, Foggi P, Gurzadyan GG, Zhao J, Di Donato M, Voronkova VK. Radical-Enhanced Intersystem Crossing in Perylene-Oxoverdazyl Radical Dyads. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202100912. [PMID: 35191573 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Linking stable radicals to organic chromophores is an effective method to enhance the intersystem crossing (ISC) of chromophores. Herein we prepared perylene-oxoverdazyl dyads either by directly connecting the two units or using an intervening phenyl spacer. We investigated the effect of the radical on the photophysical properties of perylene and observed strong fluorescence quenching due to radical enhanced intersystem crossing (REISC). Compared with a previously reported perylene fused nitroxide radical compound (triplet lifetime = 0.1 µs), these new adducts show a longer-lived triplet excited state (9.5 µs). Based on the singlet oxygen quantum yield (7%), we propose that the radical enhanced internal conversion also plays a role in the relaxation of the excited state. Femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion indicates a fast decay of the excited state (<1.0 ps), suggesting a strong spin-spin exchange interaction between the two units. Femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) spectra confirmed direct triplet state population (within 0.5 ps). Interestingly, by fs-TA, we observed the interconversion of the two states (D1/Q1) at ~80 ps time scale. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectral study confirmed the formation of the quartet sate , we observed triplet and quartet states simultaneously with weights of 0.7 and 0.3, respectively. DFT computations showed that the interaction between radical and chromophore is ferromagnetic ( J >0, 0.05~0.10 eV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Maria Taddei
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), Via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, 420029, Russia
| | - Laura Bussotti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), Via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Wenjun Ni
- Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Paolo Foggi
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), Via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gagik G Gurzadyan
- Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P.R. China
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), Via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- ICCOM-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, 420029, Russia
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22
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Jin ZY, Fatima H, Zhang Y, Shao Z, Chen XJ. Recent Advances in Bio‐Compatible Oxygen Singlet Generation and Its Tumor Treatment. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang Jin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325015 P. R. China
| | - Hira Fatima
- Western Australia School of Mines: Minerals Energy and Chemical Engineering (WASM‐MECE) Curtin University Perth Western Australia 6102 Australia
| | - Yue Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325015 P. R. China
| | - Zongping Shao
- Western Australia School of Mines: Minerals Energy and Chemical Engineering (WASM‐MECE) Curtin University Perth Western Australia 6102 Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing Jiangsu 211816 P. R. China
| | - Xiang Jian Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325015 P. R. China
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23
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Pham TC, Nguyen VN, Choi Y, Lee S, Yoon J. Recent Strategies to Develop Innovative Photosensitizers for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. Chem Rev 2021; 121:13454-13619. [PMID: 34582186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 185.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a robust strategy to design photosensitizers (PSs) for various species. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photochemical-based treatment approach that involves the use of light combined with a light-activated chemical, referred to as a PS. Attractively, PDT is one of the alternatives to conventional cancer treatment due to its noninvasive nature, high cure rates, and low side effects. PSs play an important factor in photoinduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Although the concept of photosensitizer-based photodynamic therapy has been widely adopted for clinical trials and bioimaging, until now, to our surprise, there has been no relevant review article on rational designs of organic PSs for PDT. Furthermore, most of published review articles in PDT focused on nanomaterials and nanotechnology based on traditional PSs. Therefore, this review aimed at reporting recent strategies to develop innovative organic photosensitizers for enhanced photodynamic therapy, with each example described in detail instead of providing only a general overview, as is typically done in previous reviews of PDT, to provide intuitive, vivid, and specific insights to the readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Chung Pham
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Van-Nghia Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yeonghwan Choi
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Songyi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea.,Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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24
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Kirk ML, Shultz DA, Hewitt P, Stasiw DE, Chen J, van der Est A. Chromophore-radical excited state antiferromagnetic exchange controls the sign of photoinduced ground state spin polarization. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13704-13710. [PMID: 34760154 PMCID: PMC8549796 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02965g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A change in the sign of the ground-state electron spin polarization (ESP) is reported in complexes where an organic radical (nitronylnitroxide, NN) is covalently attached to a donor-acceptor chromophore via two different meta-phenylene bridges in (bpy)Pt(CAT-m-Ph-NN) (mPh-Pt) and (bpy)Pt(CAT-6-Me-m-Ph-NN) (6-Me-mPh-Pt) (bpy = 5,5'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine, CAT = 3-tert-butylcatecholate, m-Ph = meta-phenylene). These molecules represent a new class of chromophores that can be photoexcited with visible light to produce an initial exchange-coupled, 3-spin (bpy˙-, CAT+˙ = semiquinone (SQ), and NN), charge-separated doublet 2S1 (S = chromophore excited spin singlet configuration) excited state. Following excitation, the 2S1 state rapidly decays to the ground state by magnetic exchange-mediated enhanced internal conversion via the 2T1 (T = chromophore excited spin triplet configuration) state. This process generates emissive ground state ESP in 6-Me-mPh-Pt while for mPh-Pt the ESP is absorptive. It is proposed that the emissive polarization in 6-Me-mPh-Pt results from zero-field splitting induced transitions between the chromophoric 2T1 and 4T1 states, whereas predominant spin-orbit induced transitions between 2T1 and low-energy NN-based states give rise to the absorptive polarization observed for mPh-Pt. The difference in the sign of the ESP for these molecules is consistent with a smaller excited state 2T1 - 4T1 gap for 6-Me-mPh-Pt that derives from steric interactions with the 6-methyl group. These steric interactions reduce the excited state pairwise SQ-NN exchange coupling compared to that in mPh-Pt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Kirk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - David A Shultz
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8204 USA
| | - Patrick Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8204 USA
| | - Daniel E Stasiw
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8204 USA
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131-0001 USA
| | - Art van der Est
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada L2S 3A1
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25
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Hussain M, El-Zohry AM, Hou Y, Toffoletti A, Zhao J, Barbon A, Mohammed OF. Spin-Orbit Charge-Transfer Intersystem Crossing of Compact Naphthalenediimide-Carbazole Electron-Donor-Acceptor Triads. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:10813-10831. [PMID: 34542290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Compact electron donor-acceptor triads based on carbazole (Cz) and naphthalenediimide (NDI) were prepared to study the spin-orbit charge-transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). By variation of the molecular conformation and electron-donating ability of the carbazole moieties, the electronic coupling between the two units was tuned, and as a result charge-transfer (CT) absorption bands with different magnitudes were observed (ε = 4000-18 000 M-1 cm-1). Interestingly, the triads with NDI attached at the 3-C position or with a phenyl spacer at the N position of the Cz moiety, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) was observed. Femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) spectroscopy indicated fast electron transfer (0.8-1.5 ps) from the Cz to NDI unit, followed by population of the triplet state (150-600 ps). Long-lived triplet states (up to τT = 45-50 μs) were observed for the triads. The solvent-polarity-dependent singlet-oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ) is 0-26%. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectral study of TADF molecules indicated the presence of the 3CT state for NDI-Cz-Ph (zero-field-splitting parameter D = 21 G) and an 3LE state for NDI-Ph-Cz (D = 586 G). The triads were used as triplet photosensitizers in triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion by excitation into the CT absorption band; the upconversion quantum yield was ΦUC = 8.2%, and there was a large anti-Stokes shift of 0.55 eV. Spatially confined photoexcitation is achieved with the upconversion using focusing laser beam excitation, and not the normally used collimated laser beam, i.e., the upconversion was only observed at the focal point of the laser beam. Photo-driven intermolecular electron transfer was demonstrated with reversible formation of the NDI-• radical anion in the presence of the sacrificial electron donor triethanolamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushraf Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.,NUIST Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ahmed M El-Zohry
- KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Physics - AlbaNova Universitetscentrum, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Antonio Toffoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Ma C, Zhang T, Xie Z. Leveraging BODIPY nanomaterials for enhanced tumor photothermal therapy. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:7318-7327. [PMID: 34355720 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00855b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the past ten years, photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted widespread attention in tumor treatment due to its non-invasiveness and little side effects. PTT utilizes heat produced by photothermal agents under the irradiation of near-infrared light to kill tumor cells. Boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY), an organic phototherapy agent, has been widely used in tumor phototherapy due to its higher molar extinction coefficient, robust photostability and good phototherapy effect. However, there are some issues in the application of BODIPY for tumor PTT, such as low photothermal conversion efficiency and short absorption wavelength. In this review, we focus on the latest development of BODIPY nanomaterials for overcoming the above problems and enhancing the PTT effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P. R. China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P. R. China.
| | - Zhigang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China.
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27
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Kandrashkin YE, van der Est A. Enhanced Intersystem Crossing due to Resonant Energy Transfer to a Remote Spin. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:7312-7318. [PMID: 34319743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A new mechanism for enhanced intersystem crossing in coupled three-spin systems consisting of a chromophore and an attached radical is proposed. It is shown that if the unpaired electron of the radical experiences spin-orbit coupling and different exchange interactions with the two unpaired electron spins of the chromophore, energy transfer from the chromophore to the radical can occur together with singlet-triplet intersystem crossing in the chromophore. The efficiency of this process increases dramatically when the electronic excitation of the radical is resonant with the S1-T1 energy gap of the chromophore. The types of systems in which this resonance could be achieved are discussed, and it is suggested that the mechanism could result in improved sensitization in near-IR emitting lanthanide dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri E Kandrashkin
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan 420029, Russian Federation
| | - Art van der Est
- Department of Chemistry Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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28
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Imran M, Zhang X, Wang Z, Chen X, Zhao J, Barbon A, Voronkova VK. Electron spin dynamics in excited state photochemistry: recent development in the study of intersystem crossing and charge transfer in organic compounds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15835-15868. [PMID: 34318823 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01937f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Electron spin dynamics are crucial to photochemical and photophysical processes. However, to a large extent, they are neglected in routine photochemistry studies. Herein, we summarized the recent developments of electron spin dynamics in organic molecular systems. The electron-spin selective intersystem crossing (ISC) as well as charge separation (CS) and charge recombination (CR) of the organic molecular system are discussed, including ISC of the compounds with twisted π-conjugation frameworks and CR-induced ISC in compact orthogonal electron donor-acceptor dyads. We found that the electron spin polarization (ESP) of the triplet state formed in these systems is highly dependent on the molecular structure and geometry. The zero-field-splitting (ZFS) D and E parameters of the triplet state of series chromophores determined with time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy are presented. Some unanswered questions in related areas are raised, which may inspire further theoretical investigations. The examples demonstrate that the study of electron spin dynamics is not only important in fundamental photochemistry to attain in-depth understanding of the ISC and the charge transfer processes, but is also useful for designing new efficient organic molecular materials for applications including photodynamic therapy, organic light-emitting diodes, and photon upconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.
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29
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Ahmad W, Wang J, Li H, Ouyang Q, Wu W, Chen Q. Strategies for combining triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion sensitizers and acceptors in a host matrix. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Hu M, Sukhanov AA, Zhang X, Elmali A, Zhao J, Ji S, Karatay A, Voronkova VK. Spiro Rhodamine-Perylene Compact Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyads: Conformation Restriction, Charge Separation, and Spin-Orbit Charge Transfer Intersystem Crossing. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:4187-4203. [PMID: 33876644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spiro rhodamine (Rho)-perylene (Pery) electron donor-acceptor dyads were prepared to study the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) in these rigid and sterically congested molecular systems. The electron-donor Rho (lactam form) moiety is attached via the N-C bond to the electron acceptor at either 1- or 3-position of the Pery moiety (Rho-Pery-1 and Rho-Pery-3). Severe torsion of the Pery moiety in Rho-Pery-1 was observed. The fluorescence of the two dyads is significantly quenched in polar solvents, and the singlet oxygen quantum yields (ΦΔ) are strongly dependent on solvent polarity (4-36%). Femtosecond transient absorption spectra demonstrate that charge separation (CS) takes 0.51 ps in Rho-Pery-1 and 5.75 ps in Rho-Pery-3, and the charge recombination (CR)-induced ISC is slow (>3 ns). Nanosecond transient absorption spectra indicate that the formation of triplet states via SOCT-ISC takes 24-75 ns for Rho-Pery-1 and 6-15 ns for Rho-Pery-3, and the distorted π-framework of the Pery moiety results in a shorter triplet lifetime of 19.9 vs 291 μs for the planar analogue. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy confirms the SOCT-ISC mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Andrei A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ayhan Elmali
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Beşevler, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ahmet Karatay
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Beşevler, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan 420029, Russia
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31
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Zhu SE, Zhang JH, Gong Y, Dou LF, Mao LH, Lu HD, Wei CX, Chen H, Wang XF, Yang W. Broadband Visible Light-Absorbing [70]Fullerene-BODIPY-Triphenylamine Triad: Synthesis and Application as Heavy Atom-Free Organic Triplet Photosensitizer for Photooxidation. Molecules 2021; 26:1243. [PMID: 33669144 PMCID: PMC7956457 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A broadband visible light-absorbing [70]fullerene-BODIPY-triphenylamine triad (C70-B-T) has been synthesized and applied as a heavy atom-free organic triplet photosensitizer for photooxidation. By attaching two triphenylmethyl amine units (TPAs) to the π-core of BODIPY via ethynyl linkers, the absorption range of the antenna is extended to 700 nm with a peak at 600 nm. Thus, the absorption spectrum of C70-B-T almost covers the entire UV-visible region (270-700 nm). The photophysical processes are investigated by means of steady-state and transient spectroscopies. Upon photoexcitation at 339 nm, an efficient energy transfer (ET) from TPA to BODIPY occurs both in C70-B-T and B-T, resulting in the appearance of the BODIPY emission at 664 nm. Direct or indirect (via ET) excitation of the BODIPY-part of C70-B-T is followed by photoinduced ET from the antenna to C70, thus the singlet excited state of C70 (1C70*) is populated. Subsequently, the triplet excited state of C70 (3C70*) is produced via the intrinsic intersystem crossing of C70. The photooxidation ability of C70-B-T was studied using 1,5-dihydroxy naphthalene (DHN) as a chemical sensor. The photooxidation efficiency of C70-B-T is higher than that of the individual components of C70-1 and B-T, and even higher than that of methylene blue (MB). The photooxidation rate constant of C70-B-T is 1.47 and 1.51 times as that of C70-1 and MB, respectively. The results indicate that the C70-antenna systems can be used as another structure motif for a heavy atom-free organic triplet photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-E Zhu
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (J.-H.Z.); (Y.G.); (L.-F.D.); (L.-H.M.); (H.-D.L.); (C.-X.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Jian-Hui Zhang
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (J.-H.Z.); (Y.G.); (L.-F.D.); (L.-H.M.); (H.-D.L.); (C.-X.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Yu Gong
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (J.-H.Z.); (Y.G.); (L.-F.D.); (L.-H.M.); (H.-D.L.); (C.-X.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Li-Feng Dou
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (J.-H.Z.); (Y.G.); (L.-F.D.); (L.-H.M.); (H.-D.L.); (C.-X.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Li-Hua Mao
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (J.-H.Z.); (Y.G.); (L.-F.D.); (L.-H.M.); (H.-D.L.); (C.-X.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Hong-Dian Lu
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (J.-H.Z.); (Y.G.); (L.-F.D.); (L.-H.M.); (H.-D.L.); (C.-X.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Chun-Xiang Wei
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (J.-H.Z.); (Y.G.); (L.-F.D.); (L.-H.M.); (H.-D.L.); (C.-X.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (J.-H.Z.); (Y.G.); (L.-F.D.); (L.-H.M.); (H.-D.L.); (C.-X.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Xue-Fei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (J.-H.Z.); (Y.G.); (L.-F.D.); (L.-H.M.); (H.-D.L.); (C.-X.W.); (H.C.)
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Egorov AE, Kostyukov AA, Alpatova VM, Ol’shevskaya VA, Kuzmin VA. Interaction of the Triplet State of Modified Porphyrin Dye with Nitroxyl Radical. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143921010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhao X, Liu J, Fan J, Chao H, Peng X. Recent progress in photosensitizers for overcoming the challenges of photodynamic therapy: from molecular design to application. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4185-4219. [PMID: 33527104 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00173b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 153.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a therapeutic mode involving light triggering, has been recognized as an attractive oncotherapy treatment. However, nonnegligible challenges remain for its further clinical use, including finite tumor suppression, poor tumor targeting, and limited therapeutic depth. The photosensitizer (PS), being the most important element of PDT, plays a decisive role in PDT treatment. This review summarizes recent progress made in the development of PSs for overcoming the above challenges. This progress has included PSs developed to display enhanced tolerance of the tumor microenvironment, improved tumor-specific selectivity, and feasibility of use in deep tissue. Based on their molecular photophysical properties and design directions, the PSs are classified by parent structures, which are discussed in detail from the molecular design to application. Finally, a brief summary of current strategies for designing PSs and future perspectives are also presented. We expect the information provided in this review to spur the further design of PSs and the clinical development of PDT-mediated cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueze Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China.
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34
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Xu F, Ge H, Xu N, Yang C, Yao Q, Long S, Sun W, Fan J, Xu X, Peng X. Radical induced quartet photosensitizers with high 1O2 production for in vivo cancer photodynamic therapy. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9922-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Nguyen VN, Yan Y, Zhao J, Yoon J. Heavy-Atom-Free Photosensitizers: From Molecular Design to Applications in the Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:207-220. [PMID: 33289536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved therapeutic modality that has shown great potential for the treatment of cancers owing to its excellent spatiotemporal selectivity and inherently noninvasive nature. However, PDT has not reached its full potential, partly due to the lack of ideal photosensitizers. A common molecular design strategy for effective photosensitizers is to incorporate heavy atoms into photosensitizer structures, causing concerns about elevated dark toxicity, short triplet-state lifetimes, poor photostability, and the potentially high cost of heavy metals. To address these drawbacks, a significant advance has been devoted to developing advanced smart photosensitizers without the use of heavy atoms to better fit the clinical requirements of PDT. Over the past few years, heavy-atom-free nonporphyrinoid photosensitizers have emerged as an innovative alternative class of PSs due to their superior photophysical and photochemical properties and lower expense. Heavy-atom-free nonporphyrinoid photosensitizers have been widely explored for PDT purposes and have shown great potential for clinical oncologic applications. Although many review articles about heavy-atom-free photosensitizers based on porphyrinoid structure have been published, no specific review articles have yet focused on the heavy-atom-free nonporphyrinoid photosensitizers.In this account, the specific concept related to heavy-atom-free photosensitizers and the advantageous properties of heavy-atom-free photosensitizers for cancer theranostics will be briefly introduced. In addition, recent progress in the development of heavy-atom-free photosensitizers, ranging from molecular design approaches to recent innovative types of heavy-atom-free nonporphyrinoid photosensitizers, emphasizing our own research, will be presented. The main molecular design approaches to efficient heavy-atom-free PSs can be divided into six groups: (1) the approach based on traditional tetrapyrrole structures, (2) spin-orbit charge-transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC), (3) reducing the singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST), (4) the thionation of carbonyl groups of conventional fluorophores, (5) twisted π-conjugation system-induced intersystem crossing, and (6) radical-enhanced intersystem crossing. The innovative types of heavy-atom-free nonporphyrinoid photosensitizers and their applications in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics will be discussed in detail in the third section. Finally, the challenges that need to be addressed to develop optimal heavy-atom-free photosensitizers for oncologic photodynamic therapy and a perspective in this research field will be provided. We believe that this review will provide general guidance for the future design of innovative photosensitizers and spur preclinical and clinical studies for PDT-mediated cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Nghia Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Yuxin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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Chen X, Pang J, Imran M, Li X, Zhao J, Li M. Charge separation, charge recombination and intersystem crossing in orthogonal naphthalimide-perylene electron donor/acceptor dyad. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:69-85. [PMID: 33721237 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-020-00002-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We prepared an orthogonal electron donor/acceptor dyad (NI-Py) with perylene (Py) as electron donor and 4-aminonaphthalimide (NI) as an electron acceptor. The molecule adopts orthogonal geometry due to the steric hindrance exerted by the 4-amino substituents on the NI moiety. The photophysical properties of dyad were studied by steady-state UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies, femtosecond/nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopies and DFT computations. Ground state interaction between the NI and Py units is negligible; however, charge separation occurs upon photoexcitation, indicated by the quenching of the fluorescence of the dyad in polar solvents, i.e. fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF) is 61.9% in toluene and ΦF = 0.2% in methanol. Spin-orbit-coupled charge transfer-induced intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) was confirmed by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (charge separation takes 1.7 ps and charge recombination takes 6.9 ns, in CH2Cl2). Nanosecond transient absorption spectra indicated the formation of perylene-localized triplet state, and the triplet state lifetime (175 μs) is much longer than that accessed with the heavy atom effect (3-bromoperylene; 16 μs). The singlet oxygen quantum (ΦΔ) yield of the dyad is 2.2% in hexane and 9.5% in dichloromethane. The low SOCT-ISC efficiency as compared to the previously reported analogue (ΦΔ = 80%) is attributed to the mismatch of the 1CT/Tn state energies, and/or the orientation of the NI and Py units, i.e. orthogonal geometry is not sufficient for achieving efficient SOCT-ISC in compact electron donor/acceptor dyads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhong Pang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Imran
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China. .,School of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Xinjiang University, UrumqiXinjiang, 830046, China.
| | - Mingde Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, People's Republic of China.
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Hu Y, Hou Y, Wang Z, Li Y, Zhao J. 3,5-Anthryl-Bodipy dyad/triad: Preparation, effect of F-B-F induced conformation restriction on the photophysical properties, and application in triplet-triplet-annihilation upconversion. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:224304. [PMID: 33317285 DOI: 10.1063/5.0025224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We prepared a series of compact Bodipy-anthryl electron donor/acceptor triads and dyads by attaching anthryl moieties at the 3-,5-positions of the Bodipy core, with a novel conformation restriction approach, to study the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). The conformation restrictions are imposed by the BF2 unit of Bodipy without invoking the previously reported method with 1,7-dimethyl or 1,3-dimethyl groups. Our new approach shows a few advantages, including the stronger electron accepting ability of the methyl-free Bodipy core (reduction potential anodically shifted by +0.3 V vs the methylated Bodipy), red-shifted absorption (by 21 nm), and longer triplet state lifetime (372 µs vs 126 µs). The effects of the different mutual orientations of the electron donor and acceptor on ultraviolet-visible absorption, fluorescence, triplet state quantum yields, and lifetimes were studied. Triads with orthogonal geometries show higher singlet oxygen quantum yields (ΦΔ = 37%) than those with more coplanar geometries. Since the non-radiative decay for the S1 state is significant in the parent Bodipy chromophore (ΦF = 6.0%), we propose that in dyads/triads, the charge separation and recombination-induced ISC outcompete the non-radiative decay to the ground state, which is new in the study of SOCT-ISC. Density functional theory computation indicated a shallow torsion potential energy curve as compared to the meso-anthryl-Bodipy dyad analog, which may contribute a low triplet state quantum yield of the new dyads/triads. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion was performed with the electron donor/acceptor dyads as the triplet photosensitizer, with an upconversion quantum yield of 12.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
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Nolden O, Fleck N, Lorenzo ER, Wasielewski MR, Schiemann O, Gilch P, Richert S. Excitation Energy Transfer and Exchange-Mediated Quartet State Formation in Porphyrin-Trityl Systems. Chemistry 2020; 27:2683-2691. [PMID: 32681763 PMCID: PMC7898503 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Photogenerated multi‐spin systems hold great promise for a range of technological applications in various fields, including molecular spintronics and artificial photosynthesis. However, the further development of these applications, via targeted design of materials with specific magnetic properties, currently still suffers from a lack of understanding of the factors influencing the underlying excited state dynamics and mechanisms on a molecular level. In particular, systematic studies, making use of different techniques to obtain complementary information, are largely missing. This work investigates the photophysics and magnetic properties of a series of three covalently‐linked porphyrin‐trityl compounds, bridged by a phenyl spacer. By combining the results from femtosecond transient absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies, we determine the efficiencies of the competing excited state reaction pathways and characterise the magnetic properties of the individual spin states, formed by the interaction between the chromophore triplet and the stable radical. The differences observed for the three investigated compounds are rationalised in the context of available theoretical models and the implications of the results of this study for the design of a molecular system with an improved intersystem crossing efficiency are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Nolden
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nico Fleck
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Emmaline R Lorenzo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3113, USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3113, USA
| | - Olav Schiemann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Gilch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Zhang X, Sukhanov AA, Yildiz EA, Kandrashkin YE, Zhao J, Yaglioglu HG, Voronkova VK. Radical‐Enhanced Intersystem Crossing in a Bay‐Substituted Perylene Bisimide−TEMPO Dyad and the Electron Spin Polarization Dynamics upon Photoexcitation**. Chemphyschem 2020; 22:55-68. [PMID: 33197104 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd. Dalian 116024 China
| | - Andrey A. Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan 420029 Russia
| | - Elif Akhuseyin Yildiz
- Department of Engineering Physics Faculty of Engineering Ankara University 06100 Beşevler Ankara Turkey (H.G.Y
| | - Yuri E. Kandrashkin
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan 420029 Russia
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd. Dalian 116024 China
| | - Halime Gul Yaglioglu
- Department of Engineering Physics Faculty of Engineering Ankara University 06100 Beşevler Ankara Turkey (H.G.Y
| | - Violeta K. Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan 420029 Russia
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Xiao X, Pang J, Sukhanov AA, Hou Y, Zhao J, Li MD, Voronkova VK. The effect of one-atom substitution on the photophysical properties and electron spin polarization: Intersystem crossing of compact orthogonal perylene/phenoxazine electron donor/acceptor dyad. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:184312. [PMID: 33187415 DOI: 10.1063/5.0023526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A perylene (Pery)-phenoxazine (PXZ) compact orthogonal electron donor/acceptor dyad was prepared to study the relationship between the molecular structures and the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC), as well as the electron spin selectivity of the ISC process. The geometry of Pery-PXZ (80.0°) is different from the previously reported perylene-phenothiazine dyad (Pery-PTZ, 91.5°), although there is only one atom variation for the two dyads. Pery-PXZ shows a high singlet oxygen quantum yield (84%). Femtosecond transient absorption spectra indicate that the charge separation (CS, faster than 120 fs) is faster than the Pery-PTZ analog (CS, 250 fs) and charge recombination (CR, i.e., SOCT-ISC, 5.98 ns) of Pery-PXZ is slower than the Pery-PTZ analog (CR, 0.9 ns). The intrinsic triplet state lifetime of Pery-PXZ is 242 µs vs the lifetime of 181 µs for the Pery-PTZ analog. Moreover, the triplet state lifetime of Pery-PXZ in the solid polymer matrix is extended to 4.45 ms, which indicates that the triplet state of Pery-PXZ in fluid solution is deactivated not only by the triplet-triplet annihilation effect but also by other factors such as vibration coupled relaxation. Interestingly, with pulsed laser excited time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, the electron spin polarization (ESP) pattern of the triplet state of the current dyad is opposite to that of Pery-PTZ. These results demonstrated the rich electron spin chemistry of the ISC of compact electron donor/acceptor dyads, e.g., the ESP is dependent on not only the molecular geometry but also the structure of the electron donor (or acceptor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhong Pang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Andrei A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Yuqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-De Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan 420029, Russia
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Yuan B, Wu H, Wang H, Tang B, Xu J, Zhang X. A Self‐Degradable Supramolecular Photosensitizer with High Photodynamic Therapeutic Efficiency and Improved Safety. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Han Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Bohan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jiang‐Fei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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Yuan B, Wu H, Wang H, Tang B, Xu J, Zhang X. A Self‐Degradable Supramolecular Photosensitizer with High Photodynamic Therapeutic Efficiency and Improved Safety. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:706-710. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Han Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Bohan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Jiang‐Fei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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Wang C, Qian Y. A water soluble carbazolyl-BODIPY photosensitizer with an orthogonal D-A structure for photodynamic therapy in living cells and zebrafish. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:830-836. [PMID: 31790094 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01709g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel photosensitizer carbazolyl-BODIPY (Cz-BODIPY) with an orthogonal donor-acceptor structure was developed for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The photosensitizer Cz-BODIPY showed strong singlet oxygen sensitizing capability (ΦΔ = 0.68 in MeOH), excellent water solubility in dilute solution, and high photostability. The photosensitizer Cz-BODIPY exhibited negligible dark cytotoxicity and high phototoxicity (IC50 0.45 μM). Cz-BODIPY could induce cell apoptosis upon light illumination. Three cell states including living cells, apoptotic cells, and dead cells in the PDT process of Cz-BODIPY were determined via the Hoechst 33342/PI dual staining assays. The ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation in living cells during the PDT process of Cz-BODIPY was captured by the ROS detector, dihydroethidium (DHE). The photosensitizer Cz-BODIPY could be assimilated by zebrafish to generate ROS and diminish the integrity of zebrafish tissue upon light illumination. Tumor cell growth could be inhibited by Cz-BODIPY upon light illumination. The photosensitizer Cz-BODIPY displayed potential in real PDT application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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Kiseleva N, Busko D, Richards BS, Filatov MA, Turshatov A. Determination of Upconversion Quantum Yields Using Charge-Transfer State Fluorescence of Heavy-Atom-Free Sensitizer as a Self-Reference. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6560-6566. [PMID: 32702988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of photon upconversion via triplet-triplet annihilation is characterized by an upconversion quantum yield (ΦUC); however, uncertainties remain for its determination. Here, we present a new approach for the relative measurement of ΦUC for green-to-blue upconversion using BODIPY-pyrene donor-acceptor dyad (BD1) as a heavy-atom-free triplet sensitizer. This new approach exploits broad fluorescence from a charge-transfer (CT) state of BD1, which possesses (i) a significant Stokes shift of 181 nm in dichloromethane and (ii) a comparably high CT-fluorescence quantum yield (Φref = 7.0 ± 0.2%), which is independent from oxygen presence and emitter (perylene) concentration while also exhibiting a linear intensity dependence. On the basis of this, we developed an upconversion reference using the BD1 sensitizer mixed with perylene (1 × 10-5 M/1 × 10-4 M) in dichloromethane. With this reference system, we investigated the performance of three BODIPY donor-acceptor dyads in the upconversion process and achieved one of the highest ΦUC of 6.9 ± 0.2% observed for heavy-atom-free sensitizers to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kiseleva
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshofen, Germany
| | - Dmitry Busko
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshofen, Germany
| | - Bryce S Richards
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshofen, Germany
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mikhail A Filatov
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Andrey Turshatov
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshofen, Germany
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Xu C, Hu W, Zhang N, Qi Y, Nie JJ, Zhao N, Yu B, Xu FJ. Genetically multimodal therapy mediated by one polysaccharides-based supramolecular nanosystem. Biomaterials 2020; 248:120031. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Avalos CE, Richert S, Socie E, Karthikeyan G, Casano G, Stevanato G, Kubicki DJ, Moser JE, Timmel CR, Lelli M, Rossini AJ, Ouari O, Emsley L. Enhanced Intersystem Crossing and Transient Electron Spin Polarization in a Photoexcited Pentacene–Trityl Radical. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:6068-6075. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E. Avalos
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Richert
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR), University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QR Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Etienne Socie
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Gabriele Stevanato
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominik J. Kubicki
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacques E. Moser
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christiane R. Timmel
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR), University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QR Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Center of Magnetic Resonance (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Aaron J. Rossini
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Chen J, Wen K, Chen H, Jiang S, Wu X, Lv L, Peng A, Zhang S, Huang H. Achieving High-Performance Photothermal and Photodynamic Effects upon Combining D-A Structure and Nonplanar Conformation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000909. [PMID: 32249500 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Various organic nanoagents have been developed for photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. Among them, small molecule-based nanoagents are very attractive due to their advantages of well-defined chemical structures, high purity, good reproducibility, and easy processability. However, only a few small molecule-based nanoagents have been developed for PDT under NIR irradiation. Moreover, the mechanism of PDT under NIR is still elusive. Herein, a semiconducting small molecule (BTA) with donor-acceptor-donor structure and twisted conformation is developed for PDT/PTT under NIR irradiation. A large π-conjugated electron-deficient unit is used as the core to couple with two electron-donating units, ensuring the strong absorption under 808 nm. Moreover, the donor-acceptor structures and twisted conformation can reduce the energy gap between the singlet and triplet states (∆EST ) to afford effective intersystem crossing, beneficial for reactive oxygen species generation. The mechanism is probed by experimental and theoretical evidence. Moreover, the BTA nanoparticles exhibit excellent biocompatibility and PTT/PDT in vitro performance under NIR irradiation. This provides a strategy for designing highly efficient PDT/PTT molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Chen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Kaikai Wen
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Sai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxi Wu
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lei Lv
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Aidong Peng
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hui Huang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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48
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Zhao Y, Chen K, Yildiz EA, Li S, Hou Y, Zhang X, Wang Z, Zhao J, Barbon A, Yaglioglu HG, Wu H. Efficient Intersystem Crossing in the Tröger's Base Derived From 4‐Amino‐1,8‐naphthalimide and Application as a Potent Photodynamic Therapy Reagent. Chemistry 2020; 26:3591-3599. [PMID: 31916322 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Kepeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Elif Akhuseyin Yildiz
- Department of Engineering PhysicsFaculty of EngineeringAnkara University 06100 Beşevler, Ankara Turkey
| | - Shujing Li
- School of Bioengineering &Key Laboratory of, Protein Modification and DiseaseDalian University of Technology Liaoning Province 116024 Dalian P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheUniversità degli Studi di Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Halime Gul Yaglioglu
- Department of Engineering PhysicsFaculty of EngineeringAnkara University 06100 Beşevler, Ankara Turkey
| | - Huijian Wu
- School of Bioengineering &Key Laboratory of, Protein Modification and DiseaseDalian University of Technology Liaoning Province 116024 Dalian P. R. China
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49
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Zhang X, Elmali A, Duan R, Liu Q, Ji W, Zhao J, Li C, Karatay A. Charge separation, recombination and intersystem crossing of directly connected perylenemonoimide-carbazole electron donor/acceptor dyads. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:6376-6390. [PMID: 32141446 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06914c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Perylenemonoimide (PMI)-carbazole (Cz) compact electron donor/acceptor dyads were prepared to study the relationship between the mutual orientation of the electron donor/acceptor in the dyads and the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) efficiency. The PMI and the Cz units are connected via either a C-C or C-N bond, or with an intervening phenyl moiety. The photophysical properties of the dyads were studied with steady state and time-resolved optical spectroscopies. The fluorescence of the PMI unit in the dyads was generally quenched, due to photo-induced electron transfer, especially in polar solvents (the fluorescence has a biexponential decay in acetonitrile, τF = 1.4 ns/population ratio: 98.9%, and 9.6 ns/population ratio: 1.1%). The triplet state (lifetime τT = 14.7 μs) formation of the dyads is dependent on the solvent polarity, which is characteristic for SOCT-ISC. Femtosecond transient absorption spectra show that the charge separation takes 0.28 ps and the charge recombination takes 1.21 ns. Reversible photo-reduction of the PMI-Cz dyads and generation of the near IR-absorbing (centered at 604 nm and 774 nm) PMI radical anion (PMI-˙) were observed in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor (triethylamine). These results are useful for study of the fundamental photochemistry of compact electron donor/acceptor dyads and for design of new heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
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50
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Wang Z, Ivanov M, Gao Y, Bussotti L, Foggi P, Zhang H, Russo N, Dick B, Zhao J, Di Donato M, Mazzone G, Luo L, Fedin M. Spin–Orbit Charge‐Transfer Intersystem Crossing (ISC) in Compact Electron Donor–Acceptor Dyads: ISC Mechanism and Application as Novel and Potent Photodynamic Therapy Reagents. Chemistry 2020; 26:1091-1102. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd. Dalian 116024 P.R. China
| | - Mikhail Ivanov
- International Tomography CenterSB RAS Institutskaya Str. 3A, and Novosibirsk State University Pirogova str. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Yuting Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for NanomedicineCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Laura Bussotti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Paolo Foggi
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversita di Perugia via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Huimin Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for NanomedicineCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversità della Calabria 87036 Arcavacata di Rende Italy
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische ChemieInstitut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd. Dalian 116024 P.R. China
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
- INO, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica Largo Enrico Fermi 6 50125 Florence Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversità della Calabria 87036 Arcavacata di Rende Italy
| | - Liang Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for NanomedicineCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P.R. China
| | - Matvey Fedin
- International Tomography CenterSB RAS Institutskaya Str. 3A, and Novosibirsk State University Pirogova str. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
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